1、Part FiveThe Whole Composition 1.Criteria/Features Something interesting and/or important Something new Something clear,accurate and appropriate.2.Steps Writing is like building.Plan-1st Draft-Revise-Final Copy 3.Main Parts of a Composition Beginning-Middle-End 4.Types Description-Narration-Expositi
2、on-Argumentation1.If you advance a single point and stick to that point.Unity 2.If you support the pointwith specific evidence.3.If you organize and connectspecific evidence.4.If you write clear,error-freesentence.Four bases Support Coherence Good language Four steps Unity Is my paper unified?a.Do I
3、 have a thesis that is clearly stated or implied in the introductory paragraph?b.Do all my supporting paragraphs support and back up my thesis?support Is my paper supported?a.Are there three separated supporting points for the thesis?b.Do I have specific evidence for each of the three supporting poi
4、nts?c.Is there plenty of specific evidence for each point?Is my paper organized?a.Do I have an interesting introduction,a solid conclusions,and an accurate title?b.Do I have a clear method of organizing my paper?c.Do I use transitions and other connecting words?a.Do I use specific words?b.Do I vary
5、my sentences?c.Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang,clichs,and wordliness?organizationLanguage Prewriting stage Step 1 Generate ideas Step 2 Sort out the ideas(group ideas)Step 3 Work out the outline Writing stage(first draft)Step 1 Write opening sentences and thesis statement.Step 2 Develop
6、 the topic sentences and support it with specific evidences.Step 3 Write concluding sentences.Rewriting stage(a checklist)unity support organization languageFour ways of generating ideas Clustering Making a list Questioning Free writingDiagram of an essay Title of the essayIntroduction Opening remar
7、ks to catch readers interest Thesis statement topic sentence 1(supporting point 1)Body topic sentence 2(supporting point 2)topic sentence 3(supporting point 3)Conclusion Summary(optional);General closing remarksGeneralizationSpecific example(1)Specific example(2)Specific example(3)More specific exam
8、ple(1)More specific example(2)More specific example(1)Topic sentenceSupporting argument&evidence 1Supporting argument&evidence 2Concluding sentenceNote-takingI.Topic sentenceII.Supporting argument A 1.evidence 2.3.Supporting argument B 1.evidence 2.3.III.ConclusionRules for outlines:Task 1(P128-134)
9、1.Major point mark:I，II，III，IV,V A,B,C,D,2.Topic outline:Noun phrases/Sentence outline(Can not be used together in the same outline)3.Parallel structures are of the same rank and in logical order 4.Thesis:complete declarative sentence,expressing one controlling idea.Main Parts of a Composition Begin
10、ning：Details on P137 1.relevant background material 2.the time and place of the event to be described 3.a quotation 4.a question 5.a statement 6.figures or statistics 7.a definition Middle：Ideas and facts e.g.narration:chronological sequence exposition:arranged based on the importance of ideas The E
11、nd:emphatic and forceful statement Thought-provoking Linking the end with the beginning is a good writing technique.NO new idea in the last paragraph.DescriptionBy the end of this unit you should be able to:describe countries,towns,and landscapeswrite guidesdescribe scenes or weather conditionsdescr
12、ibe peopledescribe objectsdescribe general and specific processes and procedureswrite instructionsWhat is description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person,place,object,process,or scene.Hearing Sight Smell Touch TasteDrills to Describe place _ is surrounded by _.It is composed of/co
13、nsists of _.it lies off _.It is situated/located _.The population of is _.The density of population is _.is the language which is spoken predominantly.Appearance Presenting details of eyes,mouth,nose,hair,facial expression,figure,pose,clothes,jewelry,and etc.Objects Presenting details of texture,pat
14、tern,color,material Organization Any description should be organized around a main point,or controlling ideas.Chou En-lai Henry Alfred Kissinger His gaunt（憔悴的）,expressive face was dominated by piercing(锐利的)eyes,conveying a mixture of intensity(坚定)and repose(安详),of wariness(谨慎)and calm self-confidenc
15、e(自信).Appearance 他面容瘦削，颇带憔悴，但神采奕奕，双目如炬（双目炯炯有神），既坚定又安详，既谨慎又满怀信心。Clothes:He wore an immaculately(perfectly)tailored gray Mao tunic,at once simple and elegant.他身穿一套裁剪精致的灰色毛式服装，显得简单朴素，却不失优雅高贵。Behavior&Character He moved gracefully and with dignity,filling a room not by his physical dominance（as did Mao
16、or de Gaulle）but by his air of controlled tension,steely discipline,and self-control,as if he were a coiled spring.He conveyed an easy casualness,which,however,did not deceive the careful observer.Metaphor:Chou:Tenor/coiled spring:Carrier 他举止娴雅庄重，令举坐（满堂）注目的不是他魁伟的身材(像毛泽东和戴高乐那样)，而是他那外弛内张的神情，钢铁般的自制力，就像
17、是一根拉紧了的弹簧一样。他令人感到轻松自如，但仔细观察就知并不尽然。You should be able to:write a story using correct grammatical forms write a well-organized text about your past experience start a story in different ways select accurate and precise words to describe events use quotation marks correctly write direct and reported sp
18、eechTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events.In its broadest sense,narrative writing includes stories,real or imaginary,biographies,histories,news items,and narrative poemsTime and the order of events Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 past present future The simple present tenseT
19、he past perfect tenseThe simple past tenseThe simple future tense Five factors for Narrative WritingnPurposenSelection of details nOrganizationncontextnPoint of view ContextContext when,where and to whom the action in an event happened is often made clear at the beginning of the passage.The last sen
20、tence usually draws up the conclusion of the whole event so that the reader can get a sense of completeness.The conclusion should relate to the main event of the story,not the minor points.Selection of detailsSelection of details Narrations of incidents and events are made up of details.There should
21、 be enough details so that the reader knows what is happening.Only relevant details,or things that contribute to bringing out the main idea of the story are useful and effective.OrganizationOrganization Incidents and events are usually presented in chronological order,that is,in the order in which t
22、hey occur.But it is also possible,and sometimes preferable,to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the readers interest,and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks.Beginning:Setting/background knowledge of when,wh
23、ere and to whom the action happened.Middle:story itself.End:Natural conclusionPoint of viewPoint of viewA first person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike,because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced.but the scope of the narrative may b
24、e limited.A third person narrative may seem more objective,and is free from the limitation,but it is not easy to put things happened in good order.Check and Revise 1.Do you present the idea of time clearly so that your reader will not get confused by the time sequence?Clarity in presenting time is a
25、 very important element in good story telling,particularly in unexpected time sequences.2.Have you used your imagination to make the account of the story vivid and interesting?In expository paper,we often explain or explore something analyze causes of a natural or social phenomenon,or the solution t
26、o a problem.make comparison or contrast define termsThe purpose of expository writing is to present facts and ideas by using various ways of logical development.Classification:Breaking subjects into partsDefinitionExamples:from general to specific Comparison and contrastCause and effect Understandin
27、g Poverty What is poverty in a little boys eyes?Describe his Christmas gift in front of his classmates Laughed at by a roomful of children and a teacherP 146 Sample 1 ExampleP155:Comparison and contrast:using familiar things to explain the unfamiliar Compare:to see how two things are similar Contras
28、t:to see how two things are differentTwo development methods:1.Point-to-point method Point 1 A,B Point 2 A,B Point 3 A,B2.Block method A Point 1,Point 2,Point 3 B Point 1,Point 2,Point 3 Cause&Effectone thing leading to another Thesis statement:Sub-point 1:cause 1 Sub-point 2:cause 2 Sub-point 3:cau
29、se 3 Concluding paragraphAssignment P150 Sample 4 Chinglish Definition of argumentationIn argumentative paper,the writer often attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action using sound reasoning and sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts g
30、iving logical reasons using examples quoting expertsMaking arguments means the presentation of facts and reasonsin support of a position held by the arguer and opposed by others.A position One or more opponent of the position A defender of the position Facts in support of the position Reasons in sup
31、port of the positiona positionargueropponentFacts and reasons for or against the positionTo understand somethingmore clearly and thoroughlyTo persuade a reader to adopt a point of viewReasonableobjectiveReasonablesubjectivepurposetone Statement of facts E.g.a football field is 100meters long.Stateme
32、nt of personal taste E.g.I dont like fish.To understand somethingmore clearly and thoroughlyTo persuade a reader to adopt a point of viewReasonableobjectiveReasonablesubjectivepurposetone definition example comparison contrast cause and effect citing authorityAssignment If you were given an opportun
33、ity to have a plastic surgery,would you grasp it?Why or why not?Whats your opinion about cosmetic surgery?Do you agree with it?Why?Write an outline firstly.Write no less than 200 words.Cosmetic Surgery ItemsCostCostPoint of view Purpose Function/benefits Cost（Financial,physical and psychological）Consequences
