1、语法专题之动词动词实义动词情态动词系动词助动词动词谓语动词非谓语动词时态语态doingdoneto do虚拟语气语法专题之谓语动词的时态 时态=时间+状态 与中文不同，英文动词有时态的变化。如何体现这种变化？（P314）谓语动词的时态时态的种类与结构过去现在将来一般进行完成过去将来完成进行一般现在时中的第三人称单数形式当主语为：人称代词he,she,it；单个人名、地名或称呼；单数可数名词或不可数名词；不定代词someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something等；数字；一般现在时中的第三人称单数形式动词的第三人称单数形式：1.大部分动词直接在词尾加直接在词
2、尾加“s”；2.以“ch，sh，s，x”结尾的动词，在词尾加加“es”3.以“o”结尾的动词，在词尾加“es”。3.4.以“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先改改“y”为为“i”，再加，再加“es”4.5.特殊：特殊：have-has语法填空1.We often _(play)on the playgound.2.He always _(get)up at six oclock.3.Mike sometimes _(go)to the park alone.4.They _(have)eight lessons this term.5.The girl _(teach)us English
3、on Sundays.6.The earth _(move)round the sun.7.Seven _(be)my lucky number.8.My son always _(carry)his favourite toy with him.Without it,he can not fall asleep.一般现在时中的第三人称单数形式 1）一般情况下直接加直接加ing 2）以不发音的字母e结尾结尾的单词，去掉字母去掉字母e，再加再加ing 3）以重读闭音节重读闭音节结尾，先双写末尾的辅音字双写末尾的辅音字母，再加母，再加ing。【begin,cut,get,hit,run,set,s
4、it,stop,swim,beg,drop,fit,nod,dig,forget,regret,rid】4）以以 y 结尾结尾的动词，直接加直接加 ing 5）以以ie结尾结尾的动词，把把ie改为改为y，再加再加ing动词的ing形式 run_ swim_ sit _ begin_ shop_ chat_ trap_ upset_ put_ get_动词的ing形式 stop_ have_ dance_ organize_ make_ take_ come_ write_ live_ amaze_ see_ fly_ study_ buy_ play_ bury_ eat_ go _ read
5、_ sing_ 现在进行时练习题现在进行时练习题 1.The boy _(draw)a picture now.2.Listen!Some girls _(sing)in the classroom.3.My mother _(cook)some nice food now.4.What _ you _(do)now?5.Look!They _(have)an English lesson.6.I _(do)my homework now!Dont disturb me!过去进行时练习题过去进行时练习题1.My father _ some washing when I got home yes
6、terday evening.(do)2.Somebody knocked on my window when I _ TV last night.(watch)3.Grandma _ breakfast while I was doing my homework this morning.(cook)4.I _(have)my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning.5.The students _(sing)and _(dance)happily on the playground at that time.动词的过去式与过去分词 规则变化
7、：规则变化：一般在动词原形后一般在动词原形后直接加直接加-ed 以以-e结尾结尾的动词直接的动词直接加加-d 以以“辅音字母加辅音字母加y”结尾的动词，结尾的动词，变变y为为i，再再加加-ed 以以“元音字母加元音字母加y”结尾的词，结尾的词，直接加直接加-ed 末尾只有一个辅音字母的末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节重读闭音节词，双词，双写该辅音字母，再加写该辅音字母，再加-ed(prefer,regret,beg,stop,drop,shop,plan.)动词的过去式与过去分词 不规则变化：不规则变化：背背背！背背背！AAA AAB ABA ABB ABC动词的过去式与过去分词 make f
8、all feel tell talk sink study lose come see dig trap prefer hurt destroy练习：翻译练习 我做作业。一般现在时：I do my homework.一般过去式：I did my homework.一般将来时：I will do my homework.现在进行时：I am doing my homework.过去进行时：I was doing my homework.现在完成时：I have done my homework.过去完成时：I had done my homework.判断下列句子中的时态：Popular sci
9、ence book explain basic principles of nature in a simple and interesting way.The old man likes living in peace.The worker was devoted to his job and the boss praised him for his devotion to the firm.Little Tom sat amazed watching the monkey dancing in front of him.The woman was the only survivor who
10、 had survived the car accident.The policemen were searching for evidence.时态的区别与运用1.经常发生或反复发生的动作经常发生或反复发生的动作2.现阶段的情况或状态现阶段的情况或状态3.客观事实，普遍真理，格言警句。客观事实，普遍真理，格言警句。3.按计划要发生的动作按计划要发生的动作5.在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时一般现在时代替一般将来时()6.表示按时刻表发生的事情用一般现在时表将表示按时刻表发生的事情用一般现在时表将来（来（316）1)习惯性、经
11、常性、客观真理、哲理格言a.He walks to school every day.(walk)b.On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.(take)c.The sun rises in the east.(rise)d.Pride goes before a fall.(go)2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一用一 般现在时表示将来般现在时表示将来(主将从现主将从现)a.If you come this afternoon,well have a further discussion.(come
12、)b.When I graduate from college,I will travel around the world.(graduate)3)按计划、规定要发生的动作；按时刻表发生的事情a.The shopping mall opens at 10:00 a.m.(open)b.The train leaves at 9:20 in the morning.(leave)1.表示过去的动作或状态、过去习惯性的动作表示过去的动作或状态、过去习惯性的动作2.在时间或条件状语从句中表过去。在时间或条件状语从句中表过去。1.He usually went to school by bike w
13、hen he was a student.(go;be)2.Michelle Obama visited Xian last year.(visit)3.We had a good view of the lake when we climbed to the top of the mountain.(have;climb)3.When he was in London,he often went to the 1.universities.(be;go)表示将来时的四种形式表示将来时的四种形式will/shall+动词原形动词原形am/is/are going to do am/is/are
14、 about to doam/is/are to do 不适合语法填空中填不适合语法填空中填动词的适当形式。动词的适当形式。1.He will graduate from Harvard University next year.2.I am going to buy a new laptop this winter.3.The car is going to turn over.5.I am to take over the job.6.The conference is about to begin.be going to 有很强的计划性，打算干什么；will表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有
15、临时性和偶然性。-The telephone is ringing.-I _ answer it.A.will B.am going to B.am to D.am about to-Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?-I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.A.had B.would C.was going to D.did be going to do可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事,而will不能表示It looks as if it is going to rain.be to do表示预先安排好的计划或约定。be to
16、do表示说话人的意志，意图，指责，义务、命令等。be to do表示注定发生的事情。I am to meet Mr.Zhang at 9 oclock this morning.You are not to smoke in the living room.Your plan is to be a success.be about to do 表示“正要干什么”，表示正要或即将要做某事，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。常与when 连用，构成句型：be about to do when.“正要.就在这时.”I was about to set out when it rained.I was ab
17、out to die when you showed up like God and rescued me!表示将来时的四种形式表示将来时的四种形式will/shall+动词原形动词原形am/is/are going to do am/is/are about to doam/is/are to do would/shouldwas/were用于宾语从句中，从过去的观点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。1.He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.2.She hoped that they would meet again someday.
18、3.Whenever we had trouble,he would come to help us.4.When they arrived,the plane was just going to take off.1.I was about to leave when the phone rang.4.We were told that the plane was taking off in ten minutes.5.7.She said she was to take up the position.现在1表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事1.He is working on hi
19、s paper right now.(work)2.I am writing a novel recently.I plan to finish it within two months.(write)3.She doesnt really work here;she is helping out until the new assistant arrives.(help)2现在进行时与always,continually,constantly,never 等连用，表示厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩。(P315)1.The lazy person is always complaining about
20、life.2.You are always forgetting the important things.3.You are always making trouble for me.1.You _things about.Look,what a mess in you room!A.always throw B.have always thrown C.are always throwing D.have always been thrown2.You _ television.Why not do something more active?A.always watch B.are al
21、ways watching C.have always watched D.have always been watching 3.现在进行时表将来，按计划或安排即将发生 如come,go,leave,arrive,fly,meet(P315)a.He is meeting the manager tomorrow.b.I am flying to New York next week.过去1.表示表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正发生过去某一时刻或某阶段正发生的动作。的动作。2.按计划过去某时刻要发生的动作。按计划过去某时刻要发生的动作。3.与与always,continually,constant
22、ly,never 等等连用，表示连用，表示厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩。1.He was playing tennis at five yesterday afternoon.(play)2.The students were singing when the teacher stepped in.(sing)3.We were talking about your book this morning.The book is excellent.(talk)1表示过去发生的动作表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结对现在造成的影响或结果果。They have cleaned the
23、 classroom.(They cleaned the classroom and the classroom is clean now.)2表示过去已经开始并表示过去已经开始并持续到现在持续到现在而且可能继而且可能继续下去的动作状态。续下去的动作状态。3.常与常与already,so far,since,up to now,“in the last+一段时间一段时间”等连用。等连用。I have made much progress in math in the last three months.1.-When did he go to America?-Oh,he _ there si
24、nce half a year ago.A.went B.has been C.has gone D.was2.Shelly _ California for Texas in 1996 and _ there ever since.You can go and pay her a visit on your way to Mexico.A.left,worked B.has left,had worked C.left,has worked D.has left,worked3.Collecting stamps _ increasingly popular during the past
25、fifty years.A.becomes B.became C.has become D.had become4.Robert _ me his address the other day,but Im afraid I _ it.A.had given,lost B.has given,have lost C.gave,have lost D.gives,lost 1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。They had got everything ready before I came.(get)By
26、 the end of last week she had written two papers.(write)构成：构成：have/has been doing表示表示过去某一动作状态一直持续到现在过去某一动作状态一直持续到现在，也可能将持续下去。也可能将持续下去。表示表示动作的重复动作的重复 -Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work?-Yes,that why I _ to work by train.A.have been going B.have gone C.was going D.will have gone 注意：现在完成时 VS 现在完成进
27、行时：I have finished the task.I have finished the task.我已经完成任务了。（强调结果）我已经完成任务了。（强调结果）I have been working.I have been working.我一直在工作。（强调动作）我一直在工作。（强调动作）a.I have thought it over.b.I have been thinking it over.c.It has rained for two weeks.d.It has been raining for two weeks.e.Jim has painted the door.f.
28、He has been painting the door.注意：现在完成时 VS 现在完成进行时：注意：一般过去时 VS 过去进行时：I wrote a letter this morning.I wrote a letter this morning.今天上午我今天上午我写了写了一封信。（信已写完）一封信。（信已写完）I was writing a letter this morning.I was writing a letter this morning.今天上午我今天上午我在写在写一封信。（正在写，不一定写完）一封信。（正在写，不一定写完）一般过去时表示一个完成的动作；过去进行时表示
29、一个没有完成且正在进行的动作。注意：一般过去时 VS 现在完成时：I have read the novel.I have read the novel.我已经读了这本书。（我已经读了这本书。（强调影响：强调影响：了解这本了解这本书）书）I read the novel yesterday.I read the novel yesterday.昨天我读了这本小说。（昨天我读了这本小说。（陈述事实陈述事实）时间状语不同：ever since,so far,up till now,by now,recently,lately,since,in/for/during the past+一段时间 a.
30、I saw this movie yesterday.b.I have seen this movie.c.He laid the table this morning.d.He has laid the table.e.Eventually,he recovered from the disease.f.He has recovered from the disease.注意：一般过去时 VS 现在完成时：注意：一般过去时 VS 过去完成时：一般过去时：过去发生的动作或状态一般过去时：过去发生的动作或状态过去完成时：过去完成时：在过去某一时间之前在过去某一时间之前发生的动作，发生的动作，“过
31、去的过去过去的过去”Just as I got to the school gate,I realized that I had left my book in the caf.注意：一般过去时 VS 过去完成时：时间状语时间状语:过去完成时常与过去完成时常与 by the end of last week/month/year.,by last week/month.或一或一般过去时的般过去时的before/when从句从句hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等动词的等动词的过去完成时过去完成时表示表示过去未曾实现过去未曾实现的愿望的愿望或意图
32、。或意图。Mr.Black had hoped to see you yesterday.Mr.Black hoped to see you.This is the first time that I have finished through my homework on time.This is the first time that he has finished through his homework on time.This was the first time that I had finished through my homework on time.(finish)it/t
33、his/that+be+the+序数词序数词+time+that从句从句It is(has been)/was+时间段时间段+since 从句从句自从自从.已经有多久了。已经有多久了。It has been 3 years since I smoked.It has been 2 years since he persuaded me to give uo smoking.It will be/was+时间段时间段+before.再有多长时间才再有多长时间才.It was some time before the door opened in response to his ring.It w
34、ill be 2 days before the task is accomplished.Hardly had.when.一一.就就.Scarcely had.when.No sooner had.than.Hardly had I arrived in Beijing when I rang up my father.Scarcely had I reached home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.By the time+从句从句1.We had finish
35、ed the work by the time he came.(finish)2.By the time he got there,his friends had moved up north.(move)Exercise(2019全国I卷)Modern methods on tracking polar bears have been employed only since mid-1980s.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut _(report)increases in bear sightings around human sett
36、lements.Of the nineteen recognized polar bears subpopulations,three are declining,six _(be)stable,one is increasing and nine lack enough data.have reportedareExercise(2019全国II卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene _(declare)she had no plans to retire from her business.Irene said,“I
37、love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends that I _(make)over the years.”declaredhave madeExercise(2019全国III卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _(recommend)wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.改错：Now my dream is to open a caf.Though it may appear simple,it required a lo
38、t of ideas and efforts.recommendedrequiresExercise(2018全国I卷)While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it _(be)more effective at lengthening life than walking,cycling or swimming.改错：During my winter holiday,I went to the countryside with my grandparents.I find a big change th
39、ere.isfoundExercise(2018全国II卷)Diets have changed in China.Since 2011,the country _(grow)more corn than rice.(2018全国III卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature,the huge animal _(mean)me no harm.has grownmeantExercise(201
40、7全国II卷)Later,engineers _(manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels,which became known as the Tube.改错：When summer came,they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!managedcomesExercise(2019北京卷)Does the name of the college you attend really matter?Research on the questio
41、n _(suggest)that,for most students,it doesnt.(2019江苏卷)A few months after he had arrived in China,Mr.Smith _(fall)in love with the people and culture there.suggests/has suggestedfell(2019北京卷)On the first day of my first grade,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.I _(voice)my biggest con
42、cern to my mother,“How will I make friends?”(2017全国卷I)Fast food _(be)full of fat and salt.(2017全国卷III)Sarah says,“My dad thinks I should take the job offer now.But at the mement,school _(come)first.I dont want to get too absorbed in modeling.”voicediscomes(2017全国卷III)改错：When I look at this picture o
43、f myself,I realize how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically,but also mentally in the past few years.have语法专题之谓语动词的语态谓语动词的语态 动词的语态可分为主动语态和被动语态。类似于中文的“把字句”和“被字句”我把苹果吃了。VS 苹果被我吃了。I eat the apple.The apple is eaten by me.主动语态谓语动词的被动语态 基本结构：be done 体现时态变化翻译练习 我吃苹果。一般现在时：I eat an apple.一般过去时：I
44、ate an apple.一般将来时：I will eat an apple.现在进行时：I am eating an apple.过去进行时：I was eating an apple.现在完成时：I have eaten an apple.过去完成时：I had eaten an apple.翻译练习 苹果被我吃。一般现在：The apple is eaten by me.一般过去：The apple was eaten by me.一般将来：The apple will be eaten by me.现在进行：The apple is being eaten by me.过去进行：The
45、 apple was being eaten by me.现在完成：The apple has been eaten by me 过去完成：The apple had been eaten by me.主动表被动的常用形式“系动词系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词形容词/名词名词”构成系表结构。e.g.The cake looks tasty.The price sounds reasonable.The soup tastes good.The
46、silk feels soft.The dishes smell delicious.主动表被动的常用形式 表示主语的某种属性特征主语的某种属性特征的不及物动词，如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut等。e.g.The novel sells very well.The pen doesnt write well.The shirt washes easily.主动表被动的常用形式 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,
47、run,move等。e.g.The meeting began at 8 and ended at 10.The shop opens at 10 am.主动表被动的常用形式 动词want,need,require,deserve后接不定不定式的被动形式式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式动名词的主动形式意义相同。want to be done=want doing need to be done=need doing require to be done=require doing deserve to be done=deserve doing主动表被动的常用形式 动词want,need,req
48、uire,deserve后接不定不定式的被动形式式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式动名词的主动形式意义相同。The bicycle needs repairing.The bicycle needs to be repaired.Exercise 改错：When and where to go camping hasnt yet decided.The computer cant be used.It is being repairing now.He was singing just now.It was sounded like a kids song.The man returned the
49、 handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her.(2019全国卷III)On the last day of our week-long stay,we _(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm.(2017全国卷I)When fat and salt _(remove)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国卷II)In 183 the first underground passen
50、ger railway in the world opened in London.Steam engines _(use)to pull the carriages.were invitedare removedwere used Although a great number of citizens agreed to the plan,others _(agree),so no agreement was reached finally.It was the third time that I _(give)him tips on how to settle such problems.
