1、英语词汇学英语词汇学Introduction Lexicology 这门课是哪一种学科的分支这门课是哪一种学科的分支?lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology 2)Semantics 3)Stylistics 4)Etymology 5)Lexicography 研究研究lexicology 的两大方法的两大方法:1)Diachronic approach:历时语言学历时语言学2)Synchronic approach:共时语言学，共时语言学，wife；纵观历时
2、语言学的方法论，；纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization Chapter 1 What is word?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)A word is a minimal free form of a language;2)A sound unity or a given sound 3)a unit of meaning;4)a form that can function alone in a senten
3、ce.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simple words 2)complex words单音节词例子：单音节词例子：e.g.Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail management 可以次划分为可以次划分为manage 和和ment misfortune 可以次划分为可以次划分为m
4、is-和和 fortune blackmail 可以划分为可以划分为black 和和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g.dog.cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3)In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent
5、 sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form.Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form,such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e.Old English3)With the dev
6、elopment of the language,more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1)The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter
7、tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2)Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years,and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3)A third reason is that some of the differe
8、nces were created by the early scribes.4)Finally comes the borrowing,which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influenced by Romans2)Pronunciation changed3)early scribes4)borrowing 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stim
9、ulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language,but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a g
10、iven dialect,given book,a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Words(本课重点本课重点)What is the classification of words?How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria:1)By use of frequency 2)By notion 3)By origin By use of frequency 可划分为：可划分为：1)The basic
11、word stock 2)Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可划分为：可划分为：1)Content word2)Functional word Content words are also known as notional words.(Content words 的别称的别称)Functional words are also known as empty words,or form words.(Functional words 的别的别称称)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic wo
12、rd stock,i.e.stability According to Stuart Robertson,et al(1957),*(年年考试必考年年考试必考)the nine functional words,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1)All national character2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability要把握住要把握住All national character
13、词词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water e.g.machine,video,telephone e.g.bow,chariot,knightStability is relative,not absolute.根据词的根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？非基本词有几大特点
14、？或者是几大分类？1)Terminology e.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargon e.g.Bottom line(Jargon)3)Slang e.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argot e.g.persuader5)Dialectal words e.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaisms e.g.wilt(will)7)Neologisms e.g.email(Neologisms)beaver 是是girl 的的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylisti
15、c difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary,content words or functional words?Answer:Content words What is native words?Answer:(1)By origin,English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth cen
16、tury by the German tribes:the Angles,the Saxons,and the Jutes,thus know asAnglo-Saxon words.(3)Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000,but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 什么叫borrowed words?Answer:(1)
17、words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2)It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3)The English language has vast debts In any dictionary some 80%of the entries are borrowed
18、.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling,such as port from portus(L).Denizens的例子都要记：Port from portus(L),cup from cuppa(L),shift from skip
19、ta(ON),shirt from skyrta(ON),change from changier(F),pork from porc(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language,such as long time no see from haojiumeijian(Ch)什么叫S
20、emantic-loans?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form,But their meaning are borrowed,in other words,English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language,such as the word dream,which originally meant joy and music,and its modern meaning was borrowed later
21、 from the Norse.英语词汇学英语词汇学Chapter 3 Word Formation 构构 词词 3.1 Morphemes 词素词素 vThese minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.In other words,the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。换言之，换言之，词素是词素是“构词中最小功能单位构词中最小功能单位”3.1 AlloMorphs 词
22、素变体词素变体vMorphemes are abstract units,which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.They are actual spoken,minimal carriers of meaning.词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。语中具体实现的。“形素形素”是实际说出来的最小的是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体。意义携带体。vThe morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to
23、a phone.形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。v3-These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.这些词素与词一致，因为它们在句子中可以这些词素与词一致，因为它们在句子中可以独立起作用，这类词叫单语素词。独立起作用，这类词叫单语素词。v 4-Some morphemes,however,ar
24、e realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word.Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫词素变体。词素变体。v 5-There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of
25、an internal vowel or by zero morph.名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况，可名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况，可以通过改变内部元音或零形素来实现名词复以通过改变内部元音或零形素来实现名词复数。数。3.3 Types of morphemes 词素的类型词素的类型 v The popular method is to group into free morphemes and bound morphemes.最流行的方法把词素分成自由词最流行的方法把词素分成自由词素和粘着词素素和粘着词素。v3.3.1 free morphemes v Free Morpheme
26、s which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.They are identical with root words,as each of them consists of a single free root,we might as well say that free morphemes
27、are free roots.彼此之间相互独立的词素叫自由语素。这彼此之间相互独立的词素叫自由语素。这些词素本身具有完整的意义，在句子中用作些词素本身具有完整的意义，在句子中用作自由语法单位。自由词素与根词一致，因为自由语法单位。自由词素与根词一致，因为根词就是由单个的自由词素构成的。因此，根词就是由单个的自由词素构成的。因此，我们不妨说自由词素就是自由根词。我们不妨说自由词素就是自由根词。v3.3.2 Bound morphemes 粘着词素粘着词素vBound Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.They are
28、 so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.不能独立成词的词不能独立成词的词素叫做粘着词素。之所以叫粘着词素是因为素叫做粘着词素。之所以叫粘着词素是因为它们要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。粘着它们要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。粘着词素主要出现在派生词里。词素主要出现在派生词里。vBound morphemes include two types:bound root and affix.粘着词素有两类：粘着词
29、根和粘着词素有两类：粘着词根和词缀。词缀。vBound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.Unlike a tree root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other 6 morphemes to make words.粘着词根，就如自由词根一样，是带有基本粘着词根，就如自由词根一样，是带有基本意义的词的组成部分。与自由词根不同的是，意义的词的组成部分。与自由词根不同的是，粘着词根是一种粘附形式
30、，必须与别的词素粘着词根是一种粘附形式，必须与别的词素结合在一起才能构成词。结合在一起才能构成词。vIn English,bound roots are either Latin or Greek.Although they are limited in number,their productive power is amazing.They give birth to thousands and thousands of derived words in modern English.英语中粘着词素不是来源于拉丁语就是来源英语中粘着词素不是来源于拉丁语就是来源于希腊语。粘着词根虽然数量不多
31、，但却有于希腊语。粘着词根虽然数量不多，但却有惊人的能产性，构成数以千计的现代英语词惊人的能产性，构成数以千计的现代英语词汇。汇。vAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.词缀是附着于词或词元素并对其意词缀是附着于词或词元素并对其意义或者功能作修饰的形式。义或者功能作修饰的形式。v According to the functions of affixes,we can put them into two groups：inflectional and
32、 derivational affixes.根据词缀的功能，可讲根据词缀的功能，可讲词缀分为两组：屈折词缀和派生词缀。词缀分为两组：屈折词缀和派生词缀。vAffixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀是发生屈折变加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀是发生屈折变化
33、的，因此称为屈折词素。屈折词缀数量很化的，因此称为屈折词素。屈折词缀数量很少而且稳定。少而且稳定。vDerivational affixes.As the term indicates,derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the w
34、ord.派生词缀。是加在其他词素上创造新词的词派生词缀。是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。缀。派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。3.4 Root and Stem 词根和词干词根和词干 v A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.The root,whether free or bound,generally carries the
35、 main component of meaning in a word.词根是一个词根是一个词的基本形式，这个形式若再分析下去就不再是这词的基本形式，这个形式若再分析下去就不再是这个词了。不管是自由词根还是粘着词根，个词了。不管是自由词根还是粘着词根，在词中都在词中都是主要的意义成分。是主要的意义成分。vRoot is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.词根是当所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都词根是当所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都去掉时剩下的那部分词形。去掉时剩下的那部分词形。
