1、2020版人教版高考英语一轮课件：基础语法-名词(共69张PPT)名名词词知识网络知识网络概念概念：表示人、事物、地点和抽象表示人、事物、地点和抽象概念名称的词：概念名称的词：Mary,knife,America,advice名名词词分分类类普普通通名名词词nut,port,theme,chapter,track,factor不可数不可数名词名词可数可数名词名词 group,team,class,family,audience,crowd,majority人名、地名、组织名、国家名等：人名、地名、组织名、国家名等：Kate,London,China,the Great Wall专有名词专有名词
2、个体个体名词名词抽象抽象名词名词集体集体名词名词 cattle,people,(the)police oxygen,air,honey,butterpride,justice,pressure,confidence物质物质名词名词名名词词单单复复数数不可数名词不可数名词 ：无复数；前面不可直接加无复数；前面不可直接加a,an或名词；表数量用或名词；表数量用a piece of 之类的结构之类的结构一般加一般加S：guy,section,material,adult,procedure,aspect以以s,x,sh,ch结尾结尾,加加es:mass,box,brush,branch,但但stom
3、ach加加s辅音字母辅音字母+y+y结尾结尾,y ies：strategy,policy,battery,company,supply可数名词可数名词:单单复复名名词词单单复复数数f(e)ves：thief,wife,housewife,shelf,knife,leaf,wolf,loaf,self,half,life直接加直接加s:s:roof,proof,belief,chief,safe,chef,giraffef(e)ves或直接加或直接加s:handkerchief,scarf 可数可数:单单复复f(e)结尾结尾以以o结尾结尾加加s:s:kangaroo,bamboo,zoo,pho
4、to,piano,studio加加e es:volcano,hero,potato,tomato名名词词单单复复数数单复同行：单复同行：series,sheep,deer,fish,Chineseoo ee：tooth,foot,gooseman men:spokesman,spokeswoman ium/ionia:bacterium,medium,criterion其他：其他：phenomenon phenomena,ox oxen,mouse mice,child children 可数可数:单单复复不不规规则则变变化化名名词词所所有有格格有生命的人或动物：有生命的人或动物：a Jims
5、 cat,the teachers”office,Tom and Kates teacher时间、距离、国家、城市、金额、重量等时间、距离、国家、城市、金额、重量等：todays news,Englands shore无生命的东西无生命的东西：the cover of the book,the title of the novelofs双重所有格双重所有格a play of Shakespeares,a friend of my wifes名名词词修修饰饰词词只接可数名词复数：只接可数名词复数：both,several,few,many,various,dozens of,a number o
6、f,each of,one of只接不可数名词只接不可数名词：much,little(少少),a bit of,a great deal of,a large amount of修饰可数或不可数名词：修饰可数或不可数名词：some,any,plenty of,lots of,a large quantity of,quantities of,masses of句句法法作作用用做主语（谓语动词前）：做主语（谓语动词前）：His_(achieve)him respect.做宾语做宾语动词后：动词后：He gave a_(describe)of what he had seen.介词后：介词后：We
7、 need food and water for_(survive).名名词词descriptionsurvivalachievements句句法法作作用用注意：在冠词、形容词性物主代词、名词所注意：在冠词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、不定代词等后要用名词有格、不定代词等后要用名词做宾语做宾语动词后：动词后：He gave a_(describe)of what he had seen.介词后：介词后：We need food and water for_(survive).名名词词descriptionsurvival顾真 题 回一、语法填空一、语法填空 在空白处填入在空白处填入1个适当的
8、单词。个适当的单词。1.(2018全国全国卷卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study.that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all_ (cause).由前面的由前面的all可知，要用复数形式可知，要用复数形式。causes2.(2017全国全国卷卷)This trend,has had some unintended side _(effect)su
9、ch as overweight and heart disease由前面的修饰语由前面的修饰语some可知，可知，effect应用复数应用复数effects;另外，从另外，从such as所举的例子所举的例子overweight and heart disease(肥胖和心脏疾病肥胖和心脏疾病)也可看出，也可看出，不止一种副作用不止一种副作用(side effects)。effects3.(2017全国全国卷卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _(crowd)on the
10、roads根据常识，不同公路上上下班的人群肯定不是一根据常识，不同公路上上下班的人群肯定不是一群人，而是一群一群的人，无数群的人，故填其群人，而是一群一群的人，无数群的人，故填其复数形式复数形式crowds。4.(2017全国全国卷卷)She has turned down several _(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.由前面的由前面的several可知可知,要填其复数形式要填其复数形式invitations。invitationscrowds5.(2016全国全国卷卷)The nurs
11、ery team switches him every few _(day)with his sister由空格前的修饰语由空格前的修饰语few，可知填，可知填day的复数形式的复数形式days。6.(2016全国全国卷卷)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive谓语动词为谓语动词为show，根据主谓一致原则，空格处，根据主谓一致原则，空格处应填应填study的复数形式的复数形式studies。daysstudies7.(2015全国全国卷卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for to
12、urists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting).由空格前的修饰语由空格前的修饰语many可知，要填其复数形式可知，要填其复数形式paintings。paintings8.(2014全国全国卷卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the _(change)are g
13、radual and require a lot of effort and work.在句中做主语或冠词后应当用名词，在句中做主语或冠词后应当用名词，change除除作动词外也可作名词；其后的谓语动词是作动词外也可作名词；其后的谓语动词是are，根据主谓一致原则，主语也应是复数，故填根据主谓一致原则，主语也应是复数，故填change的复数形式的复数形式changes。changes9.(2018全国全国卷卷)This switch has decreased _(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drink
14、ing water safer for people.作动词作动词decreased的宾语，用名词，故填的宾语，用名词，故填pollution。pollution10.(2017全国全国卷卷)This development was only possible with the _(introduce)of electric-powered engines and lifts.作介词作介词(with)的宾语或者在冠词的宾语或者在冠词the后要用名词，后要用名词，表示表示“采用，引入采用，引入”，故填，故填 introduction。11.(2017全国全国卷卷)She is determine
15、d to carry on with her _(educate).作介词作介词(with)的宾语或在形容词性物主代词的宾语或在形容词性物主代词(her)后，要用名词。后，要用名词。introductioneducation12.(2016全国全国卷卷)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve).在介词在介词(of)后作宾语要用名词，表示后作宾语要用名词，表示“成就成就”。13.(2016全国全国卷卷)Confucius influenced the _(develop)
16、of chopsticks.作作influenced的宾语用名词，或者说在的宾语用名词，或者说在the后后用名词。用名词。achievementdevelopment14.(2018全国全国卷卷)My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a _ (science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.根据句意及空格前的根据句意及空格前的a可知，此处填名词，表可知，此处填名词，表示示“科学家科学家”，故填，故填scientist。scientist15.(2016全国全国卷卷)But for tourists like me,pan
17、das are its top _(attract).在在“形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词(its)+形容词形容词(top)”后应填后应填名词，名词，attraction指指“吸引人的事物吸引人的事物”。16.(2015全国全国卷卷)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _(able)to“air condition”a house without using electric equipment.因在形容词性物主代词后必定用名词。因在形容词性物主代词后必定用名
18、词。attractionability二、短文改错二、短文改错 1.(2018全国全国卷卷)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.由由dozens of(几十，许多几十，许多)可知，其后的名词用复可知，其后的名词用复数数。chickens2.(2014全国全国卷卷)(2018全国全国卷卷)After supper,we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.由前面的由前面的all
19、可知此处应用名词的复数形式可知此处应用名词的复数形式。3.(2018全国全国卷卷)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks,and mistake as well.因因mistake是可数名词，犯错误应不止一个，故此是可数名词，犯错误应不止一个，故此处应用名词的复数形式。此外，处应用名词的复数形式。此外，textbooks也有提也有提示示。sortsmistakes4.(2017全国全国卷卷)The instructor kept repeating the word,“Spe
20、ed up!”“Slow down!”“Turn left!”根据后面的根据后面的“Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turn left!”这三句话可知，这三句话可知，The instructor不断重复的不断重复的不是一句而是三句，故将不是一句而是三句，故将word改为复数改为复数words。words5.(2016全国全国卷卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.依据其后的修饰语依据其后的修饰语from 13 to 19可知，不止可知，不止一年，故一年，故year应当改为复数应当改
21、为复数years。另外，也。另外，也可依据主谓一致原则，由可依据主谓一致原则，由were可知主语是复可知主语是复数。数。years6.(2015全国全国卷卷)One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parenthe turned around and found that his parents were missing.Five minutes later,Tony saw his parents.因下文两次出现了因下文两次出现了parents，可见，可见Tony是同父是同父母一起去的，故将母一起去的，故将parent改为
22、改为parents。parents7.(2014全国全国卷卷)Since thenfor all these yearwe have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.由修饰语由修饰语all these可知，其后应接复数名词可知，其后应接复数名词years。8.(2014全国全国卷卷)For example,we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.由修饰语由修饰语one and a half可知，可知
23、，hour应当用其复数应当用其复数hours才正确。才正确。yearshours9.(2013全国全国卷卷)He was tall,with broad shoulder根据常识根据常识,肩有左肩和右肩肩有左肩和右肩,因此因此shoulder通常用通常用复数。复数。10.(2013全国全国卷卷)When tea got popular in Britain,there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.因满足英国人习惯的带柄的高质量茶杯因满足英国人习惯的带柄的高质量茶杯,不止需不止需要一个，而是
24、许许多多，故用复数。要一个，而是许许多多，故用复数。shoulderscups11.(2012全国课标卷全国课标卷)From the time I was about four until I was about six,I destroyed each of my toy.因因each/one of后要用复数。因为若不是复数，后要用复数。因为若不是复数，何来何来“之一之一”或或“每一每一”？12.(2017全国全国卷卷)Besides,they often get some useful informations from the Internet.因因information是不可数名词，没
25、有复数形式。是不可数名词，没有复数形式。toysinformation13.(2016全国全国卷卷)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.因因knowledge(知识知识)是不可数名词是不可数名词,没有复数形式。没有复数形式。14.(2015全国全国卷卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier 因因air是不可数名词，没有复数形式。另外，句中是不可数名词，没有复数形式。另外，句中的谓语的谓语is ge
26、tting是单数，根据主谓一致原则，我是单数，根据主谓一致原则，我们也可判断主语应是单数。们也可判断主语应是单数。knowledgeair15.(2011全国课标卷全国课标卷)but the only clothes I had were those I had on.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.因因luggage是不可数名词，没有复数形式。是不可数名词，没有复数形式。luggage16.(2018全国全国卷卷)When I was little,Fridays night was our family game ni
27、ght.星期名词用于星期名词用于morning,afternoon,evening,night等词前作定语，不需要加所有格等词前作定语，不需要加所有格。17.(2011全国课标卷全国课标卷)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.“我终于到达我的朋友我终于到达我的朋友”显然不通顺显然不通顺,应是应是“到达到达我的朋友的家我的朋友的家”，故改用所有格，故改用所有格my friends(home)。Fridayfriends18.(2016全国全国卷卷)My uncle tells me that the key
28、 to his success is honest.由句意由句意“成功的关键是诚实成功的关键是诚实”，故用名词，故用名词honesty作表语。比较：作表语。比较：He is _(honesty).若译成若译成“他是诚实他是诚实”，不通，不能用名词作表，不通，不能用名词作表语；译作语；译作“他是诚实的他是诚实的”才通顺，故用形容词才通顺，故用形容词作表语。作表语。19.(2013全国全国卷卷)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.作介词作介词(for)的宾语要用名词。的宾语要用名词。honestygrowth20.(2015全国全国卷卷
29、)Much rare animals are dying out.修饰可数名词复数修饰可数名词复数rare animals，不能用，不能用Much，要用要用Many。21.(2014年全国大纲卷年全国大纲卷)He says if I decide to do something,it takes him much times to stop me.因因time作作“时间时间”解是不可数名词，不可数名词解是不可数名词，不可数名词是没有复数的。是没有复数的。timeMany22.(2014全国全国卷卷)The fruits are small in size,but juicy and tasty
30、.There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.指有太多的指有太多的fruits，代替可数名词复数，不能用，代替可数名词复数，不能用much，要用，要用many。另外，由后面的。另外，由后面的them也可知也可知指复数，不能用指复数，不能用much。23.(2014全国全国卷卷)We dont need to do so many homework.因因homework是不可数名词，不能用是不可数名词，不能用many修饰，修饰，应用应用much。manymuch24.(2016全国全国卷卷)Some classmat
31、es suggest we go to places of interest nearby.I think that it is a good idea.It does not cost many,yet we can still learn a lot.根据句意，这里是指花费许多钱，而钱根据句意，这里是指花费许多钱，而钱(money)是不可数名词，替代不可数名词用是不可数名词，替代不可数名词用much不用不用many。much析考 情 分考点：考点：名词的用法在语法填空和短文改错中，名词的用法在语法填空和短文改错中，年年必考。考过的考点有：年年必考。考过的考点有：1.可数名词大于可数名词大于
32、1时是要用复数形式的。如上述时是要用复数形式的。如上述语法填空第语法填空第18题，将括号中所给可数名词的题，将括号中所给可数名词的单数形式改为复数形式；短文改错第单数形式改为复数形式；短文改错第111题，题，该用复数却用了单数。该用复数却用了单数。2.不可数名词是没有复数形式的。如上述短文不可数名词是没有复数形式的。如上述短文改错第改错第1215题。题。3.名词的句法作用：名词的句法作用：(1)做动词的宾语，如上述语法填空第做动词的宾语，如上述语法填空第9、13题；题；(2)做介词的宾语，如上述语法填空第做介词的宾语，如上述语法填空第11、12题，短文改错第题，短文改错第19题；题；(3)做表
33、语，如上述语法填空第做表语，如上述语法填空第1416题，短题，短文改错第文改错第18题。题。4.名词的所有格，当其后名词是表示家或店名词的所有格，当其后名词是表示家或店铺的铺的house、home、shop、store等时，该名词等时，该名词常被省略。如上述短文改错第常被省略。如上述短文改错第17题。星期名题。星期名词用于词用于morning、afternoon、evening、night等词前做前置定语，不需要用所有格。如上等词前做前置定语，不需要用所有格。如上述短文改错第述短文改错第16题。题。5.名词的修饰语：名词的修饰语：(1)修饰或代替可数名词，不能用修饰或代替可数名词，不能用muc
34、h，要用，要用many。如上述短文改错第。如上述短文改错第20、22题。题。(2)修饰或代替不可数名词，不能用修饰或代替不可数名词，不能用many，要，要用用much。如上述短文改错第。如上述短文改错第23、24题。题。解法：解法：1.因为名词前可能有限定词因为名词前可能有限定词(冠词、形容词性物冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词主代词、不定代词other和和another等等)，因此，在，因此，在限定词后很可能填名词；因名词前是可能有形容限定词后很可能填名词；因名词前是可能有形容词修饰的，因此，在形容词后很可能是填名词。词修饰的，因此，在形容词后很可能是填名词。2.名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、
35、表语等，因此，名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语等，因此，处于主语的位置，或在及物动词或介词后应当用处于主语的位置，或在及物动词或介词后应当用名词；在译成汉语的名词；在译成汉语的“是是”后是名词时，用名词后是名词时，用名词作表语，如短文改错第作表语，如短文改错第18题题“成功的关键是诚实成功的关键是诚实”是名词是名词honesty做表语。做表语。3.在在several、few、all、many、one of、each of等后要用复数形式；还可根据主谓一致、上等后要用复数形式；还可根据主谓一致、上下文信息和常识来判断是用单数还是复数。下文信息和常识来判断是用单数还是复数。4.牢记牢记advice
36、、luggage、homework等常见的等常见的不可数名词。它们是没有复数形式的，也不不可数名词。它们是没有复数形式的，也不能用能用many、few等修饰或代替。等修饰或代替。练模 拟 操1.(2018贵州贵阳贵州贵阳)According to _(tale)and legends(传说传说),the beginning of Chinese New Year started with the fight against a mythical beast called Nian(年年).由与之并列的由与之并列的legends可知填可知填tales。tales一、语法填空一、语法填空2.(20
37、18广东汕头广东汕头)Of the several new _(feature)iPhone X includes,its wireless charging ability is one of the most talked about.由前面的由前面的several可知用复数。可知用复数。features3.(2018安徽合肥安徽合肥)During the festival,which lasts three or four days,people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of colou
38、rful _(activity).由前面的由前面的a variety of可知用复数。可知用复数。4.(2018安徽毫州安徽毫州)Though today is a gift,the _(memory)of our families give us the strength to appreciate this“present”.名词作主语，由谓语动词名词作主语，由谓语动词give可知主语用复数。可知主语用复数。memoriesactivities5.(2018福建龙岩福建龙岩)People often prefer to stay at home with their _(family)at
39、 Christmas instead of going out to have fun.前面的前面的People是泛指，故应该用复数。是泛指，故应该用复数。6.2018福建漳州福建漳州)We didnt prepare candles or _(match).由与之并列的由与之并列的candles可知用复数。可知用复数。familiesmatches7.(2018福建泉州福建泉州)But if something I dont like is ordered,its not a problem because there are other _(dish)that I can enjoy.因为
40、因为dish是可数名词，而它又被是可数名词，而它又被other修饰，故修饰，故用复数。用复数。8.(2018安徽蚌埠安徽蚌埠)When I went to the theatre,there were two _(woman)ahead of me in line.由前面的由前面的two可知用复数。可知用复数。disheswomen9.(2018广西贵港广西贵港)At all levels about half of the students at Cambridge study arts and humanities,many of whom have gone on to become o
41、utstanding figures in the arts,print and broadcast _(medium).用复数表示泛指用复数表示泛指,注意注意medium(媒体媒体)的复数的复数形式是形式是media或或mediums。media/medium10.(2018河北石家庄河北石家庄)At dinner,if half of the fish is eaten up,a guest shouldnt turn the fish over by saying“fan”,which is the Chinese word for“turn over”,which is conside
42、red bad luck for _(fisherman)and their boats.可数名词前没有限定词时要用复数，表泛指。可数名词前没有限定词时要用复数，表泛指。fishermen11.(2018湖北天门市湖北天门市)We usually rely on Hollywood _(hero)to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.可数名词前没有限定词时要用复数，表泛指。可数名词前没有限定词时要用复数，表泛指。12.(2018广东茂名广东茂名)The concept goes back to 400 BC and is a cor
43、e virtue of Confucianism(儒家思儒家思想想),described in the early _(work)of Chinas best-known scholars.因文中因文中work作作“著作，作品著作，作品”解，是可数名词，解，是可数名词，早期作品，用复数。早期作品，用复数。heroesworks13.(2018山东淄博期末山东淄博期末)Later,when expensive _(tea)were sold in certain cafes,women were initially not allowed to enter.由动词由动词were可知主语是复数形式
44、。注意，虽然可知主语是复数形式。注意，虽然tea是不可数名词，但指各种茶时是可数的。是不可数名词，但指各种茶时是可数的。14.(2018河南濮阳河南濮阳)A bus _(driver)main responsibility is safely transporting passengers.指公交车指公交车“司机的司机的”主要责任，故用所有格。主要责任，故用所有格。driversteas15.(2018广东惠州广东惠州)Public _(celebration)include the Lusheng Festival and water buffalo fighting.根据动词根据动词inc
45、lude可知主语是复数形式。可知主语是复数形式。16.(2018河北石家庄河北石家庄)The _(separate)of the fish bone from the lower half of the flesh is usually done by the host or hostess.名词作主语，指鱼骨从鱼肉中的分离。名词作主语，指鱼骨从鱼肉中的分离。celebrationsseparation17.(2018安徽蚌埠安徽蚌埠)I asked her to pay it forward and she expressed her _(willing)to do that.作动词作动词e
46、xpressed的宾语用名词，或者说在形容词的宾语用名词，或者说在形容词性物主代词后用名词。性物主代词后用名词。18.(2018广东揭阳广东揭阳)When the couple living next door had a baby,instead of saying _(congratulate),he expressed his concern about his own sleep.作动词作动词saying的宾语用名词，的宾语用名词，congratulation常以常以复数形式出现。复数形式出现。willingnesscongratulations19.(2018云南二检云南二检)As
47、a _(music),Dylan has sold more than 100 million records,making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.在介词在介词as后用表职业的名词。后用表职业的名词。20.(2018甘肃张掖甘肃张掖)Grammar and idioms may be another _(difficult).在在another后应接单数可数名词后应接单数可数名词,故填故填difficulty。difficultymusician二、短文改错二、短文改错 1.(2018云南昆明云南昆明)She was n
48、ot sure whether she could afford the cost of supplying school books for both of her kid this year.两个小孩，应用复数。两个小孩，应用复数。2.(2018陕西榆林陕西榆林)My mother is sixty-five year old,who devotes herself to the whole family and us three daughters.根据前面的根据前面的sixty-five可知。可知。yearskids3.(2018河北石家庄河北石家庄)Im also sending y
49、ou a few record of our daily conversations,from which you can hear real American English.由前面的由前面的a few可知用复数。可知用复数。4.(2018四川资阳四川资阳)My aunt had to let him finish the experiments and he finally succeeded in finishing it.由下文的由下文的finish it可知，用单数。可知，用单数。recordsexperiment5.(2018山东枣庄山东枣庄)We all hope that su
50、ch kinds of activity can be held again.根据语境，尤其是根据语境，尤其是kinds可知这里用复数。可知这里用复数。6.(2018山东德州山东德州)The Spring Festival,one of the most important festival in China,falls on January 1 in the lunar calendar.由前面的由前面的one of可知用复数。可知用复数。activitiesfestivals7.(2018湖北黄冈湖北黄冈)Maybe square dancers need to make some cha
