1、高考完形填空解题技巧公开课Funny Time A drunk guy approaches a cute girl in a singles bar.Hi Babe,how about a date?He says.Dont waste your time.I never go out with a perfect stranger.It seems we are both in luck.Im far from perfect.在这个笑话里，美女口中指在这个笑话里，美女口中指“complete（完全的）完全的）”，醉汉的理解则是醉汉的理解则是“flawless（完美的）完美的）”。【学习目
2、标】：【学习目标】：1.熟练运用所学词汇，并学会充分利用熟练运用所学词汇，并学会充分利用上下文语境上下文语境所提供的线索进行选择。所提供的线索进行选择。2.通过限时训练，学会整体归纳、总结通过限时训练，学会整体归纳、总结提炼的方法。提炼的方法。3.全力以赴投入学习，培养积极的人生全力以赴投入学习，培养积极的人生态度。态度。一、考纲要求与说明一、考纲要求与说明 完形填空题型考查考生语篇中灵活运用语言知识完形填空题型考查考生语篇中灵活运用语言知识的能力。这种题型既可以测试词汇、句法等语言方面的能力。这种题型既可以测试词汇、句法等语言方面的知识，又可以考查学生的理解、联想、判断、推理的知识，又可以考
3、查学生的理解、联想、判断、推理等方面的思维能力，具有较强的区分度，对考生的能等方面的思维能力，具有较强的区分度，对考生的能力要求较高力要求较高 。二、完形填空的命题原理二、完形填空的命题原理 一篇文章有其主题思想，篇章结构，行文逻辑关一篇文章有其主题思想，篇章结构，行文逻辑关系及语言特色，即使挖去一些词语，仍可通过对剩余系及语言特色，即使挖去一些词语，仍可通过对剩余部分的内容所作的分析与判断，准确推知空去的词语。部分的内容所作的分析与判断，准确推知空去的词语。词汇题词汇题高考完形填空高考完形填空考什么？考什么？篇章结构篇章结构(语境语境)句际关系句际关系4.4.大多富有大多富有积极的教育意义积
4、极的教育意义，给人以人生，给人以人生的的启迪启迪或是充满了生活情趣；或是充满了生活情趣；细读文章的第一句话细读文章的第一句话 高考完形填空选文的第一句话通常是高考完形填空选文的第一句话通常是完整的。该句往往就是主题句完整的。该句往往就是主题句（Topic Topic SentenceSentence），这就为我们理解文章的内），这就为我们理解文章的内在联系提供了一个在联系提供了一个“窗口窗口”，它的句意，它的句意往往为往往为全文提供中心信息全文提供中心信息，能直接概括，能直接概括全文大意、揭示主题。全文大意、揭示主题。充分重视首句的标示作用，利用它为充分重视首句的标示作用，利用它为解题找到一个
5、突破口，据此展开思维，解题找到一个突破口，据此展开思维，争取开局胜利争取开局胜利。例：例：On April 12,1888,Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack.A major French newspaper 21 his brother for him and carried an article 22 the death of Alfred Nobel.2009年广东高考年广东高考例如：例如：2010广东高考广东高考 Every country has its own culture.Even though each country us
6、es doors，doors may have 21 functions and purposes which lead to 22 differences.(一一)上下求索上下求索寻信息寻信息 因为答案信息点有的在空格前，有的在空格因为答案信息点有的在空格前，有的在空格后，有的在前文和后文都有出现，需要综合考虑后，有的在前文和后文都有出现，需要综合考虑或相互印证。有时，还要根据上、下文提供的信或相互印证。有时，还要根据上、下文提供的信息，结合常识，进行适当的逻辑推理，才可得出息，结合常识，进行适当的逻辑推理，才可得出正确答案。不管题目有多难，都一定能在上下文正确答案。不管题目有多难，都一定能
7、在上下文中找到线索。中找到线索。根据上述对广东高考完形填空的命题研究根据上述对广东高考完形填空的命题研究,我我们归纳了以下一些解题方法：们归纳了以下一些解题方法：例例1(2013广东广东)The number sense is not the ability to count,but the ability to recognize a 1 in number.Human beings are born with this ability.experiments show that many animals are,too.For example,If a nest has four eggs
8、 and you remove one,the bird will not.However,if you remove two,the birdleaves.This means that the bird knows the 5 between two and three.1.A.rise B.pattern C.change D.trend5.A.distance B.range C.difference D.interval 答题时答题时,眼睛不能只盯在空格上或眼睛不能只盯在空格上或只盯在空格所在的这一个句子上只盯在空格所在的这一个句子上,一定一定要要“左顾右盼左顾右盼”,弄清前后的习惯
9、搭配弄清前后的习惯搭配或句式结构。注意或句式结构。注意,常常不止一个选项常常不止一个选项前后可以构成搭配关系前后可以构成搭配关系,这时需要根据这时需要根据上下文的意思来定夺。上下文的意思来定夺。2.2.左顾右盼左顾右盼找搭配找搭配解析解析：根据动宾搭配根据动宾搭配,在四个选项中在四个选项中,能与名词能与名词the Nobel prizes(诺贝尔奖诺贝尔奖)搭配的搭配的,只有只有establish(设立设立),即即“设立诺贝尔奖设立诺贝尔奖”。用他的大部分钱。用他的大部分钱去去“构成构成/开发开发/促进促进”诺贝尔奖诺贝尔奖,是讲不通的。是讲不通的。例例2 Nobel arranged in
10、his will to give the largest part of his money to 28 the Nobel prizes,which would be awarded to people who.A.establish B.form C.develop D.promote 有时有时,若单独看空格处或空格所若单独看空格处或空格所在句在句,其中两个、三个甚至四个选项其中两个、三个甚至四个选项填入格中都不错填入格中都不错,句子也通顺句子也通顺,但结但结合全文内容来理解合全文内容来理解,就只有一个是最就只有一个是最佳答案了。因此佳答案了。因此,选择答案时选择答案时,一定一定要考虑到此
11、选项不但在本句中合符语要考虑到此选项不但在本句中合符语境境,而且要在全文中也讲得通而且要在全文中也讲得通,即贯即贯通全文。通全文。3.3.思前想后思前想后通全文通全文例例3 Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining,construction,and warfare as the inventor of dynamite(炸药炸药).the article read.“Dr.Alfred Nobel,who became_ by finding ways to kill more people faster
12、than ever before,died yesterday.”.Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to.A.famous B.sick C.rich D.popular解析解析：若单独看空前的若单独看空前的became,填四个选项都没填四个选项都没有语法错误有语法错误,但是由前文中的但是由前文中的became a millionaire和后文和后文give the largest part of his money可知可知,rich为最佳答案为最佳答案,故选故选C。(一一)通读全文，理解大意通读
13、全文，理解大意 重视首句信息重视首句信息,跳过空格跳过空格,浏浏览全文览全文,从整体上感知全文从整体上感知全文,理解理解短文大意短文大意,这是解题的基础。这一这是解题的基础。这一步非常重要步非常重要,万万不可忽视。万万不可忽视。1-2mins(二二)瞻前顾后，初选答案瞻前顾后，初选答案 在理解短文大意的情况下，结合各选项的意在理解短文大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，与前后词语的习惯搭配，特别是义和用法，与前后词语的习惯搭配，特别是上下上下文语境文语境选择选择(上下文语境包括选择项与所在句子上下文语境包括选择项与所在句子中的语义联系，所在句与周围句群的关系，所在中的语义联系，所在句与周围句
14、群的关系，所在句在本段中所起的作用，所在句在整篇短文中所句在本段中所起的作用，所在句在整篇短文中所起的作用以及与文章主题思想的关系等起的作用以及与文章主题思想的关系等)。可以可以先解决那些自己有把握的题，对少数难题，暂时先解决那些自己有把握的题，对少数难题，暂时跳过，在上文中难以判断的题或许在下文中就有跳过，在上文中难以判断的题或许在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示了，一个在前面不能解答的暗示或者明显的提示了，一个在前面不能解答的题或许在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。题或许在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。7-8mins(三三)复读全文，解决残敌复读全文，解决残敌 将有把握的答案填入空格处，借助已将
15、有把握的答案填入空格处，借助已经补全的空格，我们对全文有了更清楚的经补全的空格，我们对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的个别难题。理解，可以集中解决所遗留的个别难题。1-2mins(四四)再次复读，弥补疏漏再次复读，弥补疏漏 全部做好后，考生务必要结合自己选全部做好后，考生务必要结合自己选择的答案择的答案(建议将答案填入空格处建议将答案填入空格处)重新阅重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。检查答案是否检查答案是否符合逻辑符合逻辑,符合作者意图符合作者意图,符符合语法惯用法合语法惯用法,确保流畅。确保流畅。1-2mins 根据广东高考完形填空题的特点根据广东
16、高考完形填空题的特点,只要了解上述三个原则只要了解上述三个原则,遵循四个步遵循四个步骤骤,灵活运用以下五个技巧灵活运用以下五个技巧,任何完形任何完形难题都可得到顺利解决。希望同学们难题都可得到顺利解决。希望同学们一定要理解、掌握以下五个技巧。一定要理解、掌握以下五个技巧。某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同出现的倾向性，叫词语同现出现的倾向性，叫词语同现,也有人称之为也有人称之为“词场词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系。同现词之间有反义或相对关系,或者同类互补关系等或者同类互补关系等,如如different与与same;cruel与与friendly;death(死
17、亡死亡)与与destruction(毁灭毁灭);ill与与pale,patient,nurse,doctor,operation等等。(一一)词语同现词语同现 一个语篇往往会围绕着某一主题或话题，与一个语篇往往会围绕着某一主题或话题，与此相关的词就可能会共同出现，以实现语篇衔接。此相关的词就可能会共同出现，以实现语篇衔接。如如20112011年广东高考完形填空的短文，是围绕年广东高考完形填空的短文，是围绕“把把优生从普通班里分离出去会带来严重问题优生从普通班里分离出去会带来严重问题”这一这一主题展开的，涉及这一主题的可能有主题展开的，涉及这一主题的可能有“普通班普通班”“特殊班特殊班”“优生优
18、生”“普通生普通生”，以及，以及“学校学校”“老师老师”“学习学习”等等，因此等等，因此,special,gifted,intelligent,top,regular，average，school，classes，teachers，children，learning这些相互关联的词这些相互关联的词语就很可能会同时出现在语篇之中语就很可能会同时出现在语篇之中。了解词语同现了解词语同现,对正确解答完形填空题很有对正确解答完形填空题很有帮助。请运用词语同现的技巧，解答以下高考真帮助。请运用词语同现的技巧，解答以下高考真题，并说明正确选项与哪些词同现。题，并说明正确选项与哪些词同现。1.(2013广东
19、广东)A man was trying to take a photo of a crow(乌鸦乌鸦)that has a nest in a tower,but the crow always left when she saw him coming.The bird did not _ until the man left the tower.A.relax B.recover C.react D.returnD 与与left(离开离开)相对同现的应是相对同现的应是return(回回来来)，故选，故选D。“放松放松”“”“恢复恢复”“”“起反应起反应”与语境不符。与语境不符。3.(2012
20、广东广东)For example,they may believe that people should always tell the truth,and that lying is _ acceptable.A.seldom B.rarely C.merely D.neverD believe后的后的thatand that是两个并列是两个并列的宾语从句的宾语从句,表达的观点应前后一致。其中表达的观点应前后一致。其中,tell the truth与与lying相对相对,而与而与always相对的相对的应是应是never。always与与never是反义同现。是反义同现。4.(2012广东广
21、东)Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is _to eat animals,but others argue that they can eat meat and still be kind to animalsA.awful B.cruel C.unhealthy D.unnecessaryB 由由but可知，应选与下文中可知，应选与下文中kind相对的相对的cruel。kind与与cruel是反义同现。是反义同现。词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方式在同一语
22、篇中方式在同一语篇中重复出现重复出现。语篇中的句子通。语篇中的句子通过复现关系达到相互衔接的目的。过复现关系达到相互衔接的目的。词语复现又可分为原词复现、同源词复现词语复现又可分为原词复现、同源词复现(又叫同根词复现又叫同根词复现)、同义或近义词复现、同义或近义词复现(包括与包括与近义词的同根词复现近义词的同根词复现,如如ill与与sickness)、上下义、上下义复现复现(即总括与分述即总括与分述,如如animal是是sheep,tiger,wolf等的上义词；等的上义词；rose是是flower的下义词的下义词)、反义、反义复现复现（如如wrong与与right）等。）等。(二二)词语复现
23、词语复现2.(2013广东广东)He took another man with him to the tower.One man left and the other stayed,but they did not _ the birdIt was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were able to fool the crow.A.fool B.hurt C.catch D.killA 由由but可知，他们并没能可知，他们并没能“欺骗欺骗”那只乌那只乌鸦。与下文鸦。与下文fool t
24、he crow中的中的fool是原词复现。是原词复现。5.(2013广东广东)The number sense is not the ability to count,but the ability to recognize a change in number It seems that number sense is something we have in common with many animals in this world and that our human _ is not much better than a crows.A.sightB.nature C.ability
25、 D.beliefC 由文章的首段或首句可知，本文在讲到人具有由文章的首段或首句可知，本文在讲到人具有数字感的同时，重点是讲动物的数字感，即有辨数字感的同时，重点是讲动物的数字感，即有辨别数字变化的别数字变化的“能力能力”。ability是原词复现。是原词复现。根据上下文的逻辑关系来推断正确答根据上下文的逻辑关系来推断正确答案案,逻辑关系包括因果关系、对比关系、并逻辑关系包括因果关系、对比关系、并列关系、转折关系、让步关系、递进关系、列关系、转折关系、让步关系、递进关系、条件与结果的关系等。从七年来的广东高条件与结果的关系等。从七年来的广东高考完形填空题来看考完形填空题来看,最多的是利用因果关
26、系最多的是利用因果关系来推断正确答案。来推断正确答案。请运用逻辑推断请运用逻辑推断,解答以下试题解答以下试题,并并指出正确选项是根据什么逻辑关系推断出指出正确选项是根据什么逻辑关系推断出来的。来的。3.3.逻辑推理逻辑推理1.(2013广东广东)Human beings are born with this ability._,experiments show that many animals are,too.A.ImportantlyB.SurprisinglyC.DisappointedlyD.FortunatelyB 因因“实验表明许多动物也跟人类一样具有实验表明许多动物也跟人类一样具
27、有这种能力这种能力”，这是，这是“令人惊讶的令人惊讶的”。其他选。其他选项项“重要地重要地”“”“失望地失望地”“”“幸运地幸运地”与上下与上下文内容无联系。文内容无联系。A.interesting B.vital C.easy D.valuable3.(2012广东广东)If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration,it will be _ for them to form what is sometimes called a“black and white”view.C你你 由由“不考虑其他事情
28、不考虑其他事情(without taking other matters into consideration)”，即全面地看问题，即全面地看问题，可推断出，这种人很可推断出，这种人很“容易容易”形成黑白观形成黑白观(非黑即非黑即白白)。(因果关系因果关系)将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验、文将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识化背景知识,以及科普常识等结合起来以及科普常识等结合起来,进行进行简单推理简单推理,从而得出正确答案。事实上从而得出正确答案。事实上,该技该技巧与巧与“逻辑推断逻辑推断”常常交织在一起的常常交织在一起的,因为因为虽有背景常识虽有背景常识,仍需简单推理仍需简单推理;
29、逻辑推理离不逻辑推理离不开背景常识。开背景常识。请运用背景常识，进行适当推理，解答以下请运用背景常识，进行适当推理，解答以下高考试题。高考试题。(四四)背景常识背景常识1.(2013广东广东)The number sense is not the ability to count,but the ability to recognize a _ in number.Human beings are born with this ability experiments show that many animals are,tooIf a nest has four eggs and you re
30、move one,the bird will not notice.However,if you remove two,the bird generally leavesA.rise B.pattern C.changeD.trendC 根据常识，下文的根据常识，下文的remove one,remove two就是就是数字的数字的“变化变化”，故选，故选C。其他三个选项。其他三个选项“上升上升”“样式样式”“趋势趋势”与文中内容几乎毫无关系。与文中内容几乎毫无关系。2.(2013广东广东)He took another man with him to the tower.One man lef
31、t and the other stayed,but they did not fool the bird.The experiment was _ with three men,and then four men.ButA.reportedB.repeated C.designedD.approvedB 该实验由一个人去接近那只乌鸦，然后带一个该实验由一个人去接近那只乌鸦，然后带一个人即一共两个人去做这个实验，接着三个人、四人即一共两个人去做这个实验，接着三个人、四个人去做这个实验，根据常识，显然是在个人去做这个实验，根据常识，显然是在“重复重复”做这个实验。其他选项做这个实验。其他选项“报
32、告报告”“”“设计设计”“”“证明证明”均与语境不符。均与语境不符。主要指动词与介词的搭配、动宾主要指动词与介词的搭配、动宾搭配及句式搭配等。广东高考完形填搭配及句式搭配等。广东高考完形填空中主要考查动宾搭配。能不能搭配空中主要考查动宾搭配。能不能搭配,除涉及词语的用法外除涉及词语的用法外,还需结合常识还需结合常识来判断。来判断。5.5.前后搭配前后搭配 请运用前后搭配习惯请运用前后搭配习惯,解答以下高解答以下高考试题。考试题。1.(2009广东广东)On April 12,1888,Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack.A major Fre
33、nch newspaper _his brother for him and.A.foundB.misunderstoodC.mistookD.judgedC 根据动介搭配，能与后面的介词根据动介搭配，能与后面的介词for搭配搭配的，只有的，只有mistook。(注：这类题是极少考查注：这类题是极少考查的，五年仅此一题的，五年仅此一题)2.(2009广东广东).Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to _the Nobel prizes,.A.EstablishB.formC.DevelopD.pro
34、moteA 根据动宾搭配，应是根据动宾搭配，应是“设立诺贝尔奖设立诺贝尔奖”，即即establish the Nobel prizes。完形填空中，有的题既可以用这种技巧解答，完形填空中，有的题既可以用这种技巧解答，又可用那种技巧来解答，也有的可能要结合两种又可用那种技巧来解答，也有的可能要结合两种或多种技巧才能解答。其中，词语复现、词语同或多种技巧才能解答。其中，词语复现、词语同现和根据背景常识进行逻辑推断是最重要的三个现和根据背景常识进行逻辑推断是最重要的三个解题策略。解题策略。完全可以这样说，只要你熟练掌握并能灵活完全可以这样说，只要你熟练掌握并能灵活运用这五个技巧，广东高考完形填空题，
35、不再有运用这五个技巧，广东高考完形填空题，不再有难题。难题。但是，所有的方法或技巧都是一种辅助作用，但是，所有的方法或技巧都是一种辅助作用，都必须建立在扎实的语言基础之上。如果词汇不都必须建立在扎实的语言基础之上。如果词汇不过关，句子理不顺，篇章意义不理解，任何方法过关，句子理不顺，篇章意义不理解，任何方法或技巧都将无济于事。或技巧都将无济于事。注意注意上下文语境上下文语境了解了解常识背景常识背景掌握掌握习惯搭配习惯搭配运用运用词义辨析词义辨析运用运用语法分析语法分析运用运用逻辑分析逻辑分析运用运用排除法排除法解题过程中应做到解题过程中应做到实实 战战 演演 练练About a month a
36、go,while in the drive through at Starbucks,I noticed a woman in a car behind me who appeared to be having a bad day.There were two kids in the back who seemed to have too much 1 at 8 am on a Sunday morning,because they were shouting loudly.The 2 moved slowly and at one point while I was pulling the
37、car forward,the sad woman behind me 3 my car.I could tell this 4 her.The entire time that I waited in line for my coffee this woman didnt 5.Looking back at her I could tell she was wondering“Why me?Why today?”When I 6 up and paid for my coffee I requested that the barista(咖啡吧员咖啡吧员)of Starbucks give
38、the woman behind me a smile card and paid for her coffee.Just 30 minutes ago I was again 7 in line at Starbucks.I heard a slam of a car door but thought nothing of it.I was 8 when the same woman came up to my drivers side window.She 9 me a twenty-dollar bill and the same smile card I had given to he
39、r.She smiled and said,“These are for you.You are the 10 one who gave these to me 11,right?All I need you to do is ask the barista to give the 12 back to me.”It was amazing!It was as if this woman had been waiting to show her 13 for what I had done!When she got back into her 14 today she was all smil
40、es.I could tell she had the same feeling as I had on that early Sunday morning.It was nice to have my coffee paid for,but what made me feel even better was seeing the happiness and smile on her face.As I pulled out of the drive-thru,she waved and yelled out,“Have a 15 day!”I yelled back“You too!”and
41、 waved her goodbye.About a month ago,while in the drive through at Starbucks,I noticed a woman in a car behind me who appeared to be having a bad day.There were two kids in the back who seemed to have too much 1 at 8 am on a Sunday morning,because they were shouting loudly.The 2 moved slowly and at
42、one point while I was pulling the car forward,the sad woman behind me 3 my car.I could tell this 4 her.The entire time that I waited in line for my coffee this woman didnt 5 .Looking back at her I could tell she was wondering“Why me?Why today?”When I 6 up and paid for my coffee I requested that the
43、barista(咖啡吧员咖啡吧员)of Starbucks give the woman behind me a smile card and paid for her coffee.1A.force B.strength C.power D.energy2A.line B.time C.sun D.bus3A.knocked B.touched C.kicked D.watched4A.excited B.calmed C.worried D.entertained5A.apologize B.smile C.complain D.bother6A.pulled B.looked C.tur
44、ned D.walked Just 30 minutes ago I was again 7 in line at Starbucks.I heard a slam of a car door but thought nothing of it.I was 8 when the same woman came up to my drivers side window.She 9 me a twenty-dollar bill and the same smile card I had given to her.She smiled and said,“These are for you.You
45、 are the 10 one who gave these to me 11,right?All I need you to do is ask the barista to give the 12 back to me.”It was amazing!It was as if this woman had been waiting to show her 13 for what I had done!7A.standing B.waiting C.parking D.pacing8A.amused B.confused C.disappointed D.shocked9A.handed B
46、.owed C.presented D.asked10A.clever B.kind C.honest D.modest11A.privately B.secretly C.originally D.totally12A.card B.change C.bill D.coffee13A.consideration B.respect C.desire D.appreciationWhen she got back into her 14 today she was all smiles.I could tell she had the same feeling as I had on that
47、 early Sunday morning.It was nice to have my coffee paid for,but what made me feel even better was seeing the happiness and smile on her face.As I pulled out of the drive-thru,she waved and yelled out,“Have a 15 day!”I yelled back“You too!”and waved her goodbye.14A.officeB.homeC.carD.room15A.freeB.q
48、uietC.regularD.good Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel.Green said,Clearly I am the most important.I am the sign of life and hope.I was chosen for grass,trees and leaves.Without me,all animals would 36 .Blue interrupted,You only think about the 37 ,but consider the sky and th
49、e sea.38 the water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep seaWithout my peace,you would all be 39 .Yellow chuckled（笑道）（笑道）,You are all so serious.I bring laughter,fun,and _40_ into the world 36.A.stay B.leave C.go out D.die 37.A.earth B.moon C.star D.sun 38A.That is B.I a
50、m C.It is D.This is 39A.anything B.nothing C.something D.Everything40A.warmth B.sadness C.depression D.anxiety语境语境-词义词义语境语境-转折转折.对比对比.排除排除语法语法-强调句强调句语境语境-词义词义语境语境-同类并列同类并列 Orange started next to blow her trumpet,I am the color of health and strength.I may be 41 ,but I am precious for I serve the nee
