1、第四部分 阅读理解4.1 细节理解题细节理解题题型解读解题攻略高考练兵4.2 主旨大意题主旨大意题题型解读解题攻略高考练兵4.3 推理判断题推理判断题题型解读解题攻略高考练兵4.4 词义猜测题词义猜测题题型解读解题攻略高考练兵4.1 细节理解题题型解读阅细节理解题的考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字、图表等例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。高考中细节理解题通常占阅读理解题总数的一半以上。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是
2、根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。细节理解题的设问形式主要有以下几种：1.事实细节题：分为直接理解题和间接理解题,前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提问,或判断正误,即是非判断题。后者需与原文信息转换,表达上与原文有差异。常见设问形式有：以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题,如：What can we learn from the pa
3、ssage?以是非题的形式,true/false,not true/false或except等,如：All the following is mentioned except/Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about?以according to 开头提问方式;如：Which of the following is mentioned(not mentioned)?2.排列顺序题:常出现在记叙文和说明文中,一般按事件发生的顺序。常见设问形式有：Which of the following is the co
4、rrect order of?Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph?3.图文匹配题：设题形式：给出图表,根据图表提问问题。4.数字计算题：可直接找到相关细节,但需经过计算方可找到答案。解题攻略做细节理解题时,大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语,然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节,就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找
5、与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外,还可以兼用排除法,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下,干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;（2）符合常识,但不是文章内容;（3）与原文的内容极其相似,只是在程度上有些变动;（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;（5）部分正确,部分错误。有的细节理解题不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节,在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速
6、地将它们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息,直接得出答案,但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断。此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是,有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语,甚至一个单词,因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。1.描写类细节题描写类细节题,常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点,或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的
7、理解。这类描写信息往往较直接,一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解,对于该类题,考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。2.信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见,体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面,能满足各种人对信息的需求,但在高考试题中,常常是就某一方面提问,考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读,因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时,宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干,然后根据问题要求,有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属
8、快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着与其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快,省略了大量的词语,达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练,形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题,关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力,熟悉文化背景,利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。补全成分法省略句在广告体阅读材料中大量出现,可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全,从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver want
9、ed.根据文义,可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted.(招聘一名司机)。联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词,甚至一概没有提及,这就需要考生前后连贯,充分想象,整体理解。搜寻已知信息,推断语篇意义。3.数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据,找出计算关系,通过计算,得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单,关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系,选准比较的数据,弄清单位换算关系,确定计算方法,问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文,通常可采用“列表法”,即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出,化模糊为清晰,为
10、计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据,可采用“推算法”,即以有关数据为基准,进行简单的运算就可得出。4.排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用“首尾定位法”,即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,这样可以迅速缩小选择范围,从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文,排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索;如果是说明文,排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索;如果是议论文,排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看,这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。5.图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形,或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用
11、“文字锁定法”,即找出描述图形的句段,按“文”锁“图”,迅速锁定相关图形,或用“图形标示法”,在图形中标出相应的内容,以便做题。6.代词指代题代词指代题要求考生由一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型,所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。高考练兵Passage 1 2020天津卷,A How to Use a Modern Public LibraryHas it been a while sin ce your last visit to a public library?If so,you may be surprised to
12、learn that libraries have changed for the better.Its been years sin ce they were dusty little rooms with books.They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people,or find out how to start a busin ess.Check out a book.While libraries still
13、 loan out(出借)books,youll find it easier to get a copy of whatever youre looking for,thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries.Via such networks,libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles.Once the book youve requested is delivered to the nearest branch,th
14、ey will inform you by e-mail,so you can pick it up.Check out other items.The library is now a multimedia zone,loaded with information in many formats(载体形式).You can borrow movies on DVDs,music on CDs,and popular magazines.Some libraries even loan out toys and games.If a popular magazine you want isnt
15、 offered and the library keeps a list of such requests,they may bring it in when enough interest is shown.Join targeted reading groups.Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted at various age groups.Perhaps youd like to learn a language or improve your English.The library may sponsor
16、 a language group you could join.If you have difficulty reading,ask about special reading opportunities.Your library might be able to accommodate you.And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.Start a busin ess
17、usin g the help of your local library.If you want to have a busin ess of your own,your local library can become a launch space for it.In library books and computers,you can find information on starting a busin ess.Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about busin ess managem
18、ent shared through chambers of commerce(商会)and government agencies,and they will offer printing,faxing and database services you need.语篇解读:这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何使用改造升级后现代公共图书馆。1.Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by .A.sharing their books on the InternetB.giving access to
19、 online reading at a library branchC.sending a needed book to a library branch nearbyD.making the checkout procedures diverseC解析 细节理解题。根据文章Check out a book中“Via such networks,libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles.Once the book youve requested is delivered t
20、o the nearest branch,they will inform you by e-mail,so you can pick it up.(通过这样的网络,图书馆通过运载车辆的使用彼此分享图书。一旦你要的书送到最近的书店,他们会通过电子邮件通知你,你就可以去取了。)”可知,合作网络连接的公共图书馆通过向附近的图书馆分支机构发送所需的书籍,使读者受益。故选C项。2.According to Paragraph 3,what items may be checked out from a public library?()A.A magazine and an e-book.B.A ga
21、me and an oil painting.C.A music CD and a kids toy.D.A DVD and a video playerC解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段“You can borrow movies on DVDs,music on CDs,and popular magazines.Some libraries even loan out toys and games.(你可以借DVD电影、CD音乐和流行杂志。一些图书馆甚至借出玩具和游戏。)”可知,从公共图书馆可以外借DVD电影、CD音乐、流行杂志、玩具和游戏等物品。故选C项。3.As is describe
22、d in Paragraph 4,taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows .A.the kid to learn a new languageB.the parent to enjoy quiet readingC.the kid to overcome reading difficultiesD.the parent to meet their program sponsorB解析细节理解题。根据文章第四段“And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a h
23、alf-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.(你可能会发现带着你的孩子去半个小时的“故事时间”是一种放松,那时你安静地坐在角落里看一本好书。)”可知,带孩子去半小时的“故事时间”,可以让父母享受安静的阅读。故选B项。4.Your local library can help you start a busin ess by .A.providing relevant information and supporting servicesB.offering professional advice
24、on busin ess managementC.supplying useful information of your potential buyersD.arranging meetings with government officialsA解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about busin ess management shared through chambers of commerce（商会）and government agencies,and t
25、hey will offer printing,faxing and database services you need.(许多图书馆会通过商会和政府机构分享本地提供的商业管理信息,并提供你需要的打印和数据库服务。)”可知,你当地的图书馆可以通过提供相关信息和支持服务来帮助你创业。故选A项。5.What is the purpose of the passage?()A.To point out the importan ce of public libraries.B.To encourage people to work in public libraries.C.To introduc
26、e the improved services of public libraries.D.To call for the modernization of public library systems.C解析推理判断题。根据文章标题How to Use a Modern Public Library（如何使用一个现代公共图书馆）和第一段中的“you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better.Its been years sin ce they were dusty little rooms wit
27、h books.They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people,or find out how to start a busin ess.（你可能会惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了。他们已经把自己变成了一个地方,在那里你可以发展你对知识的热爱,遇见有趣的人,或者发现如何创业。）”再结合几个小标题：Check out a book（借一本书）;Check out other items（借其他物品）;Join targe
28、ted reading groups（加入有针对性的阅读小组）;Start a busin ess usin g the help of your local library（在当地图书馆的帮助下创业）可知,本文主要介绍了在经过改善后的图书馆里,人们可以做些什么,即：经过改善后的图书馆可以给人们提供什么服务。故选C项。Passage 2 2020全国卷,AThe Lake District Attractions GuideDalemain Mansion&Historic GardensHistory,Culture&Landscape(景观).Discover and enjoy 4 ce
29、nturies of history,5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk.Owned by the Hasell family sin ce 1679,home to the International Marmalade Festival.Gifts and antiques,plant sales,museums&Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.Open:29 Mar-29 Oct,Sun to Thurs.Tearoom,Gardens&Gift Shop:10：30-17：0
30、0(16：00 in Oct).House:11：15-16：00(15：00 in Oct)Town:Pooley Bridge&PenrithAbbot Hall Art Gallery&MuseumThose viewing the quality of Abbot Halls temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery.The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the tempor
31、ary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.Open:Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays.10：30-17：00 Summer.10:30-16:00 Winter.Town:KendalTullie House Museum&Art GalleryDiscover,explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House,where historic collections,contemporary art and family fun are
32、brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery.There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun,so theres something for everyone!Open:High Season 1 Apr-31 Oct:Mon to Sat 10:00-17:00,Sun 11:00-17:00.Low Season 1 Nov-31 Mar:Mon to Sat 10:00-16:30,Sun 12:00-16:30.
33、Town:CarlisleDove Cottage&The Wordsworth MuseumDiscover William Wordsworths iirational home.Take a tour of his Lakeland cot tage,walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.Visit the shop and relax in the caf.Exhibitions,events and family activities throug
34、hout the year.Open:Daily,09:30-17:30(last admission 17:00).Town:Grasmere 语篇解读:本文是应用文。本文主要介绍了几个湖区景点,包括地点和参观时间等。6.When is the House at Dalemain Mansion&Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July?()A.09：30-17：30.B.10：30-16：00.C.11：15-16：00.D.12：00-16：30.C解析 细节理解题。根据题干中的Dalemain Mansion&Historic Gardens 可
35、知定位在第一部分,根据段中的“House:11:15-16:00”可知,在7月周日的参观时间是11:15-16:00。故选C项。7.What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery&Museum?()A.Enjoy Romneys works.B.Have some interactive fun.C.Attend a famous festival.D.Learn the history of a family.A解析细节理解题。根据题干中的Abbot Hall Art Gallery&Museum可知答案定位在第二部分,根据其中的“The imp
36、ressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.”(令人印象深刻的永久性收藏包括特纳和罗姆尼,临时展览计划有卡纳莱托和来自圣艾夫斯的艺术家。)可知,在这个博物馆可以欣赏到Romneys的作品。故选A项。8.Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworths life?()A.Penrith.B.K
37、endal.C.Carlisle.D.Grasmere.D解析细节理解题。根据题干中的explore Wordsworths life可知答案定位在最后一部分第一句,以及最后一行“Town:Grasmere”可知,如果想了解Wordsworths的生活,可以去Grasmere。故选D项。Passage 3 2019天津,AHistory Fair CompetitionUnderstan ding history is vital to understan ding ourselves as a people and as a nation.History is much more than
38、the study of dusty old objects and events long past.It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become.Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition makes understan ding history exciting,engaging,and fun！This Years ThemeAll participants must address how communication or traortation
39、 technolog y has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history.To many people,technolog y means computers,hand-held devices,or vehicles that travel to distan t planets.However,technolog y is also the application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem,touching lives in countless w
40、ays.Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories：PerformanceDocumentary（纪实作品）Essay WritingCategory RequirementsPerformance:A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long.If special clothes are used,they should truly represent a given period.Documentary:A visual
41、presentation（such as a video,slide show,or computer project）no more than 10 minutes long.A desktop computer,screen,projector,and loudspeakers will be available.Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday,March 23.Essay Writing:An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,500 words.No illustrat
42、ions（图解）are allowed.Please do not include covers.A list of references must be included.Importan t DatesJanuary 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher.The teacher may require a sec ond proposal if the first is off-topic or unclear.February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay,performance s
43、cript（剧本）,or documentary highlights.February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions.Students then have an opportunity to improve their products.March 9 Submit a final draft of your essay.March 15 Performance and documentary committee previewMarch 24 Thornton Middle Scho
44、ol History Fair Competition7：00 A.M.-9：00 A.M.Participants signing in at the gym10：00 A.M.-6：00 P.M.Competition and judges review7：00 P.M.Awards ceremony and picnic 语篇解读:这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了桑顿中学举办的历史展览竞赛的相关信息。9.According to Paragraph 1,what is the major goal of understan ding history？()A.To preserve nation
45、al traditions.B.To prepare for a history competition.C.To better know the present and future.D.To further explore historical mysteries.C解析 细节理解题。由第一段“It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become.”可知,历史告诉了今天我们是谁,将来我们要成为谁,它是我们重要的组成部分。所以根据第一段,了解历史的主要目地是更好地了解现在和未来,C项正确。10.What is t
46、he theme of this years competition？()A.Technolog y advances science.B.Science interacts with technolog y.C.Science has made the study of history easy.D.Technolog y has improved the life of Americans.D解析细节理解题。由This Years Theme中的“All participants must address how communication or tra ortation technolo
47、g y has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history.”可知,所有的参与者都必须要说明通信或运输技术如何在整个历史过程中如何提高了美国人的生活质量。所以今年竞赛的主题是：技术提高了美国人的生活,D项正确。11.Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation are .A.special clothes and a screenB.a desktop computer and a CDC.a projector and speci
48、al clothesD.a desktop computer and loudspeakersD解析细节理解题。由Documentary中的“A desktop computer,screen,projector,and loudspeakers will be available.”可知,将提供台式电脑、屏幕、投影仪和扬声器。所以学校提供的视觉展示设备包括台式电脑和扩音器,D项正确。12.What would a participant have to do with an essay of 1,500 words to meet the category requirement?()A.I
49、nclude more information in the essay.B.Remove the references.C.Provide a cover for the essay.D.Explain the details with illustrations.A解析细节理解题。本题采用排除法。由Essay Writing 中的“An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,500 words.No illustrations（图解）are allowed.Please do not include covers.A list of references must be
50、 included.”可知,要求一份 2 000至2 500字的学术论文。不允许有插图。请不要包括封面。必须包括一份参考文献列表。所以通过排除法,可以看出B、C、D三项都被排除,故一个参与者需要在文章中列入更多的信息才能使一篇1 500字的论文满足类别要求,A项正确。13.What will the committee of teachers do on February 19?()A.Preview performances and documentaries.B.Make comments on the materials.C.Improve the participants first
