1、间质干细胞和急性肺损间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座伤专业知识讲座ARDS was first recognized in the 1960s1 as a clinical syndrome of severe acute respiratory failure presenting with hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates,most often in the setting of pneumonia,sepsis,or major trauma.lARDS最初在1960年,被人们认识为严重急性呼吸衰竭的临床综合征;l血氧不足和双边
2、肺浸润,通常继发于肺炎、败血症、或严重的的创伤;间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座2distinction between(ALI)and ARDS relates to the severity of hypoxemia,with the former having a PaO2/FiO2 of less than 300,the latter with a PaO2/FiO2 of less than 200.lung endothelial injury,alveolar epithelial injury,the accumulation of protein-rich fluid、c
3、ellular debris in the alveolar spacel急性肺损伤(ALI)和ARDS的区别主要指血氧不足严重程度,前者有PaO2/FIO2小于300;l后者PaO2/FIO2不足200;lALI/ARDS的发病机制涉及肺血管内皮损伤,肺泡上皮损伤,富含蛋白质液体的增加和肺泡腔内的细胞残骸.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座3流行病学流行病学l2005年,大约200000名患者在美国发展为lALI/ARDS,估计有40%的死亡率。l采用肺保护性通气时代,死亡率下降大约25%。l In 2005,approximately 200,000 pts in the United S
4、tates lALI/ARDS,with an estimated mortality of 40%.l In the era of lung protective ventilation,mortality has declined to approximately 25%.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座4l大量的临床试验,药物治疗吸入表面活性剂(inhaled surfactant)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide)、前列环素(prostacyclins),糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids),抗氧化剂(antioxidants),酮康唑(ketoconazole)并非AL
5、I治疗标准;lALI肺泡的病理生理,任何单一分子不可能逆转综合症的过程,使临床获益;l reverse the course of this syndrome、provide substantial clinical benefit.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座5l细胞为基础的疗法 cell-based therapies l能产生炎症分子 moleculesl调节炎症反应 modulate inflammatory cascades l增强修复 enhance repair l间充质干细胞可能是理想的选择l Mesenchymal Stem Cells(MSC)间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专
6、业知识讲座6间充质干细胞间充质干细胞:一般属性一般属性l间充质干细胞(msc)lself-renewing isolated from bone marrow differentiate into muscle,bone,fat,fibroblasts,and cartilage.l能重建造血的环境 reconstitute a hematopoietic environment,regenerate bone tissue;l起初被称为成纤维细胞的集落形成单位colonyforming unit-fibroblastic,(CFU-F);l骨髓基质细胞marrow stromal cells
7、,lMSC间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座7l仍然不知道间充质干细胞是否来自中胚层,或者神经上皮,或来自不同来源的发展阶段lwhether MSCs originate from the mesoderm,from the neuroepithelium,or from different sourceslMSC 骨髓、脂肪,脐带血,胎盘组织、肌腱和骨骼肌、bone marrow、also from fat,umbilical cord blood,placental tissue,tendons、skeletal muscle 间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座8l国际上细胞治疗提出标准:
8、l1.粘附整形adherence to plastic;l2.expression of CD105、CD73 CD90;lack of expression of CD45、CD34、CD14 CD11b,CD79a、CD19和人类白细胞抗原(HLA)II;l3.ability to differentiate into osteoblasts,adipocytes,and chondroblasts in vitro.成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞的能力。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座9lother properties l1.produce a wide variety of mole
9、cules,including hematopoietic factors,chemokines,and angiogenic factors,包括造血因子,趋化因子和血管生成素。l2.immunomodulatory effects l3.MSC 基因治疗的载体,并帮助诱导、同种异体骨髓移植耐受性。l4.MSC在疾病潜伏期模型获益,克罗恩病、创伤性脑损伤、Crohn disease、traumatic brain injury。l5.several types of lung disease 间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座10MSCs IN LUNG DISEASE l博来霉素暴露小鼠肺
10、纤维化、Bleomycin exposure fibrotic lung diseasel分离小鼠的干细胞并且静脉注射,随后7天,肺损伤的区域发现外源性间充质干细胞存在,且细胞具有上皮细胞的特征;l显著降低肺内胶原蛋白沉积,减少基质蛋白酶2和9表达;lreduced collagen deposition and expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座11l肺移植(lung engraftment.):强大抗炎作用 antiinflammatory effects;lblocks increase in
11、 interleukin (IL)-1a,白介素1(IL)产生。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座12lgreen fluorescent protein(GFP)标记MSC治疗的博来霉素诱导6h的小鼠,improved survivallGFP标记的MSC,表达纤维细胞(fibroblasts),肌纤维细胞(myofibroblasts),type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座13 MSCs umbilical cord tissueintravenously bleomycin in mice;MSCs
12、were identified 2 weeks inflamed portions of the lung。脐带组织干细胞,静脉应用于老鼠体内,2周内肺内发现。MSC减少胶原蛋白及细胞信号转导分子(Smad2)浓度,表明这些细胞已经具有抗纤维化属性。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座14lbronchopulmonary dysplasia,MSCs intratracheally rats exposed to prolonged hyperoxia.reduced apoptosis,myeloperoxidase activity,and collagen deposition,infl
13、ammatory molecules IL-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a,differentiated into type II alveolar epithelial cells,l支气管肺的发育不良动物模型,长期氧过多暴露老鼠气管内注入干细胞,发现能够显著降低细胞凋亡、髓过氧化物酶活性和胶原沉积,以及炎性分子il-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)。此外,少数细胞分化成II型肺泡上皮细胞。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座15同样试验也提示可以提高存活率及运动耐量改善,和减少肺泡和肺血管损伤,以及肺动脉高压。类似试验间充质干细胞气管内给药,能够降低大鼠肺动脉高压,改
14、进血管内皮功能。van Haaften and colleagues reported that intratracheal MSCs improved survival、exercise tolerance,and decreased alveolar and vascular lung injury,pulmonary hypertension间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座16lrat model emphysema MSC reduced emphysematous changes.lMSCs differentiated into type II alveolar epitheli
15、al cells.lMSCs have therapeutic effects in several models of lung disease.lantiinflammatory properties,mitigating the lung damage in ALI.l辐射引起的老鼠肺气肿模型,间充质干细胞减少肺气肿形成,分化成II型肺泡上皮细胞;l在肺部疾病的模型中有治疗作用,适用于ALI。l 间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座17MSCs IN ANIMAL MODELS OF ALI AND SEPSIS:EVIDENCE OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS 干细胞在急性肺
16、损伤和脓毒症的动物模型:有利的证据干细胞在急性肺损伤和脓毒症的动物模型:有利的证据l脂多糖(LPS)用于ALI的动物模型;l气道给予LPS,48h诱发中性粒细胞聚集,与微血管通透性增加有关;l在ALI中,经鼻腔注入LPS,MSC 4h后在外周血中显著增加。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座18lThey next subjected irradiated mice with bone marrow reconstituted from GFP transgenic donors to intranasal LPS,and showed abundant GFP-positive cells i
17、n the lungs 3 weeks later.Some of these cells expressed cytokeratin,a marker of epithelial cells,whereas others expressed CD34,a marker of endothelial cells.l辐照骨髓抑制小鼠,骨髓重建鼻内植入GFP标记MSC,3w在肺部发现GFP标记MCS。l一些细胞表达上皮细胞标记细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin),而其他细胞表达CD34,内皮细胞的标记。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座19lsuggested that endogenous MS
18、Cs play an important role in repairing inflammatory damage following LPS.l内源性MSC在LPS诱导的急性炎症反应修复中起重要的作用。l在一些试验中,低于致死剂量的辐照引起骨髓抑制,鼻腔内的LPS产生类似的组织学损伤,且支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)中性细胞增多,1W后产生肺气肿。l表明缺乏内源性MSC后破坏正常的修复过程。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座20MSCs intravenously 30 minutes,3 days later in BAL total cell reduction decrease in in
19、flammatory infiltrates,interalveolar septal thickening,and interstitial edema.气管内小鼠体内,静脉MSC 30min,3天可以发现显著减少BAL中总细胞和中性粒细胞计数。组织学分析证实减少炎症浸润,小叶间隔增厚,间质水肿。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座21 intraperitoneal LPS 1 mg/kg (a dose that causes minimal mortality),1 hour later infused MSCs or fibroblasts intravenously.MSCs,red
20、uced lung neutrophils at 6,24,and 48 hours.腹腔注射LPS 1mg/kg(最小致死量),1h后静脉干细胞细胞或成纤维细胞l干细胞治疗6、24和48h后肺部N%及总数下降间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座22lMSC intratracheally to mice 4h,after 5 mg/kg LPS,(a dose significant mortality).MSC-treated mice improved survival lPBS-treated mice:l 80%versus 42%48 hours,l 64%versus 18%72
21、hours.l间充质干细胞小鼠气管内的给药,随后4小时5毫克/公斤脂多糖气管内给药,(可以产生显著的死亡率剂量)l干细胞治疗后的小鼠改善生存l相对于PBS-治疗后老鼠:l80%和42%在48小时内,l80%对18%在72小时。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座23lHistologic analysis at 48 hours revealed less hemorrhage and edema.Nonviable MSCs and fibroblasts did not replicate this effect,suggesting undifferentiated,viable MSCs
22、 were required to ameliorate LPS-induced ALI.lMSC通过肺水(lung water),湿/干比(wet/dry ratio),and BAL蛋白质浓度 BAL protein concentration 48h后组织学显示出血和水肿减少l 提示未分化,有活性干细胞可以改善LPS诱导的ALI。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座24l在肠杆菌肺炎模型中 大肠杆菌诱导小鼠肺炎中。4h后,这些小鼠气管内注入MSC、PBS,或成纤维细胞。l通过BAL中性粒细胞计数衡量,干细胞显著降低了肺部炎症。lMSCs,PBS,or fibroblasts.MSCs re
23、duced lung inflammation,as measured by BAL neutrophil count.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座25l最近研究了盲肠的结扎和穿刺(CLP)脓毒症小鼠模型。l6h后,MSC或NS 静脉注射,所有小鼠每天均有广谱抗生素治疗。lSix hours following CLP,MSCs were infused intravenously.All mice received daily broad-spectrum antibiotics.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座26MSCtreated mice had decreased BAL
24、cell counts and albumin、reduced inflammatory lung infiltrates and interstitial edema 28h.benefit of MSCs was not to the lungs,MSC-treated mice had reduced apoptotic kidney cells and improved serum creatinine.CLP results in severe systemic injury,as shown by 45%mortality at 28h.MSC treatment improved
25、 mortality by 50%.l干细胞治疗后小鼠肺泡灌洗液细胞计数和白蛋白减少。l28h炎症性肺部浸润,间质水肿减轻。l除肺部外、肾脏细胞凋亡减少,血清肌酐下降。l脓毒症全身性损伤,28h 45%的死亡率。治疗后死亡率下降50%。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座27lintravenous(IV)MSCs or control cells(heatkilled MSCs or skin fibroblasts)24h before or 1 hour after CLP in mice.lAnd broad-spectrum antibiotics.survival benefit f
26、or MSCs at 4 days.lower serum creatinine and kidney tubular injury scores,improved hepatic glycogen storage,and reduced transaminases,amylase,and splenic apoptosis,lsuggesting multiple beneficial systemic effects.IV MSC或控制细胞(热死亡细胞或皮肤成纤维细胞)前24h或1h后脓毒症小鼠模型中,广谱抗生素。l4d MSC治疗生存率显著提高,降低血清肌酐和肾小管损伤评分,改善肝脏糖原
27、存储,降低转氨酶,淀粉酶、和脾细胞凋亡。l多系统性有益。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座28MSCs IN ANIMAL MODELS OF ALI AND SEPSIS:POTENTIAL MECHANISMS 干细胞在急性肺损伤和脓毒症动物模型干细胞在急性肺损伤和脓毒症动物模型:潜在的机制潜在的机制lMSCs may exert their therapeutic effects in models of ALI and sepsis,and have discovered an increasing number of potential mechanisms.lIt is helpf
28、ul first to consider the processes governing the production and removal of alveolar edema fluid.l急性肺损伤和脓毒症模型中,MSC发现越来越多的潜在机制。l首要原因为肺泡水肿液管理和去除。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座29内皮渗透性、上皮通透性和肺泡液体内皮渗透性、上皮通透性和肺泡液体间隙间隙lincreased protein of the endothelial and epithelial barriers,and reduced(or insufficient)alveolar flui
29、d clearance(AFC).lMSCs reduce the increase in endothelial permeability ALI.lBAL albumin and protein are commonly used as markers of lung endothelial permeability。l在肺泡水肿形成:l内皮蛋白质通透性的增加;l上皮屏障破坏,l肺泡液体清除率下降。lMSC能够减少ALI内皮通透性。BAL中白蛋白和蛋白质含量通常用作的肺内皮通透性指标。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座30lBAL albumin,total protein,and imm
30、unoglobulin M(IgM)were increased 3 days following intratracheal LPS.lThis increase was attenuated by MSCs given intravenously 30 minutes after the injury.lAngiopoietin-1 may help maintain adultvascular endothelial cells in a quiescent state,reduce permeability and promote endothelial cell survival l
31、LPS注入气管内3天后肺泡灌洗液中白蛋白、总蛋白和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)增加。ALI静脉注射MSC 30min,可以减轻蛋白含量。l血管生成素维持血管内皮细胞处于静止状态,同事减少渗透性,促进内皮细胞的存活。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座31 MSCs produce Ang-1 further reduced BAL protein,albumin,and IgM。Ang-1 diminishing inflammatory cell influx and reducing plasma protein leakage into the alveolar space.l在未损伤老鼠中MS
32、C促进血管生成素减少BAL蛋白,白蛋白,IgM的水平。l推断MSC静脉注射入肺循环中,促使Ang-1在减少炎性细胞浸润,降低血浆蛋白渗漏。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座32l静脉MSC,脓毒症小鼠体内28h可以减少肺泡灌洗液中白蛋白,提示MSC可以减少脓毒症内皮通透性l老鼠给与大肠杆菌气管内注射,18h后肺泡灌洗液中白蛋白明显增加,但是损伤后4h,气管内注射MSC(但不包括成纤维细胞),白蛋白明显减少。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座33lBAL中蛋白质可以评估肺血管内皮通透性、上皮通透性,肺水含量。l ALI中肺泡上皮细胞通常内皮细胞屏障失去完整性。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座3
33、4l When exposed to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b,TNF-a,and interferon IFN-g),increased 500%.l MSCs protein reduced to control levels.l当暴露在强效的炎性细胞因子(IL-1b,TNF-a,和干扰素(IFN),上皮细胞层蛋白质渗透率增加大约500%。l植入同种异体干细胞,蛋白质渗透性减少到控制水平。ALI中,MSC可以提高上皮的屏障功能 间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座35lAFC is the capacity of the epithelium of the
34、lung to remove alveolar fluid。lALI/ARDS can reduce AFC,including high tidal volume ventilation,live bacteria,acid instillation,and proinflammatory cytokines.l肺泡液体清除率(AFC),肺上皮细胞的清除任何原因肺泡液体,肺水肿能力。lALI/ARDS中通常是(AFC)受损与恶化的结果。l影响AFC因素:高潮气量、细菌,和促炎细胞因子l气管内注入MSC在ALI 4h后减少多余的肺水。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座36l体外肺灌注的试验,用
35、来测试MSC在ALI中效果。l LPS decrease in AFC,approximately 20%per hour to near 0%per hourl脂多糖导致肺泡液体清除率20%/h至0%/h。lfibroblasts into the injured lung 1h after had no effect on AFC.MSCs AFC to baseline levels.l成纤维细胞肺受伤1小时后应用,肺泡液体清除率没有影响。干细胞肺泡液体清除率至基线水平。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座37lMSCs improve both endothelial/epithelia
36、l permeability and AFC。l因此,得出结论干细胞似乎改善内皮/上皮通透性和以及肺泡液体清除率。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座38移植移植Engraftment lMSCs differentiate into bone,fat,muscle,cartilage。lin the late 1990s,these cells could develop a nonmesodermal phenotype.lMSC可以分化为骨,脂肪,肌肉,软骨;l1990年代末,在一定条件下,这些细胞可以发展为一个非中层表型。l标记的干细胞融入博来霉素损伤后肺组织,表现出肺泡的二型肺细胞的形
37、态学和分子特征。llabeled MSCs incorporated into lung tissue bleomycin injury and developed molecular characteristics of type I pneumocytes.间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座39llarge numbers of labeled MSCs in the lung 24h following IP LPS and IV MSC infusion.l2 weeks later,few labeled cells remained,presence of MSCs in the
38、lung is a transient in ALI.l静脉注射脂多糖和静脉注入干细胞24h后,大量标记MSC在肺内发现。l2周后,很少有标记的细胞存在,这表明大量存在的MSC在ALI中只是一种短暂的现象。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座40l对小鼠雾化脂多糖7天,第1天灌注入干细胞后,一些动物中,细胞可以表达Ang-1,输液后14天,标记细胞出现在肺内,但没有表现进一步的特征。Taken together,suggest that MSC differentiation into mature lung cell types following ALI may occur at low l
39、evels but is unlikely to produce much of their beneficial effect.l综上所述,数据表明,干细胞可以分化为成熟的细胞,在ALI中可能发生在低水平,但不太可能产生的有益效果间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座41免疫调节(免疫调节(Immunomodulation)lMSCs were recognized to have immunomodulatory effects,MSCs have suppress many functions of naive and memory T cells,B cells,natural kille
40、r (NK)cells,and the differentiation and function of monocytes lMSC抑制记忆T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞,单核细胞的分化和功能。l脓毒症模型中气管内的注入MSC可以使BAL中促炎细胞因子TNF-a和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP)2水平降低。增加抗炎细胞因子il-10、IL-1ra IL-13。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座42l这些研究结果表明,在急性肺损伤中,干细胞可以促使肺环境从促炎到抗炎转变。lin a model of ALI shifts the injured lung from proinflammatory
41、 to antiinflammatory。l静脉注射MSC延缓脂多糖诱导的ALI中血清促炎因子IFN-g,IL-1b,MIP-1a,KC;l脓毒症小鼠动物模型中,可以静脉注射MSC可以减少血清TNF-a和lL 6。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座43lMSC治疗可以减少过氧物酶在脂多糖诱导小鼠脓毒症的肝脏和肾脏中水平。lMSC治疗可以改善缺乏成熟的T细胞和B细胞基因敲除的小鼠,以及NK细胞缺陷老鼠的生存率。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座44l在单核细胞和巨噬细胞缺陷小鼠模型中,发现MSC治疗没有效果,表明这些细胞通过干细胞治疗施加有益的影响。l此外MSC被证明增加环氧酶的表达和活性,增加
42、前列腺素E2(PGE2)的水平。l干细胞与巨噬细胞一起培养,脂多糖模型中发现增加il 10,这种效果产生被证明依靠TLR4,MyD88 TLR4 NF-kB,TNF-a和TNF受体存在 间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座45l据报道,脂多糖诱导脓毒症24h后,小鼠静脉治疗,多能干细胞(伤后6小时)减少血清促炎的细胞因子,il-6、IL-1b KC,和趋化因子配体5(CCL5),血清il-10也减少了,与原先实验中这种现象相反。l尚不清楚为什么il 10在一个实验中增加,在另一个实验中减少,这可能与技术差异,MSC在损伤后应用的时间有关。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座47抗菌效果抗菌效果An
43、tibacterial Effects lMSC除了可以有效的抗炎效果,然而却显著改善由细菌引起的败血症小鼠生存率。l实验表明,MSC可以减少细菌的负担能力。l试验发现,脓毒症小鼠模型中静脉注射脂多糖6h后,生存率极大改善。l比较损伤后28h脾脏细菌菌落数,MSC治疗组菌落数下降一个数量级别。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座48在损伤后24h,分离了小鼠腹膜内和脾脏的总细胞数或CD11b1片段(单核细胞/巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞)。lMSC治疗组增加了总细胞和CD11b1革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌的噬菌作用。lMSC本身很少从事吞噬作用,必须间接调节宿主的吞噬细胞能力。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业
44、知识讲座49l其他实验中,MSC同样具有的抗菌性。l干细胞(比较成纤维细胞)减少大肠杆菌体外的生长。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座50lMSC条件培养基对G阴性菌生长没有影响,除非这些细胞原先被大肠杆菌细胞刺激,表明这种诱导产生抗菌物质。l他们筛选细菌刺激的干细胞的培养基发现大量的人类(LL-37)。l合成LL-37减少大肠杆菌和铜绿色假单胞菌的生长,当与LL-37抑制性抗体同时培养时,受刺激MSC失去了抗菌活性。l老鼠脓毒症模型中,MSC治疗4h后,BAL显示细菌减少超过一个数量级,而使用LL-37抗体,抗菌效果却明显下降。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座51lTaken togeth
45、er,the results suggest that MSCs both exert direct effects on bacteria and modulate the hosts phagocytic capacity.l Future experiments should help clarify the precise cellular and molecular pathways of phagocytic augmentation,and may identify additional direct antibacterial effects.l总的来说,表明细胞对细菌起到直接
46、的作用和调节宿主的噬菌作用的能力。l未来的实验应该进一步阐明的确切的细胞、分子途径噬菌作用,和识别额外的直接的抗菌效果。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座52其他可能的机制其他可能的机制Other Possible Mechanisms lMSC和组织细胞之间全新的互动机制。l通过使用溴化乙锭改变DNA来减弱A549细胞线粒体功能。l这些细胞同MSC一起培养后,A549细胞获得了线粒体功能,且线粒体DNA同干细胞DNA相互匹配。l显微镜检提示MSC可以逐渐向A549细胞细胞质扩展,并且通过这种扩展使线粒体大量转运。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座53l最近实验体外骨髓间充质向心脏肌细胞线粒体
47、转移。l电子显微镜显示纳米管,线粒体可以通过纳米管转运。l线粒体可以通过囊泡、纳米管或一些其他机制转运,MSC能通过直接转移他们的线粒体,积极的挽救缺乏免疫力的细胞,l线粒体缺陷是的许多器官损害模型的共同特性,显示另一个潜在的有益的体内作用。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座54l微泡被多种类型的细胞释放,其中包括干细胞,同时微泡最近被认为是一个重要的通信机制。l胚胎干细胞已被证明通过微囊泡重组造血祖细胞的DNA。lMSC同样释放微泡。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座55l最近研究表明,MSC可以诱导微泡增加肾小管上皮细胞在体外的增殖,使得可以抵抗肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。l在严重免疫缺陷小鼠,M
48、SC及微囊泡有类似的保护作用,抵抗甘油所致的AKI。l在体内及体外试验中,核糖核酸酶可以消除这种积极效果,提示这种效应是由间质干细胞DNA所产生的。lMSC微囊泡与MRNA转录、增殖、免疫细胞的监管有关。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座56前瞻研究前瞻研究 FUTURE STUDIES l对MSC生物学功能还有待发现。l未来的工作将进一步阐明移植、免疫调节、抗菌效果,线粒体转移,遗传信息的相关的贡献。l缺乏可靠的细胞表面标记极大地限制了这些细胞的体内研究。l没有专门提供MSC基因敲除的老鼠、没有具体MSC的启动因子或免疫组织化学标记,以及如何在体外骨髓寻找干细胞成为一个重要问题。间质干细胞和
49、急性肺损伤专业知识讲座57lMSC越来越多广泛应用于临床。l目前干细胞正在研究用于急性心肌细胞梗塞,扩张性心肌病、克罗恩病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、中风、多发性硬化症、移植物抗宿主病,急性I型糖尿病、糖尿病、糖尿病足溃疡、肝硬化和免疫重建综合症在人类免疫缺陷病毒lacute myocardial infarction,dilated cardiomyopathy,Crohn disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,stroke,multiple sclerosis,acute graft-versus-host disease,type I dia
50、betes mellitus,diabetic foot ulcer,cirrhosis,and immune reconstitution syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus。间质干细胞和急性肺损伤专业知识讲座58lThe safety record for these cells has been reassuring to date.lHowever,there have not yet been any clinical trials of MSCs in ALI or sepsis,despite the promising work o