1、书面表达书面表达基础技巧讲解基础技巧讲解写作技能写作技能 如何写好简单句如何写好简单句 当一个句子只包含当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句一个主谓结构时称为简单句。句子的两个主要组成部分是句子的两个主要组成部分是主语和谓语主语和谓语,谓语都是由谓语都是由动词动词构成的。构成的。动词在句子中起着极其重要的作用动词在句子中起着极其重要的作用,可以说是,可以说是句子的核心。在英语中,各类动词后有不同的结句子的核心。在英语中,各类动词后有不同的结构,从而构成不同的句型,构,从而构成不同的句型,抓住动词及它们引起抓住动词及它们引起的各种句型,的各种句型,就会对英语句子有一个总的概念。就会对英语句子
2、有一个总的概念。Summary:Summary:简单句的五种基本句型:简单句的五种基本句型:1._1._2._2._3._3._4._5._主语主语S+系动词系动词lv+表语表语P主语主语S+不及物动词不及物动词vi主语主语S+及物动词及物动词vt+宾语宾语 o主语主语S+谓语谓语vt+间接宾语间接宾语InO+直接宾语直接宾语DO主语主语S+谓语谓语vt+宾语宾语O+宾补宾补OC1 The little baby smiled.2.Lily knows French.Everybody laughed at that ugly boy.3.My grandmother told me a st
3、ory.4.The food is/tastes very delicious.5.The news made us surprised.即时练习即时练习连词成句连词成句1.at,red,face,news,her,turned,the2.we,bus,catch,so as to,got,first,up,the,early3.a,made,she,dress,beautiful,me4.first,my,made,homework,me,do,my mother5.found,with,family,to,it,your,very,I,pleasant,beHer face turned
4、red at the news.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.She made me a beautiful dress.My mother made me do my homework first.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.写作技能写作技能简单句型的高级形式简单句型的高级形式 简单句其实也可以不简单,简单句其实也可以不简单,若将简单句与若将简单句与非谓语动词短语、形容词短语、非谓语动词短语、形容词短语、同位语、独立主格结构同位语、独立主格结构等巧妙地合在一起,等巧
5、妙地合在一起,不但可以表达更不但可以表达更丰富的内容丰富的内容,而且可以使句子,而且可以使句子变得变得更精彩更精彩,充分显示你的英语表达实力。,充分显示你的英语表达实力。以下各句摘自近几年各省市高考写作范文的以下各句摘自近几年各省市高考写作范文的高级简单句,请欣赏:高级简单句,请欣赏:1.1.同位语:同位语:I want to have a pen friend,I want to have a pen friend,我想有一个笔友,希望是一个二十出头且兴趣相我想有一个笔友,希望是一个二十出头且兴趣相 投的女孩子。投的女孩子。点评:同位语中又有两个并列的介词短语修饰)(全国)点评:同位语中又有
6、两个并列的介词短语修饰)(全国)2.2.形容词短语:形容词短语:,Thomas Edison,Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor.was a great scientist and inventor.出生于美国的托马斯出生于美国的托马斯爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家和发爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家和发明家。(湖南)明家。(湖南)hopefully a girl in her early twentiesand with interests similar to mine.Born in America3.不定式短语:不定式短语:,we nee
7、d to do sports.为了学习好,我们需要体育运动为了学习好,我们需要体育运动(辽宁)(辽宁)4.现在分词短语:现在分词短语:In this picture,a mother bird stays in her nest in a big tree,.在这幅图中,一个鸟妈妈待在一棵大树的鸟巢里,在这幅图中,一个鸟妈妈待在一棵大树的鸟巢里,观看她的鸟仔飞走。(北京)观看她的鸟仔飞走。(北京)In order to study wellwatching her babies flying away5.过去分词短语:过去分词短语:,mobile phones and the Internet
8、 are faster and much more convenient.与信件和公用电话相比与信件和公用电话相比,手机和网络更快也更方便(广东)手机和网络更快也更方便(广东)6.介词短语:介词短语:,he encourages us to think by ourselves.他鼓励我们独立思考,而不是马上告诉我们答案。他鼓励我们独立思考,而不是马上告诉我们答案。(湖南)(湖南)Compared with letters and public phonesInstead of giving us answers immediately写作技能写作技能简单句的扩展简单句的扩展 句子的扩展,就是
9、在名词前后加上句子的扩展,就是在名词前后加上前置或后置定前置或后置定语,在动词、形容词或者副词前后加上适当的状语,在动词、形容词或者副词前后加上适当的状语,语,或增加修饰整个句子的状语,等等,或增加修饰整个句子的状语,等等,目的是使目的是使结构形式更饱满结构形式更饱满、内容表达更加清楚、语言内容表达更加清楚、语言表达更生动表达更生动。练习句子的扩展,有助于循序渐进地实现练习句子的扩展,有助于循序渐进地实现由句到段由句到段的的过渡。过渡。【例例1】对对The man was famous.(主语(主语+系动词系动词+表语)一句进行扩展,可得到以表语)一句进行扩展,可得到以下一些句子:下一些句子:
10、a.The man was a famous student.(划线部分为定语划线部分为定语)b._,the man was very famous_(划线部分为状语划线部分为状语)named MikeAt the age of seventeenbecause of being good at playing the piano【例例2】对对The student jumped.(主语(主语+谓语)一句进行扩展:谓语)一句进行扩展:a.The student jumped.(划线部分(划线部分为定语)为定语)b.,the naughty student jumped .(划线部分为状语)(划
11、线部分为状语)naughtyHearing the good newswith joy【例例3】Chinese are making China more powerful.(主语(主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补)一句进行扩展宾补)一句进行扩展 a.Chinese are making China more powerful.(划线部(划线部分为定语)分为定语)b.,hard-working and open-minded Chinese are making full of resources more powerful .(划线部分为状语)(划线部分为状语)Hard-working and
12、 open-mindedfull of resourcesWith time going onthan before as expected对比学习下:对比学习下:1.Students buy books.(至少要含非谓语、介词短语和从句等作定语)(至少要含非谓语、介词短语和从句等作定语)The diligent students in our class often buy some books written in English on science,which are really well worth buying.2.Students work.(至少要含非谓语、介词短语和(至少要
13、含非谓语、介词短语和 从句等作状语)从句等作状语)In order to improve their school subjects,students work hard in the classroom so that they forget to go out after class.写作技能写作技能简单句合并成并列句或复合句简单句合并成并列句或复合句 有时为了使句子的连贯性更强,表达更为贴切、有时为了使句子的连贯性更强,表达更为贴切、自然,我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上自然,我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上and,and,but,orbut,or(或者,否则),(或者,否则),forf
14、or(因为),(因为),whilewhile(而,却),(而,却),whenwhen(就在这个时候)等并列连词,(就在这个时候)等并列连词,就成为就成为并列复合句并列复合句。如:。如:They were happy.They deserved their happiness.They were happy and they deserved their happiness.【概念对比概念对比】并列复合句,(主从)并列复合句,(主从)复合句复合句 在两个或者多个简单句之间加上在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when,after,as,because,where,which,who等从属连词,使简单等
15、从属连词,使简单句变成复合句,从而扩展成高级句子。句变成复合句,从而扩展成高级句子。1.I forgot to post the letter.I wrote it yesterday.(改为含定语从句的复合句)(改为含定语从句的复合句)I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday.2.He missed the first bus.He came to school late.(改为含状语从句的复合句)(改为含状语从句的复合句)Because he missed the first bus,he came to school late
16、.He missed the first bus,so he came to school late.写作技能写作技能如何写好并列句(一)如何写好并列句(一)并列连词的意义与作用并列连词的意义与作用 由由两个或两个以上两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。子叫并列句。并列句的基本句型是并列句的基本句型是:“简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词(或连接副词)(或连接副词)+简单句简单句”。要写好并列句,首先必须了解每个并列连词的意要写好并列句,首先必须了解每个并列连词的意义和功能。义和功能。并列连词并列连词 其他意思相似的并列连词其他意思相似的并列连词 在句子中表示
17、的意在句子中表示的意思思 and but,yet for 原因(因为)原因(因为)or furthermore,besides,in addition,moreover,also,likewise,not only.but(also).并列或递进(此外,并列或递进(此外,而且)而且)however,nevertheless,still,in contrast,while对比(但是;然而)对比(但是;然而)otherwise,not.but.,either.or.选择(或者,否选择(或者,否则,不然的话)则,不然的话)并列连词并列连词 其他意思相似的并列连词其他意思相似的并列连词 在句子中表示的
18、意思在句子中表示的意思 andfurthermore,besides,in addition,moreover,also,likewise,not only.but(also).并列或递进(此外,而且)并列或递进(此外,而且)but,yet however,nevertheless,still,in contrast,while对比(但是;然而)对比(但是;然而)for 原因(因为)原因(因为)or otherwise,not.but.,either.or.选择(或者,否则,选择(或者,否则,不然的话)不然的话)so nor consequently,therefore,thus,accord
19、ingly,then neither 结果(因此,所以)结果(因此,所以)否定选择(也不)否定选择(也不)即时练习即时练习请选择用的并列连词填空请选择用的并列连词填空1.I dont agree with you,does my partner.2.Find out where they are going this evening ask if we may join them.3.He was very seriously ill;doctors have almost given up hope of his recovery.4.They go to concerts of pop m
20、usic they really like it.nor/neitherandthereforefor5.She cant hope to pass the exam in December,shell have to wait till June.6.He broke the rules of the school;_ he had to leave.7.is your answer wrong _ mine is.8.You must work harder;you will be put into another class.9.Tom was rich his brother was
21、very poor.sothereforeNot onlybut alsootherwisewhile1 1 认真分析两个被连接起来的简单句之间内在的认真分析两个被连接起来的简单句之间内在的 逻辑关系逻辑关系,2 2 选择恰当的并列连词选择恰当的并列连词,才能真正写出好的并列句。才能真正写出好的并列句。请认真研读以下句子请认真研读以下句子,分析其逻辑关系。分析其逻辑关系。试试看试试看,如果如何正确翻译如果如何正确翻译写作技能写作技能如何写好并列句如何写好并列句(二二)辨清不同功能的并列连词辨清不同功能的并列连词 .翻译句子翻译句子1.1.昨天我生日。很多同学送给我礼物。昨天我生日。很多同学送给
22、我礼物。2.2.书籍增长了我们的见识,开拓了我们的视野。书籍增长了我们的见识,开拓了我们的视野。It was my birthday yesterday,so many classmates gave me presents.Books not only enrich our knowledge but(also)widen our vision.3.3.地震中有地震中有1010人死亡,人死亡,3 0003 000多人无家可归。多人无家可归。4.4.兄弟俩很不同。一个喜欢看书,另一个热衷运动。兄弟俩很不同。一个喜欢看书,另一个热衷运动。5.5.宠物通常很脏,甚至有的会伤人。宠物通常很脏,甚至有
23、的会伤人。Ten people were killed in the earthquake,and more than 3,000 people were left homeless.The brothers are very different:one likes reading while the other is crazy about sports.Pets are usually dirty and some might even hurt people写作技能写作技能利用复合句提高句子档次利用复合句提高句子档次 复合句是使结构复杂化的一个方法,复合句是使结构复杂化的一个方法,可以可
24、以借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。可使文章更有逻借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。可使文章更有逻辑性,也提高了文章的档次。辑性,也提高了文章的档次。【注意注意】不要将汉语一一对译成英语,一定要注不要将汉语一一对译成英语,一定要注意所写意所写复合句符合英语句子结构的特点及复合句复合句符合英语句子结构的特点及复合句中句子成分中句子成分的完整。的完整。如如“到车站时,他发现火车已经走了到车站时,他发现火车已经走了”When arrived at the station,he found the train had already left.即时练习即时练习把下列每组句子转换成复合句把下列每组句子转换成复合句1
25、.In the town there was only one school.I studied there for six years.In the town there was only one school where I studied for six years2.I have spare time.I will go to see you.3.He got up very early this morning.He could catch the first bus.4.You study hard.You will pass the exam.(only if)If I have
26、 spare time,I will go to see you.He got up very early this morning so that he could catch the first bus.Only if you study hard will you pass the exam.写作技能写作技能如何使用高级词汇和做到句式多样化如何使用高级词汇和做到句式多样化1.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词以增加文采。注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词以增加文采。make use of代替代替use,catch sight of代替代替see2.使用一些很有使用一些很有“洋味洋味”的单词。
27、的单词。Thank you for sharing the time with us.(用用share而不用而不用spend)The noise nearly drove me mad.(用用drive而不用而不用 make)Tom had his leg broken last week.(用用have.done而不用而不用broke his leg)3.避免重复使用同一单词或短语。避免重复使用同一单词或短语。对比对比 I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.I like reading while my brother enjoy
28、s watching TV.英文写作中,如能做到句式多样,则能突显出运用英文写作中,如能做到句式多样,则能突显出运用语言的实力,提高文章的档次,但如何做到句式多样化?语言的实力,提高文章的档次,但如何做到句式多样化?4 改变句子的开头方式。可以把状语置于句首等改变句子的开头方式。可以把状语置于句首等 原原We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.改改Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.5.学
29、会运用特殊句式学会运用特殊句式Only in this way can we achieve our goal.It was Ah Fu who had saved my little sister bravely.6.学会使用复合句、分词状语、感叹句、学会使用复合句、分词状语、感叹句、with的复的复合结构、合结构、it句型等多种句式。句型等多种句式。原原We had to stand there to catch the offender.改改What we had to do was to stand there,trying to catch the offender.原原He oft
30、en sleeps.The windows are open.改改He often sleeps with the windows open.如何使用高级词汇和做到句式多样化如何使用高级词汇和做到句式多样化1.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词以增加文采。注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词以增加文采。2.使用一些很有使用一些很有“洋味洋味”的单词。的单词。3.避免重复使用同一单词或短语。避免重复使用同一单词或短语。4 改变句子的开头方式。可以把状语置于句首等改变句子的开头方式。可以把状语置于句首等5.学会运用特殊句式学会运用特殊句式6.学会使用复合句、分词状语、感叹句、学会使用复合句、分词状语、感
31、叹句、with的复的复合结构、合结构、it句型等多种句式。句型等多种句式。即时练习即时练习按要求改写下列句子按要求改写下列句子Our teacher came into our Our teacher came into our classroom.Aclassroom.A lot of lot of students followed students followed him.Hehim.He had a book in his hand.had a book in his hand.(1 1)简单句:)简单句:(2 2)并列句:)并列句:(3 3)复合句:)复合句:Followed by
32、 a lot of students,our teacher came into our classroom,book in hand/with a book in his hand.Our teacher came into our classroom,with a book in his hand/book in hand,and a lot of students followed him.Our teacher who was followed by a lotof students came into our classroom,with a book in his hand/boo
33、k in hand.翻译重组的基本方法翻译重组的基本方法 一、合并法一、合并法 合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。汉语强调汉语强调意合意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调英语强调形合形合,结构较严密,因此,结构较严密,因此长句较多长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句把汉语短句连成长句-没有农业没有农业,人类便不能生存,社会生产也就不能继续下去。人类便不能生存,社会生产也就不能继续
34、下去。But for/Without agriculture,human could not exist,nor could social production continue.写作技能写作技能 二、正译法和反译法二、正译法和反译法 正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。方式译成英语。反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。方式译成英语。反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯,比反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯,比较地道。较地道。-政府应致力于降低房价,让百姓买得起房。
35、政府应致力于降低房价,让百姓买得起房。正译:正译:The government should make The government should make efforts to bring down the prices of efforts to bring down the prices of houses so that people can afford them.houses so that people can afford them.反译:反译:The government should make The government should make efforts to br
36、ing down the prices of efforts to bring down the prices of h o u s e s s o t h a t h o u s e s a r e h o u s e s s o t h a t h o u s e s a r e available(toavailable(to people).people).三、倒置法三、倒置法 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把
37、原文的语序颠倒过来。因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。-改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.四、插入法四、插入法 把难以处理的句子用破折号、括号或前后逗号把难以处理的句子用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来插入译句中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。处理一些解释性成分。-在某种程度上,成功源自自信,而成功也会增强在某种
38、程度上,成功源自自信,而成功也会增强自信。自信。To some extent,success results from self-confidence while it also helps enhance selfconfidence.翻译重组的基本方法翻译重组的基本方法 一、合并法一、合并法 合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句把汉语短句连成长句 二、正译法和反译法二、正译法和反译法反译
39、则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯,比英语。反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯,比较地道。较地道。三、倒置法三、倒置法 在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。四、插入法四、插入法 把难以处理的句子用破折号、括号或前后逗号把难以处理的句子用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来插入译句中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。处理
40、一些解释性成分。即时练习即时练习请用以上翻译重组的技巧翻译下列句子请用以上翻译重组的技巧翻译下列句子1.1.他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。(正反译正反译)2.2.我们需要大量有丰富经验的志愿者。我们需要大量有丰富经验的志愿者。3.3.我们觉得帮助他人是我们的职责。我们觉得帮助他人是我们的职责。He still could not understand me.(正译正译)Still he failed to understand me.(反译反译)We need a number of volunteers who have rich experience.We feel it
41、 our duty to help others.4.不保护环境,我们就将没有干净的饮用水。不保护环境,我们就将没有干净的饮用水。5.我们可以通过经常锻炼和保持健康的饮食来强身健体。我们可以通过经常锻炼和保持健康的饮食来强身健体。6.我想知道讲座是否有录音。如果有,我可以借我想知道讲座是否有录音。如果有,我可以借吗?吗?(插入法插入法)If we do not protect the environment,we will have no clean drinking water.We can build up our body by taking regular exercise and k
42、eeping a healthy diet.I wonder if the lecture was recorded.If so,can I borrow a tape?7.7.我的家乡位于北江河畔,是个风景秀丽适合居我的家乡位于北江河畔,是个风景秀丽适合居住的城市。住的城市。8.8.如果您能考虑我的建议,我将感激不尽。如果您能考虑我的建议,我将感激不尽。My hometown,a beautiful city located on the Beijing River,is a place suitable for living.Ill appreciate it very much if y
43、ou could consider my advice.写作技能写作技能让句子靓起来的十一招让句子靓起来的十一招 对低级句型的改造可以迅速达到给我们的句子润色,对低级句型的改造可以迅速达到给我们的句子润色,让我们的句子靓起来的目的。让我们的句子靓起来的目的。1.强调句强调句 可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语从句转变为强调句。从句转变为强调句。-直到我回家我才意识到我把包落在办公室了。直到我回家我才意识到我把包落在办公室了。It was not until I arrived home that I realized I had lef
44、t the bag in the office.2.倒装句倒装句 只要句中有介词短语或状语从句,便可将其提只要句中有介词短语或状语从句,便可将其提前,变成倒装句。前,变成倒装句。-只有当他告诉我真相时,我才意识到我误解他了。只有当他告诉我真相时,我才意识到我误解他了。Only when he told me the truth did I realize that I had misunderstood him.3.with的复合结构的复合结构 可以将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成可以将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成with的复合结构。的复合结构。-他有很沉重的思想负担,感觉压力很
45、大。他有很沉重的思想负担,感觉压力很大。With heavy burden on mind,he felt greatly stressed.4.巧妙地使用非谓语动词巧妙地使用非谓语动词 可以将状语从句或并列的动词简化为非谓语动词。可以将状语从句或并列的动词简化为非谓语动词。-穿着恰当,面试官会对你有很好的印象。穿着恰当,面试官会对你有很好的印象。Dressed in a proper way,youre more likely to leave a good impression on the interviewers.5.恰到好处地使用被动句:使语言简洁生动恰到好处地使用被动句:使语言简洁
46、生动 主语除主语除nothing,anything,everything等不定代词之外,等不定代词之外,在主语不清晰或不重要的情况下更应使用被动语态。在主语不清晰或不重要的情况下更应使用被动语态。-Something must be done to stop factories pouring waste water directly into rivers.6.高级定语从句高级定语从句若定语从句中的动词带有介词,只需将介词移至先行词后。若定语从句中的动词带有介词,只需将介词移至先行词后。-We came to a place to which they had never paid a vi
47、sit before.7.进行时态进行时态 和和always,constantly连用表达感情色彩的副词。连用表达感情色彩的副词。-I am always feeling terrible when I take a bus.8.what引导的名词性从句将动宾结构转化为此结构引导的名词性从句将动宾结构转化为此结构-你给我的不仅仅是一份圣诞节礼物,还是一颗满你给我的不仅仅是一份圣诞节礼物,还是一颗满含爱意的心含爱意的心What he gave me was not only a Christmas present but also a heart full of love.9.“数词数词+名词名
48、词”变为变为“as many as+数词数词+名词名词”-As many as ten years ago,my hometown used to be covered by forests.10.适当使用插入语适当使用插入语 如如I guess,however,in a way,certainly,in my opinion,probably,generally speaking,believe it or not,besides,whats more等。等。11.把简单句改成复合句把简单句改成复合句 适当的时候把两个简单句改成适当的时候把两个简单句改成“too.to.”或者或者“so.th
49、at.”等高级一点的复合句。等高级一点的复合句。-I was very tired.I couldnt keep up with them.I was so tired that I couldnt keep up with them.I was too tired to keep up with them.即时练习即时练习使用上述技巧,合并或改写下列句子使用上述技巧,合并或改写下列句子1.I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school.(强调句)(强调句)2.We can live a happy
50、life only by this means.(倒装)(倒装)3.He fell asleep.The lights were still on.(with 结构)结构)It was when I entered senior high school that I realized the importance of English.Only by this means can we live a happy life.He fell asleep with the lights on.4.When I heard that,I was much moved.(非谓语动词非谓语动词)5.Th