1、 动词的时态：动词的时态：时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间的时间关系和说话的时间。体体时时一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行现在现在dodoam/is/are am/is/are +doing+doinghave/has have/has +done+donehave/has have/has +been doing+been doing过去过去diddidwere/was were/was +doing+doingha
2、d donehad donehad been had been+doing+doing将来将来will/shall+dowill/shall+dowill/shall be will/shall be +doing+doingwill/shall will/shall have+donehave+donewill/shall will/shall have been+have been+doingdoing过去将来过去将来would/would/should+doshould+dowould/would/should be+should be+doingdoingwould/should wo
3、uld/should have+donehave+donewould/should would/should have been+have been+donedone 一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法 1)1)表示表示经常性经常性或或习惯性习惯性的动作或的动作或存在存在的状态，常的状态，常与表示与表示频度频度的时间状语连用。的时间状语连用。everyevery,sometimes,often,usually,on Sunday,sometimes,often,usually,on Sunday I I leaveleave home for school at 7 home for schoo
4、l at 7 every morningevery morning.He He is is alone.alone.2)2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth The earth movesmoves around the sun.around the sun.3)3)表示格言或警句中。表示格言或警句中。Pride Pride goesgoes before a fall.before a fall.骄者必败。骄者必败。4.4.表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。表现在的状态、能力、性格、个性。I I dontdont want so much.want
5、 so much.。Ann Ann writeswrites good English but good English but does notdoes not speakspeak well.well.I I likelike singing.singing.He He believesbelieves he can achieve his goal one day.he can achieve his goal one day.5.5.用在用在时间和条件状语从句时间和条件状语从句中表中表将来将来 Ill participate in the game if it Ill particip
6、ate in the game if it doesnt raindoesnt rain.Ill let him know as soon as he Ill let him know as soon as he comescomes.6.6.表表根据时间表的安排将要根据时间表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一发生的事件，日程一般不可变更，语气比较肯定。般不可变更，语气比较肯定。The trains The trains arrivesarrives at 18:40.at 18:40.一般过去时的用法一般过去时的用法 1 1）在）在确定的过去时间确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的里所发生的动作或
7、存在的状态。时间状语有：状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 the other day,in 1982 I I stayedstayed up last night,for I up last night,for I hadhad a lot of a lot of homework to do.homework to do.Where Where diddid you you gogo just now?just now?2 2）表示）表示
8、在过去一段时间内在过去一段时间内，经常性经常性或或习惯性习惯性的动的动作。作。When I When I waswas a child,I often a child,I often playedplayed football in the football in the street.street.Whenever the Browns Whenever the Browns wentwent during their visit,during their visit,they they were givenwere given a warm welcome.a warm welcome.3
9、 3）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里）有时过去的时间隐含在情景里 I hardly I hardly recognizedrecognized you,Marry.you,Marry.4)4)用在一些句型里：用在一些句型里：It is time you It is time you wentwent to bed.to bed.I wish I I wish I werewere a bird.a bird.Id rather you Id rather you camecame tomorrow.tomorrow.比较：比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为
10、过去，去，现已不复存在现已不复存在。Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby livedlived in Kentucky for seven years.in Kentucky for seven years.Mrs.Darby Mrs.Darby has livedhas lived in Kentucky for seven in Kentucky for seven years.years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)一般一般将来时将来时1)1)表示未来的动作或
11、状态，常用表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall+will/shall+动词动词 时间状语有：时间状语有：tomorrowtomorrow，next weeknext week I Ill ll gogo to your city tomorrow.to your city tomorrow.2)2)be doingbe doing，表，表计划的将来计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，时肯定，安排可以变更安排可以变更。He He is leavingis leaving for America on business next month.for America
12、on business next month.3)3)be going to dobe going to do，表示将来。，表示将来。a.a.主语的打算、意图主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。，即将做某事。What What areare you you going to dogoing to do tomorrow?tomorrow?b.b.有迹象有迹象要发生的事要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds,there Look at the dark clouds,there is going to beis going to be a a storm.storm.4)4)be
13、to dobe to do表将来，表将来，按计划或正式安排按计划或正式安排将发生将发生的事。的事。We We are to discussare to discuss the report next Saturday.the report next Saturday.The doctor says the patient The doctor says the patient is not to beis not to be moved.moved.5)5)be about to dobe about to do，意为，意为马上做某事马上做某事。He He is about tois abou
14、t to leaveleave for Beijing.for Beijing.注意：注意：be about to be about to 不能与不能与tomorrow,next tomorrow,next week week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。2.be going to/will2.be going to/will 的区别：的区别：用于条件句时，用于条件句时，be going tobe going to表将来表将来 willwill表意愿表意愿If you If you are going toare going to makemake a jo
15、urney,youd better get a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you Now if you will take offwill take off your clothes,we will fit the your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.new clothes on you in front of the mi
16、rror.3.be to3.be to和和be going to be going to be to be to 表示表示客观客观安排或受人指示而做某事。安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to be going to 表示表示主观主观的打算或计划。的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.Im going to play football to
17、morrow afternoon.(主观安排主观安排)现在进行时现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：现在进行时的基本用法：a.a.表示表示现阶段现阶段或或目前正进行目前正进行的动作。的动作。We We are waitingare waiting for you.for you.Mr.Green Mr.Green is writingis writing another novel this month.another novel this month.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)b.b.表示渐变的动词有：表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,becom
18、e,turn,get,grow,become,turn,run,go,beginrun,go,begin等等。The leaves The leaves are turningare turning red.red.ItIts s gettinggetting warmer and warmer.warmer and warmer.c.c.与与always,constantly,foreveralways,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示等词连用，表示反反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有往往带有说话说话人的主观色彩人的主观色彩。You Y
19、ou areare always always changingchanging your mind.your mind.典型例题典型例题 My dictionary _,I have looked for it My dictionary _,I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.everywhere but still_ it.A.has lost,dont find A.has lost,dont find B.is missing,dont findB.is missing,dont find C.has lost,havent f
20、oundC.has lost,havent found D.is missing,havent found.D.is missing,havent found.答案答案D.D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。时。过去进行时表示过去进行时表示过去某一时刻过去某一时刻或或某时段某时段正在进行正在进行的动作。这一特定的时间可用时的动作。这一特定的时间可用时间状语连用。如：间状语连用。如：at that time
21、;at 8 at that time;at 8 oclock;whenoclock;when也也可用上下暗示可用上下暗示。I I was havingwas having breakfast at 7:30 this breakfast at 7:30 this morning.morning.They They were havingwere having a discussion the whole a discussion the whole morning yesterday.morning yesterday.过去将来时过去将来时：表示：表示过去某一时刻以过去某一时刻以后将发生后将发
22、生的动作和状态。如：的动作和状态。如：Yesterday we decided that we Yesterday we decided that we should goshould go to Shanghai next week.to Shanghai next week.She said she She said she would waitwould wait for me at for me at the school gate.the school gate.现在完成时现在完成时 构成：构成：have(has)+have(has)+过去分词过去分词。现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用
23、现在完成时常与一些时间状语连用,如：如：already;yet;by this time;just;ever;already;yet;by this time;just;ever;never;now;before;latelynever;now;before;lately 等。等。典型例题典型例题(1)(1)-Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming （2)-Have you _ been to our town before?-No,
24、its the first time I _ here.A.even,come B.even,have come C.ever,come D.ever,have come 1)1)表示动作表示动作发生在过去发生在过去，但，但对现在有影响对现在有影响。如：。如：I I havehave just just comecome back from America.back from America.He He hashas alreadyalready postedposted my letter.my letter.2)2)表示动作或状态自表示动作或状态自过去某一时间开始过去某一时间开始，持续持续
25、到现在到现在，常，常与与sincesince，forfor等连用。如：等连用。如：He He has beenhas been ill ill sincesince last month.last month.Her father Her father has beenhas been dead dead forfor ten years.ten years.I have received his letter for a month.I have received his letter for a month.I haveI havent nt received his letter rec
26、eived his letter forfor almost a month.almost a month.注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。持续的。（wrongwrong）（rightright）过去完成时过去完成时 构成构成:had+:had+过去分词过去分词 1)1)表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之前，即前，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。在过去不同时间发生的。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，两个动作中，发生
27、在先，用过去完成时发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在发生在后，用一般过去时后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves When the police arrived,the thieves had runhad run away.away.The train The train had lefthad left before I got to the station.before I got to the station.2)2)表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,hope,wish,expect,thin
28、k,intend,mean,supposeintend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示 原原本本，未能，未能“We We had hopedhad hoped that you would come,but you that you would come,but you didnt.didnt.3)3)过去完成时的时间状语过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon aswhen,after,once,as soon as。He said that he He said th
29、at he had learnedhad learned some English some English before.before.By the time he was twelve,Edison By the time he was twelve,Edison had beganhad began to make a living by himself.to make a living by himself.注意：注意：no sooner had no sooner had than than刚刚 就就 He He hadhad no sooner no sooner boughtbo
30、ught the car than he the car than he sold it.sold it.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调强调延续过程延续过程。如：。如：He He has been workinghas been working at the school at the school for 30 years.for 30 years.他一直在这个学校工作他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。了三十年。用于现在完成时的句型用于现在完成时的句型 1 1）It is the first/sec
31、ond timeIt is the first/second time.that.that结构中的从结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。句部分，用现在完成时。It It is is the first time that I the first time that I have visitedhave visited the city.the city.It It waswas the third time that the boy the third time that the boy had beenhad been late.late.2 2）This is theThis is the t
32、hat that结构，结构，that that 从句要用现在从句要用现在完成时完成时.This is the This is the bestbest film that film that Ive(ever)seenIve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the This is the firstfirst time(that)time(that)Ive heardIve heard him sing.him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。这是我第一次听他唱歌。比较过去时与现在完成时比较过去时与现在完成时1 1）过去时过去时表示过去某时发
33、生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作强调动作；现在完成时现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，在的影响，强调的是影响强调的是影响。2 2）过去时常与）过去时常与具体的时间状语具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与连用，而现在完成时通常与模模糊的时间状语糊的时间状语连用，或连用，或无时间状语无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last weekyesterday,last week，ago,in 1980,in October,just now,ago,in 1980
34、,in October,just now,具体的时间状语具体的时间状语共同的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this April,now,oncethis morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,before,already,recentlyrecently，latelylately现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,for,since,so far,ever,never,just
35、,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,in past years,always,不确定的时间状语不确定的时间状语 3 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一动词一般是延续性般是延续性的，如的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,knowlive,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的过去时常用的非持续性动词非持续性动词,有有come,go,leave,start,die,come,go,leave,start,die,finish,b
36、ecome,get marriedfinish,become,get married等。等。举例：举例：I saw this film yesterday.I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）（强调起床的动作已发生
37、过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了她是昨天回来了.小窍门小窍门:当当现在完成时现在完成时 +一段时间一段时间，这一，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就结构中，我们用下面的公式转
38、化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1)1)(对对)Tom has studied Russian for)Tom has studied Russian for three years.three years.=Tom=Tom began tobegan to study Russian three study Russian three years ago,years ago,and is stilland is still study studyinging it now.it now.2)2)(错错)Harry has got married
39、 for six)Harry has got married for six years.years.=Harry=Harry began tobegan to get married six get married six years ago,years ago,and is stilland is still get getting ting married now.married now.应改为应改为 Harry got married six years ago.Harry got married six years ago.或或 Harry has been married for
40、six years.Harry has been married for six years.延续动词与瞬间动词延续动词与瞬间动词 1)1)用于完成时的区别用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的瞬间动词表示行为的结结 果，果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。他已完成了那项工作。(表结果表结果)Ive known him since then.Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识
41、他了。我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历表经历)2)2)用于用于till/untiltill/until从句的差异从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做做直到直到”瞬间动词用于否定句，表示瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到到，才，才”He didnt come back until ten oclock.He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到他到10 10 点才回来。点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到他一直睡到1010点。点。不用进行时的动词不用进行时
42、的动词 1)1)事实状态事实状态的动词的动词 have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continuecontain,matter,weigh,measure,continue e.g.e.g.I have two brothers.I have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.This house belongs to my sister.2)2)
43、心理状态心理状态的动词的动词 know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateprefer,mean,understand,love,hate e.g.e.g.I need your help.I need your help.
44、He loves her very much.He loves her very much.3)3)瞬间动词瞬间动词 accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.decide,refuse.e.g.e.g.I accept your advice.I accept your advice.4)4)系动词系动词 seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,seem,remain,lie,see,hear,s
45、mell,feel,taste,get,become,turnget,become,turn e.g.e.g.You seem a little tired.You seem a little tired.e.g.The reporter said that the UFO e.g.The reporter said that the UFO _east to west when he saw it._east to west when he saw it.A.was travelling A.was travelling B.travelled B.travelled C.had been
46、travelling C.had been travelling D.was to travel D.was to travel 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较 现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。I have been reading the book for the whole I have been reading the book for the whol
47、e day.day.我整天一直在读这本书。我整天一直在读这本书。（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。）（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。）I have read the book.I have read the book.我读过这本书了。我读过这本书了。（说明读过或读完了。）（说明读过或读完了。）将来进行时将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作或者按照计某阶段正在进行的动作或者按照计划要做的事情。划要做的事情。如：如：At this time tomorrow we At this time tomorrow we shall shall be waitingbe w
48、aiting for you here.for you here.明天这个明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。时候，我们在这儿等你。将来完成时将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻：表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。之前已经完成的动作。如：如：When you come tonight at 8 When you come tonight at 8 oclock,I oclock,I shall have reviewedshall have reviewed ten ten lessons.lessons.你今晚十点回来时，我已你今晚十点回来时，我已复习完十课书。复习完十课书。过去完成进行时过去完成进行时
49、：表示动作在过去某：表示动作在过去某一时刻之前开始并延续到过去的这个一时刻之前开始并延续到过去的这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能停止。能停止。如：如：He told me that he He told me that he had been had been waitingwaiting for me for two hours.for me for two hours.他告诉他告诉我，他等了我两个小时。我，他等了我两个小时。此外，还有将来完成进行时和过去将此外，还有将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，两个时态很少使用，来完成进行时，两个时态很少使用，在
50、此不作介绍。在此不作介绍。动词的语态：动词的语态：动词的语态动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被有两种：主动语态和被动语态动语态。英语主动语态表示句子的主语英语主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。的主语是动作的承受者。1.1.被动语态的构成：被动语态的构成：be+donebe+done(动词过去分词动词过去分词)2.2.被动语态的用法：被动语态的用法：当不知道或不关心动作的执行当不知道或不关心动作的执行者时，当只知道或只想将注意力放者时，当只知道或只想将注意力放在动作的承受者身上的时候使用被在动作的承受者身上的时候使用被动语态。
