1、(5年高考3年模拟A版)天津市2020年高考英语总复习专题八谓语动词课件考点一考点一 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致动词的时态、语态和主谓一致一、动词的时态一、动词的时态(一)一般体一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态;一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态;过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体,表示既不“进行”,又没“完成”。When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)考点考点清单清单1.一般现在
2、时(1)一般现在时的构成1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:2)be的变化:am,is,are。3)have的变化:has,have。(2)一般现在时的用法情况规则例词一般情况 加-seateats,riserises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z结尾的动词加-esdiscussdiscusses teachteaches以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为iescarrycarries flyflies用法例句表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或状态We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐
3、。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去的语境中,也用一般现在时The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。He said that hydrogen is a light gas.他说氢是很轻的气体。用于以here,there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。2.一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成情况规则例词一般情况 加
4、-edpackpacked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为-ied carrycarried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-edplanplanned以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加-dlikelikedprovideprovided1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。3)注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,直接加-ed。如playplayed。(2)一般过去时的用法用法例句表示过去发生的一次性或习惯性动作或状态We often played basketball together.我们(过去)经常在一起
5、打篮球。(过去的习惯性动作)I got to know her in 1998.我1998年结识了她。(过去的一次性动作)I didnt know her at that time.那时我不认识她。(过去的状态)want,hope,think,intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原”之意I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他没打算伤害你。wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气I wondered if you could do me a
6、favour.我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。“used to+动词原形”表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)3.一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成1)will/shall+动词原形2)is/am/are going to+动词原形3)is/am/are about to+动词原形4)is/am/are to+动词原形5)is/am/are due to+动词原形6)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式用法例句表示将来的习惯性动作或状态Spring wi
7、ll come again.春天还会再来。He will be here in an hour.他一个小时后到这里。表示将来发生的一次性动作If you dont hurry,you will miss the train.如果你不快点儿,你就会赶不上火车。will表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势Fish will die without water.离开水,鱼就会死。表示偶然的、临时的决定Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗?不知道。我现在就去看他
8、。Be going to用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这些乌云,要下雨了。(2)一般将来时的用法be about to/be on the point of+动名词表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(=and at this/that time)
9、引出的分句连用The train is about to start.火车就要开了。be to表示“按计划或安排要做的事”When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家?表示要求做某事,意为“应该”,相当于should,ought toYou are to report it to the police.你应该报警。表示“想,打算”,相当于intend,wantIf we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我们要在10点前到那儿,我们现在就得走。Be due to定于They are due to m
10、eet again tomorrow.他们定于明天再次见面。有些动词如come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作Im leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情,这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、电影开演时刻表、作息安排等We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我们必须快点儿。第一节课将在8点开始。4.过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成1)should/would
11、+动词原形2)was/were going to+动词原形3)was/were about to+动词原形4)was/were to+动词原形5)某些动词的过去进行时形式用法例句从过去某一时间看将要发生的事情He said he would be here at eight oclock.他说他将在8点到这里。I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我刚要睡觉正在那时有人敲门。I thought it was going to rain.我当时觉得要下雨。He told me he was leaving in a
12、n hour.他告诉我他计划一个小时后离开。was/were going to过去本打算做某事,但未做I was going to go to the party,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.我本打算要参加聚会,但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。Was/were to have+过去分词We were to have told you,but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的,但是你不在家。(2)过去将来时的用法was/were to+动词原形过去曾计划要做某事,但不表明计划是否被执行I felt nervous
13、because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到紧张,因为我很快就要首次离开家了。表示命中注定要发生的事They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告了别,一点也没想到以后再也不会见面了。续表题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空They live (live)in the same building,dont they?I promise I will support (support)you all the time.The plane t
14、akes (take)off at 8:00 a.m.I hoped I would find (find)a job soon.(二)进行体1.进行体的构成(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,它们的形式分别为:现在进行时:am/is/are+现在分词过去进行时:was/were+现在分词将来进行时:will/shall+be+现在分词(2)现在分词的构成形式:情况规则例词一般情况 加-ingtrytrying以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加-in
15、g hatehatingdatedating用法例句表示某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点I didnt really work there;I was just helping out until the new secretary arrived.我并不在那里上班,我只是去帮忙。新秘书来了,我就离开了。(暂时性)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情,常与these/those days,this/that week等时间状语连用We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)表示赞赏、厌恶
16、、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。有些动词的进行体可以表示将来(见一般将来时的用法)2.进行体的用法3.有些动词(短语)不用于进行体,常见的有:题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空Sorry,you cant use my computer.I am using (use)it now.I was watching (watch)TV when you rang me up.At this time tomorrow
17、,I will be sitting (sit)at the table.分类示例感觉类look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear情感类like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore心态类wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,remember,forget,agree,know状态类appear,lie(位于),remain,belong to,have时态形式现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词将来完成时will have+过去分词(三)完成体1.完成体的构成温馨提
18、示温馨提示(1)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法,详见一般过去时部分“规则动词变化方法”。(2)不规则动词的过去分词构成详见“附录二”(不规则动词表)部分。2.完成体的用法(1)现在完成时用法例句表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常与之连用的时间状语有:lately,recently,in the last(past)few days/years,since then,up to now,so far(至今)等In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的
19、家乡发生了巨大变化。He has written 8 books so far.到现在为止,他已经写了8本书了。表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。说话者中心在现在,常用的状语有:already,ever,just(刚刚),yet,before等He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。The concert has already started.(=The concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the+序数词+time”之后的定语从句中谓语动词常用现在
20、完成时This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。have gone to意为“去某地了”,表示此人现在还在那里He has gone to the zoo.他去动物园了。He has gone to live abroad.他到国外居住了。have been to意为“去过某地”,表示此人已经回来了Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去过上海吗?He has been to see his
21、 teacher.他去看他老师了。(已经回来)瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语()He has finished his work.()He has finished his work for an hour.温馨提示温馨提示1)瞬间行为用于现在完成时且与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,需在谓语动词、时态或句型方面作相应变化。如:他参军3年了。()He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has been in the army for 3 years.(变换动词)()He joined the army 3 years ago.(变换
22、时态)()It has been/is 3 years since he joined the army.(变换句型)汉语意思瞬间动词(词组)延续性动词(词组)买buyhave借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married认识get to knowknow离开leavebe away回来come backbe back生病fall illbe ill死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off打开turn onbe on动身leave forbe off to返回returnbe back变成becomebe开始beginbe on2)部分瞬间动词与延续性动词
23、对应表睡觉go to bedsleep穿put onhave on/wear来/去come/gobe in/away参加joinbe a member of感冒catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleep/fall asleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in/at/reachbe in续表(2)过去完成时用法例句一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”),那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来这个
24、机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年了。表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+“表过去的某一时间”By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,他已学了3年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 的
25、过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.”句型中,when和than 从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚就”Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。在“It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句”中since从句的谓语用过去完成时It was ten
26、 years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。在“That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 从句”句型中,that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。(3)将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will have b
27、ecome college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空Happy birthday!By this time of next year,you will have turned (turn)18.I had thought (think)you would come the next day,but you didnt.This is the first time that he has passed (pass)the exam.Hardly had (have)we started when the car got a f
28、lat tyre.(四)完成进行体1.考纲对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/has+been+doing。2.现在完成进行时的用法用法例句动作发生在过去,持续到现在且现在还在进行He has been learning English for 6 years.他学英语已经6年了。(强调到现在还在学)现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点It has been raining for 3 days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)(
29、五)动词时态的呼应1.主将从现用法例句所谓“主将从现”,即主句表将来(不一定为一般将来时,祈使句、“情态动词+动词原形”也可表将来),从句(包括时间、条件、让步状语从句)用现在时(不一定是一般现在时,现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来)Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。If she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她还在等,就让她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完工作就
30、和你一起去。2.含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题(1)宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约,如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时,宾语从句中的谓语可以不受影响。He says(that)(2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。如:.his fatherisa teacherhis fatherwasa teacherhis fatherwill becomea teacher他说他父亲现在是老师。他说他父亲过去是老师。他说他父亲要当老师。I thought(that).().(,
31、).()4.(,hewasa smart boywasthoughthewas sleepingthoughtsleephehad gotwellget wellthoughthehad been learning Frenchfor at leastyearslearn Frenchthoughtthoughtth与同时发生发生时正在进行先于发生发生在之前并延续到了这一动作且在).().()oughthewould finda job soonfinda jobthoughthewould be goingby busgo by busthought时还在进行发生在之后发生在之后注意:(1)
32、当主句为过去时,宾语从句有明确的表过去的时间状语时,可不必用过去完成时而用一般过去时。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。(2)当宾语从句表达真理时,谓语动词不必变为过去时,而继续采用一般现在时态。This proved that the earth is round.这证明地球是圆的。题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空The teacher told us that the Yangtze River originates (originate)in Qinghai.He said he was leaving/would leave (leave)a
33、 few days later.用法例句在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.have done sth.,but.”句型中,but后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.他本应该到场,但他那里来了一个不速之客。在“But for the fact+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词时态要根据后面句子谓语动词所表示的时间而定But for the fact that he is busy now,h
34、e would be here.要不是他现在很忙,他就在这里了。It is(high)time+that从句,that从句中谓语动词需用一般过去时或should+动词原形It is time that we went/should go to bed.我们该睡觉了。3.含虚拟语气的句子中的时态一致问题题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空But for the fact that you were (be)ill,I would have had you print the papers.It is high time that we had/should have (have)lunch.I wo
35、uld have picked you up at the airport,but I was having/had (have)a meeting then.(六)易混时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连,它所表示的事情纯属过去;现在完成时说的是现在的情况。比较下面几组句子,体会两种时态的不同:2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别(1)一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况,而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。He had learned 3,000 English words before he came
36、 to this school.他来这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。2005 2017.()12.(,)Heservedinthe army fromtoHehas servedinthe army foryears这是过去的一件事现在他仍在军中服役 他仍然是名军人 .().()Hewrotemany plays when he was at collegeHehas writtenmany plays写剧本是他过去做的事情这意味着他现在是剧作家 .(,).(,“”,)IsawLost in Thailandlast yearIhave seenLost in Thailandb
37、eforebefore看泰囧的时间是去年 与现在无关以前看过 强调现在知道这部电影的内容。以前 是一个与现在有联系的时间 而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间(2)过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before 引导的短语或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般过去时)等。He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.到上个月月底为止,他已经写完这本书了。3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示
38、的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语)。比较下面的说法:.(“”,“”,).()Shehad beenill for a week beforeshe came backShehas beenill for a week回来 发生在过去某一时间 生病 发生在这一时间之前 即过去的过去现在仍然病着题组训练题组训练用所给动词的正确时态填空用所给动词的正确时态填空The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen (s
39、ee)them since.Im calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise)the other day.Could you tell me more about it?During the last three decades,the number of people participating in physical fitness programs has increased (increase)sharply.二、动词的语态二、动词的语态(一)被动语态1.主动语态变被动语态的方法2.被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主
40、动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:时体 现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been done(will have been done)(would have been done)完成进行3.被动
41、语态的用法温馨提示温馨提示(1)动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。The plan will be given up.这项计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。用法例句不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者Attention,please!A meeting will be held in the office at 8:00 a.m.tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.请注意!明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。强调或突出动作的
42、承受者The woman was taken to hospital.那位女士被送进了医院。动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。(2)含情态动词的被动语态形式是:情态动词+be+过去分词He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.这项计划应该尽早执行。(3)“get+过去分词”可以表示被动,此结构比较
43、口语化。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周治疗一次。He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。用法例句“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。某些与cant,wont等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等The door wont shut.这扇门关不上。某些可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词,如read,write,draw,wash,clean,cook
44、等Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。Your article reads very well.你的文章读起来很不错。少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,如print,cook,sell等The meat is cooking.肉正在炖着。(二)主动形式表被动意义注意:“介词in,on,under 等+名词”构成介词短语表被动意义。表示方位或目的的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之意,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:under control 受控制under treatment 在治疗中under repair 在修理中
45、under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在施工中beyond belief 令人难以置信beyond ones reach 够不着beyond ones control 无法控制for sale 待售for rent 出租in print 已出版in sight 在视野范围内on sale 出售on show 展出on trial 受审out of control 控制不了out of sight 在视野范围外out of ones reach 够不着out of fashion 不流行The rumor is beyond belief(=cant b
46、e believed).那个谣言令人难以置信。Today some treasures are on show(=are being shown)in the museum.今天一些珍宝正在博物馆展出。(三)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:have(有),wish(希望),cost(花费),date back to(追溯到),agree with(同意),arrive at/in(到达),shake hands with(握手),succeed in(成功),suffer from(受苦),take part in(参加),walk into/enter(走进),belong to(属于
47、)等。This key just fits the lock.这把钥匙正好开这把锁。(四)be to blame(该受责备,对某件坏事应负责任)与be to let(待出租)两种结构中,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。Which driver is to blame for the accident?这次事故是哪个司机的责任?This house is to let.这座房子要出租。题组训练题组训练单句填空单句填空If nothing is done (do),the oceans will turn into fish deserts.Hundreds of jobs will be los
48、t (lose)if the factory closes.A new cinema is being built (build)here.They hope to finish it next month.三、主谓一致三、主谓一致主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定:用法例句主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数The results of the research are to be published soon.研究结果不久将发表。复合不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,nobody/no one,someth
49、ing,anything,everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词用单数If anyone sees Lisa,ask her to call me.如果有人看到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难事,只怕有心人。each of+作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但“we,you,they或名词复数+each”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式Each of the students has an apple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(不定代词Each作主语)The students each have an a
50、pple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(The stu-dents作主语,each作同位语)代词all 作主语:若指人,谓语动词用复数;若指事物或现象,谓语动词通常用单数All are equal before the law.法律面前,人人平等。All is well that ends well.结局好一切都好。不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.换乘火车多少有些不便。+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数Many a page in this book is missing.这本书缺了许多
