1、文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。The vertebral column脊柱脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。一、一、Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨vThere are 33 vertebrae in children,arranged as follows:vCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7vThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12vLumbar vertebr
2、ae 腰椎腰椎 L.5vSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨vCoccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。General features of vertebraevVertebral body 椎体椎体vVertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根:sup.and inf.Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓
3、板椎弓板vprocess(7):spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 横突横突sup.and inf.articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突vVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 vVertebral canal 椎管椎管vIntervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Regional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebraevVertebrae Body:small vVertebral
4、foramen:larger and triangularvSpinous processes:short and bifid in C3 to C5,long in C6,and longer in C7vTransverse processes:short and bifid,transverse foramen横突孔横突孔vArticular processes:horizontal 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Atypical vertebeaevAtlas寰椎寰椎(C1)Body and spinous process absent,
5、consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。vAxis枢椎枢椎(C2):distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。vCarotid tubercle:颈动脉
6、结节颈动脉结节:anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6vVertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Thoracic vertebrae vVertebr
7、ae Body：heart-shape,superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹vVertebral foramen：smaller,rounder vSpinous processes：long,point obliquely downward vTransverse processes：transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 vArticular processes:coronal 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Lumbar vertebrae vVertebrae
8、Body：larger,kidney-shape vVertebral foramen:larger and triangular vSpinous processes:projects horizontally vTransverse processes:long vArticular processes:sagittal 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Sacrum vAnterior surface:promontory岬岬,anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs)vPosterior surfa
9、ce:median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴,posterior sacral foramina(four pairs),sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角骶角vLateral part:auricular surface耳状面耳状面,sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。二、二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结椎骨的连结Joints of the vertebral bodiesJoints of the verteb
10、ral arches文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连椎体间的连结结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:vNucleus pulpous髓核髓核,an inner soft,pulpy,highly elastic structure(gelatinous core)vAnnulus fibrosus纤维环纤维环 an outer fibrous ring c
11、onsisting of fibrocartilage文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带vStrong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 vMaintains stability of the intervertebral
12、disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnPosterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal ligamentligament后纵韧带后纵韧带vAttached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrumvPrevents hyperflexion of the vertebral co
13、lumn and posterior protrusion of the discs文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Hernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出髓核脱出文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结vLigamenta flava 黄韧带黄韧带 elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posteri
14、or wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnvInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带棘间韧带vSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带棘上韧带vLigamentum nuchae项韧带项韧带 vIntertansverse ligament横突间横突间韧带韧带 vZygapophysial joint 关节突关节关节突关节文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。三、三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节
15、vBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesvSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasvAction nodding of head,lateral tilting of head文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。四、四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节vThree synovial joints between atlas and ax
16、isLaterally,paired joints between articulating facesMedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Supported by ligaments apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带齿突尖韧带alar ligament 翼状韧带翼状韧带transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆覆膜膜Action a
17、llow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。五、五、Normal Curves of vertebral columnvCervical curvature颈曲颈曲 convex forwardvThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 convex backward vLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲 convex forwardvSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 convex backward文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。六、六、Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation circumduction文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Spina bifida cystica 脊脊 柱柱 裂裂
