1、题型二题型二|推理判断题推理判断题一、题型特点与命题方式推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一，它属于主观题，是阅读理解中层次较高的题目，因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。推理判断题要求考生不仅要读懂句子的字面含义，还要理解其深层含义，也就是理解作者的言外之意，并能根据论据或事实进行推理和判断，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的题干中经常出现的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，conclude，learn from，probably，most，l
2、ikely，can，could，may，might 等。常见的命题方式有：1.对文章的观点或结论进行推测(1)From the passage we can learn that _.(2)Which of the following can be inferred?(3)From the passage we can draw a conclusion that _.2.对作者的意图、观点、态度进行推测(1)What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in the passage?(2)Which of the fol
3、lowing best describes Turins work?3.对文章隐含的意义进行推测(1)The author implies _.(2)What do you think would happen after _.(3)This event probably took place in _.4.对文章的出处进行推测(1)This passage can be found in _.(2)This passage would be likely taken from _.二、推理判断题的选项特征推理判断题不仅要推理，还要选择判断出正确选项，排除掉干扰选项。这是考查的重点，也是解推理
4、判断题的关键。1.此类题中正确选项设置一般有这几个特征：(1)符合原文主旨，含义丰富，概括性强。(2)措辞不绝对化，相对留有余地。通常有修饰词如often，usually，sometimes，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。(3)来源于原文又高于原文，注意“不是原文”。(4)推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由，但如果选项中有文中原句则不选。(5)推理过程和结论符合作者意愿，而不是读者的判断或常识判断。(6)推断作者观点态度时不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。2.干扰选项设置一般有如
5、下几个特征：(1)似是而非。通常有两种情况：第一种情况是这类干扰项是对文章信息的简单陈述，而不是依据事实得出的结论。这类选项对考生的干扰性极大，表面上看起来很正确，符合原文的意思，极容易迷惑考生；第二种情况是推理部分正确，比如说前半句推理正确，后半句却错了。(2)夸大事实。对文章中的事实或论据进行夸大。(3)推理过度。这类干扰选项往往过于绝对化，有时会出现only，all，always等词语，所做出的结论不符合逻辑。(4)渗入常识。按常识来讲是正确的，但不是根据文章中的事实或论据推断出来的结论。综上，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑
6、地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据有思路”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息或提示的最佳答案。三、基本解题步骤及解题技巧做推理判断题时，首先通过题干找到相关信息点，即推理的依据，然后细读理解其字面意义，最后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。对于观点态度类的题目，要全面理解文章的内容及感情基调，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词等，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的观点。下面结合高考试题，对推理判断题的解题技巧加以解读。技巧1 根据特定信息进行推理有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维
7、或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。典例(2018全国卷C篇)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent o
8、f each other.Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.28.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A.They developed very fast.B.They were large in number.C.They had similar
9、 patterns.D.They were closely connected.分析根据题干中的特定信息languages和huntergatherer times我们可以定位到文章第一段。再根据第一段的最后一句“Some language experts believe that.between them”可知，在狩猎时代，人口少，语言却很丰富，故选B项。技巧2 整合全文（段）信息进行推断有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。典例(2018全国卷D篇)We may think w
10、ere a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new，but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置)well after they go out of style.Thats bad news for the environmentand our walletsas these outdated devices consume much more energy than the ne
11、wer ones that do the same things.32.What does the author think of new devices?A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use at home.D.They go out of style quickly.分析根据对第一段的整体理解可知，与新的电子设备相比，过时电子设备不仅耗能高，而且危害环境，所以可推断出，新的电子设备是环保的，故选A项。技巧3 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断文章是作者抒发
12、感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态，以及作者的写作意图。利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处。感情色彩常用词归纳(1)表示贬义的常用词：disgust，dislike，critical，negative，intolerant，disappointment 等。(2)表示褒义的常用词：positive，support，useful，wond
13、erful，interesting，enthusiasm，admiring等。(3)表示中立的常用词：indifferent，impassive，neutral等。典例(2017天津卷A篇)Suppose youre in a rush，feeling tired，not paying attention to your screen，and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked“send”.You freeze i
14、n horror and burn with shame.What to do？Here are four common email accidents，and how to recover.36.After realising an email accident，you are likely to feel _.A.curiousB.tiredC.awfulD.funny 分析观察四个选项可以看出，A、D两项是褒义词，B、C两项是贬义词。因此要注意文章里面所表现的褒贬色彩。文章第二段说，在你点击“发送”数秒钟后你就意识到自己的错误，结合下文的“freeze in horror and bur
15、n with shame”可知，人们意识到“邮件事故”后，可能会感觉糟糕，因此选C项。技巧4 根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑推论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。典例(2018全国卷C篇)Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.According to the repor
16、ts key findings，“the proportion(比例)who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”29.Where can you find the data that best supports“children are reading a lot less for fun”？A.In para
17、graph 2.B.In paragraph 3.C.In paragraph 4.D.In paragraph 5.分析文章第一段提出“儿童更少地为了乐趣而阅读”，文章第三段利用了一些数据来支持这一论点。由此可推知应该选B项。技巧5 根据文章中的描述推断下段内容有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求同学们根据语篇预测事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，从而作出合情合理的预测。典例(2015湖北卷E篇)On the whole，Brookss story is acceptable if unins
18、pired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The
19、Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brookss attempt to translate his tale into science.70.What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?A.Problems with the book.B.Brookss life experiences.C.Death of the characters.D.Brookss translation skills.分析根据该段倒数第二句中的th
20、e more serious problems和最后一句中的These problems可知，作者对存在的问题提出了自己的疑问，可以推断文章的下一段应该围绕着problems展开，故选A项。技巧6 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。典例(2018全国卷B篇)Many of us love July because its
21、 the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little m
22、ore protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who ca
23、res?However，they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”.For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic
24、 bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a_juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries o
25、f sliced fruit.Out comes a“softserve”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a childrens party;they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.27.From which is the text probably taken?A.A biology textboo
26、k.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.A travel brochure.分析全文主要介绍了一些七月成熟的果实以及这些果实的营养成分等，而这自然与健康饮食有关，介绍这类内容的文章应该是刊载在健康杂志上的。故选B项。技巧7 根据作者的思想倾向和感情色彩判断,观点态度所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词
27、或副词。典例(2017全国卷C篇)The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote
28、 populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.31.What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.分析观察四个选项可以看出是四种不同的态度：A项怀疑；B项积极；C项不赞成；D项不关心(中立)。根据文章中“The Yellowstone wolf project.the country as well.”这句话中的“a valuable experiment”可知，作者认为这项工程很有价值，因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。故选B项。
