1、泌尿系脓毒症的诊断与治疗上海市第一人民医院急诊危重病科钱永兵 1 1 病例介绍女,87岁,2015-10-3因“右股骨粗隆间骨折”急诊入骨科,肝肾功能(-),拟限期行右股骨内固定手术,无糖尿病史10-9日上午,突发寒颤、高热39,意识模糊,RR 30bpm,HR 145bpm,Af律,BP 90/50mmHg,Lac 7mmol/L,肺部听诊(-),导尿为“脓尿”,ICU会诊 2 2 辅助检查 3 3 脓毒症流行病学 4 4Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:91924 Subjects of UrosepsisCountryCountryPopulationPopulatio
2、nUrosepsisUrosepsisUKPCNLAntibiotic:13.5%No antibiltic:33%IndiaPCNLAntibiotic:19%No antibiltic:49%TaiwanCommunity UTIESBL:41.7%Not ESBL:4.4%TaiwanESBL urosepsisCommunity:0Health-care:19.5%Hospital:14.4%KoreaComplicated pyelonehritisCommunity:19.2%Hospital:46%IsraelWomen,Complicated pyelonephritis13.
3、3%5 5Nicolle,Crit Care Clin 29(2013)699715 尿源性脓毒血症危险因素1.患者状况:糖尿病、低龄、女性和截瘫2.尿路解剖异常:神经源性膀胱及尿流改道3.结石特征:肾盂肾盏扩张和结石负荷过大4.术前:既往同侧PCNL史,肾盂肾盏梗阻扩张、肾造瘘管5.术中:肾盂尿培养阳性、结石培养阳性、多次肾穿刺和输血 6 6尿路感染诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2015版)Date of download:2/23/2016Copyright 2016 American Medical Association.All rights reserved.From:The Third
4、International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock(Sepsis-3)JAMA.2016;315(8):801-810.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.02877 7 2022-10-18Date of download:2/23/2016Copyright 2016 American Medical Association.All rights reserved.From:The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic
5、 Shock(Sepsis-3)JAMA.2016;315(8):801-810.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.02878 8 2022-10-18Sepsis 3.0脓毒症定义为针对感染的宿主反应异常引起的致命性器官功能障碍器官功能障碍定义为急性器官功能障碍,由急性感染引起的SOFA总分增加2分床边qSOFA评分,即意识改变、SBP100mmHg、RR22次/分能迅速鉴别那些需要入住ICU或住院期间可能死亡的患者感染性休克的诊断为明确的全身性感染并伴有持续性低血压,即使给予了充分的容量复苏,仍需血管活性药物维持MAP65mmHg且Lac2 mmol/L9 9 2022-10-1
6、8Pathophysiology of Urosepsis:Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015;112:837 1010 PCT refects bacteremia and bacterial load in urosepsis 1111van Nieuwkoop et al.Critical Care 2010,14:R206 PCT as an early diagnostic and monitoring tool in urosepsis following PCNL 1212Zheng J,Urolithiasis(2015)43:4147PCT 0.30ng/mlPCT
7、 0.30ng/mlSensitivity 90.3%Sensitivity 90.3%Specificity 94.3%Specificity 94.3%初始诊断和处理u EGDT方案 复苏目标:(1)中心静脉压812 mmHg (2)平均动脉压(MAP)65 mmHg (3)尿量0.5 mLkg-1h-1 (4)上腔静脉血氧饱和度或混合静脉血 氧饱和度0.70 或0.65u 控制感染源:根据感染部位给予经验性抗生素 1313 Pathogen spectrum in urospesis 1414Tandogdu,World J Urol 2015,12 1515ICU内尿路感染病原菌构成比
8、汪海源,中华泌尿外科杂志,2015(36):380 Bacteremic UTI in Korean elderly pts 1616Chin,Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 52(2011)e50e55 院内获得性urosepsis病原菌构成比 1717Johansen,International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 28S(2006)S91S107 UTI in DM vs.non-DM females 1818(DM)(DM)(non-DM)(non-DM)Garg,Journal of Clini
9、cal and Diagnostic Research.2015,9(6):12 1919 Resistance profile of antibiotics-GPIU 2015 2020AntibiAntibioticsoticsEuropEurope(%)e(%)AsiaAsia(%)(%)AfricaAfrica(%)(%)AmeriAmericas(%)cas(%)EuroEuroAsiaAsiaAfricaAfricaAmeAmericasricasAmx/BLI58709275CAZ+CIP38563367TZP34405067CAZ+GEN30522567TMP/SMZ56508
10、663CAZ+TMP/SMZ30502567CIP59614722TZP+CIP33325067LVX59575067TZP+GEN20265067CXM57567167TZP+TMP/SMZ20365067CTX52423156CIP+GEN31444425CAZ42713356CIP+TMP/SMZ37425025IPM81300 2121Antimicrobial sensitivity in Korean elderly pts头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨曲南在老年患者中具有显著差别!Urosepsis经验治疗方案AntimicrobialAntimicrobialDoseDoseC
11、ommentComment阿米卡星氨苄西林15mg/Kg q24h氨苄西林覆盖肠球菌头孢曲松头孢噻肟2g q12h2g q6-8h未覆盖肠球菌头孢他啶1-2g q8h未覆盖肠球菌;覆盖绿脓杆菌氧哌嗪青霉素/他唑巴坦3.35g q6h肠球菌和绿脓均覆盖左氧氟沙星环丙沙星750mg q24h400mg bid有增加耐药趋势亚胺培南美罗培南Doripenem500mg q6h500mg q6h/1g q8h500mg q6h覆盖ESBL和绿脓杆菌厄他培南1g q24h覆盖ESBL,无绿脓覆盖氨曲南1g q12h覆盖肠杆菌科和绿脓杆菌万古霉素1g q12h敏感阳性菌 2222Nicolle,Crit
12、Care Clin 29(2013)699715 细菌培养结果 2323 病例总结 2424帕尼培南可乐必妥ICU stay血/尿:大肠埃希菌 尿路真菌感染首选氟康唑或两性霉素B,肾脏排泄好,尿中浓度高不建议选择其他唑类:伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑;棘白菌素类:卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼芬净;两性霉素B脂质体等,以上抗真菌药不经肾脏系统排泄,尿中浓度低5-氟胞嘧啶亦可选择,警惕血液系统毒性,同时在肾功能不全时注意剂量有效性和安全性 2525 Tigercycline as rescue treatment for MDR KP/AB urosepsis 2626JOURNAL OF CLINI
13、CAL MICROBIOLOGY,May 2009,p.1613JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY,Feb.2008,p.817820 抗生素治疗时间复杂性尿路感染 10-14天欧洲泌尿协会建议症状缓解后3-5天停药感染性肾囊肿 4-6周肾脓肿直至脓肿清除免疫缺陷患者需延长时间,具体不清 2727 抗菌药物选择策略一品种选择 根据感染部位、发病场所、既往用药史、耐药监测数 据等,给予经验性治疗 根据药代学特点,感染部位等选择二.给药剂量 上尿路,治疗剂量高限 下尿路,治疗剂量低限三.给药途径 上尿路,初始给予静脉 下尿路,口服四.给药次数 时间依赖性:一日多次:-内酰胺类和碳青霉烯类 浓度依赖性:一次一次:喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类 2828尿路感染诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2015版)外科手术指征 2929解除梗阻引流脓尿或脓肿开腹手术指征:脓肿大于5cm产气肾盂肾炎真菌球其他手段:导尿管引流输尿管支架经皮穿刺置管 尿源性脓毒症诊治流程 30306hrs 1hrs6hrs 1hrs 3131Thanks for your attention!