1、Chapter 1Chapter 1The Nature of Intercultural Communication1-*Topics Globalization/glocalization/grobalization Culture Enculturation/Acculturation Ethnocentrism Norms,rules,roles,and networks Subcultures and subgroups Communication barriers Multinational management orientations1-*Example of Miscommu
2、nication Telex sent to a factory manager of a U.S.subsidy in Lima,Peru:“Please send a headcount of the people in your factory and in your office,broken down by sex.Information urgent.”The local manager,a Peruvian,replied:“Heres your headcount:we have 30 in the factory,15 in the office,5 in the hospi
3、tal on sick leave,none broken down by sex.If you must know,our problem here is with alcohol.”(Axtell,1994)*Communication and Culture Communication and culture are inseparable.Culture is a code we learn and share.Learning and sharing require communication Communication requires coding and symbols tha
4、t are learned and shared.(Smith,1966)*Definitions International communication-communication between governments or among nations Intracultural communication-communication between members of the same culture Global business communication-communication between businesses from different countries*Inter
5、cultural business communication interpersonal communication within and between businesses that involve people from more than one culture Melting pot-sociocultural assimilation of people of differing backgrounds and nationalities;implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society(macrocu
6、lture)Diffusion-the process by which two cultures learn and adapt materials and adopt practices of each other*World culture-the idea that as traditional barriers among people of differing cultures break down,one culture will emerge Globalization-the ability of a firm to take a product and market it
7、in the entire civilized worldU.S.Census 2010 64%White Americans 16%Hispanic Americans 14%African Americans 5%Asian Americans .9%Amer.Indians&Alaskan Natives .2%Native Hawaiians&Pacific Islanders .9%Others*Globalization,Glocalization,and Grobalization Globalizationthe worldwide diffusion of practices
8、 Glocalizationthe interpenetration of the global and local Grobalizationfocuses on the imperialistic ambitions of nations,corporations,and organizations to impose themselves on others*Dimensions of CultureLanguages(codes/modes)Verbal NonverbalPhysical PsychologicalEnvironment Human Behavior Content
9、ProcessesNatural Man Made Knowledge Belief Encoding Systems Decoding Thought From Borden,1991,171*Describe the U.S.or another Culture Using BordenLanguage Verbal NonverbalPsychological Content Knowledge Belief Systems Processes Encoding Thought Decoding ThoughtPhysical Environment Cultural activitie
10、s*Perceptions&Stereotypes Perceptions are learned through the dimensions of culture.Culture is learned through perception.Stereotypes are perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities,often based upon limited knowledge and/or exposure*Stereotypes of U.S.Persons Informal relationships R
11、ather formal in business attire(suits for men;dresses or suits for women)Workaholics Embarrass foreign businesspeople Overly concerned with time,money,and appointments*Make decisions on hard,objective facts Consider contracts and the written word as very important Be aware of the status differences
12、within the organization;however,generally no display of superiority or inferiority is made which makes rank-conscious foreigners uneasy Are very mobile Convey superiority in their actions*Stereotypes of Selected Cultures(Japanese and U.S.Students)JapaneseAmericansEnglishgentlemanly,formal,proper,pol
13、itepolite,intelligentIrishcold,patient,drinkers,jovial,religioushot-tempered,loudChinesediligent,seriousquiet,ingenious,laboringindustrious,smartMexicanscheerful,passionatelazy,poor,loud,spicy-food eatersdirty,uneducatedRussians cold,dark,closed,cold,respect authority,secret,selfishhard-workingIsrae
14、lisreligious,faithful,religious,quarrelsome,warlike,Jewishwealthy,greedy*Terms Enculturation-socialization process you go through to adapt to your society Frontstage culture-cultural information that you are willing to share with outsiders Backstage culture-cultural information concealed from outsid
15、ers Acculturation-process of adjusting and adapting to a new and different culture Cultural synergy-two cultures merge to form a stronger overriding culture Multicultural-people who can move between two or more cultures very comfortably Ethnocentrism-the belief that your own cultural background is c
16、orrect Mindsets-ways of being that allow us to see,perceive,and reason through our own filter*Dimensions of Acculturation Integration-persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity Separation-individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the ne
17、w culture Assimilation-persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture Deculturation-individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture*Norms,Rules,Roles,and Networks(Situational factors that influence encoding and decoding of verbal and nonverb
18、al messages)Norms-culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which,if broken,carry a form of overt or covert penalty Rules-formed to clarify cloudy areas of norms Roles-include behavioral expectations of a position within a culture and are affected by norms and rules Networks
19、-formed with personal ties and involve an exchange of assistance*Subcultures and Subgroups Subcultures(or microcultures)-groups possessing traits that set them apart from others within the macroculture.U.S.examples:senior citizens,Catholics,disabled persons,Asian Americans Subgroups-groups with whic
20、h the macroculture does not agree and has problems communicating.U.S.examples:youth gangs,prostitutes,embezzlers*Cultural Intelligence Involves linguistic intelligence,spatial intelligence,intrapersonal intelligence,and interpersonal intelligence Involves the ability to interact successfully with in
21、dividuals from other cultures*Communication Barriers Physical-time,environment Cultural-social,ethnic,religion,social Perceptual-viewing from your own mindset Motivational-mental inertia of listener Experiential-dissimilar experiences or life happenings*Linguistic-unusual vocabulary Emotional-person
22、al feelings,likes or dislikes Nonverbal-how something is said or how the person behaves or gestures Competition-listeners having the ability to do other things*Cultural Iceberg Above the waterlinewhat we can see;behaviors that are visible Below the waterlinewhat we cannot see;behaviors that are not
23、visible or that do not make sense to us*Domestic and Global MindsetsDomestic Mindset Functional expertise Prioritization Structure Individual responsibility No surprises Trained against surprisesGlobal Mindset Bigger,broader picture Balance of contradictions Process Teamwork and diversity View chang
24、e as opportunity Openness to surprises*Multinational Management OrientationsEthnocentric Management-All workers treated the same;no allowance for cultural differences in the work forcePolycentric Management-Considers the cultural needs of country where the firm is locatedRegiocentric Management-Cons
25、iders the region rather than the country in which the firm is locatedGeocentric Management-A synergy of ideas from different countries of operation*Ten Commandments for Going International Be well prepared.Ask questions;be observant;listen.Make an effort.When problems develop,assume the main cause i
26、s miscommunication.Be patient.Assume the best about people.Be sincere.Keep a sense of humor.Try to be likable.Smile.*What foreign students WOULD like to see incorporated into their own culture:Opportunity for individuals to raise their station in life Efficiency of organizations Hard work and produc
27、tivity Freedom to express opinions openly General sense of freedom*What foreign students WOULD NOT like to see incorporated into their own culture:Excessive individualism Weak family ties Treatment of older people Materialism Competitiveness Rapid pace of life Divorce“Free”male/female relations Impersonality
