1、基础英语语法基础英语语法 英语语法框架词法句法名词、代词、数词、量词冠词动词形容词、副词介词简单句并列句主从句特殊句型一、名词1.专有名词2.普通名词名词分类：人名、地名、组织机构名称 之词法基础英语语法普通名词可数名词不可数名词练习：能够区分可数名词以及不可数名词物质名词：食物、液体、自然物质抽象名词：情感、概念、学科可数名词可数名词单数可数名词与冠词可数名词变复数合成名词变复数集合名词不可数名词不可数名词不可数名词与冠词不可数名词与量词、不定代词既是可数又是不可数名词，但意思不同名词所有格名词所有格1.在词尾加s 用于有生命的名词后，比如 my fathers coat,the foxs
2、tail,peoples china,Joans and Janes rooms.用于时间、距离、价值等或者国家、城市等名词之后，比如 todays papers,ten minutes rest,3 days holiday,a miles walk,a dollars worth of stamps 名词所有格所修饰的词省略的情况，比如 the tailors(shop)服装店the butchers 肉店2.of 结构用于无生命的名词，比如 a map of the world名词在句子中的作用名词在句中的作用eg.i got a very good seat.The play was
3、very interesting.She is a good teacher.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.I have just received the letter from my brother,TOM.宾语 主语 表语 主语 介词宾语 同位语 具有名词性质的其他形式He is my best friend.Five plus one is six.Fishing is my favorite sport.To get to the top is my goal.what he says sounds righ
4、t.区分可数与不可数名词 A.book B.milk C.rice D.bun E.soup F.water G.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L.desk M.toy N.baby O.season P.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.pen Y.beef Z.chair 区分可数与不可数名词练习可数名词与冠词可数名词单数形式前面必须加冠词，定冠词或者不定冠词Last week,I went to the theatre.I got a very go
5、od seat.The play was very interesting.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.This is a private conversation.There are a pen,a book and a computer on the desk.名词变复数1.绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。2.凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。4.以-o结尾的名词，黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒
6、果6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves5.以-us结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。7.以-us结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。读音变化：尾音Es改读ai，其中kEs要改读为sai，gEs要改读为dVai。例：fungusfungi;abacusabaci;focusfoci;cactuscacti;cestuscesti 8、以-is结尾的名词，通常将-is改变为-es。读音变化：尾音is改读i:z。例：axisaxes;basisbases;narisnares;hypothesishypotheses;resti
7、srestes 9.以-ix结尾的名词，通常将-ix改变为-ices，但有例外。读音变化：尾音iks改读isi:z。例：matrixmatrices;directrixdirectrices;calixcalices;appendixappendices 反例：affixaffixes 10.以-um结尾的名词，将-um改变为-a。读音变化：去掉鼻尾音。例：forumfora;stadiumstadia;aquariumaquaria;datumdata;vacuumvacua 11.以-a结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后辍-e。读音变化：尾音E改读i:。例：larvalarvae;formula
8、formulae;alaalae;mediamediae;hydrahydrae合成词变复数合成名词变复数1、合成名词的复数形式通常将主题名词变为复数形式，如：daughters-in-law;lookers-on;passers-by;hand-gunsfire-engines,editors-in-chiefrunners-upletter-boxes2.如果没有主体名词，则在最后一个词的后面加复数形式，如：grow-upsgo-betweensstand-bys集合名词第一类 形单可单复 family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)形式为单数，但意义可
9、以用为单数或复数His family is large.他的家是个大家庭。His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。This class are reading English now.这个班的学生在读英语。用法特点：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。第二类 形单意义复cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)，sheep(羊)用法特点为：只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n)连用
10、，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。People will laugh at you.人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。Many cattle were killed for this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如：five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50头牛第三类 形复意义复goods(货物),clothes(衣服）用法特点：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)Clothes dry slowly in
11、 the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer.如果货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。第四类 形单意义单 baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家具),machinery(机器),poetry(诗),scenery(风景),jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)用法特点：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词(当然
12、更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。Our clothing protects us from against the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。Have you checked all your baggage?你所有的行李都托运了吗?The thief stole all her jewelry.小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。The hospital has no decent equipment.这家医院没有像样的设备。The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry.人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。注：
13、machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine,poem,jewel,scene等。如：a poem/a piece of poetry 一首诗 many machines/much machinery/many pieces of machinery 许多机器 不可数名词的量不可数名词和量词以及不定代词1.不可数名词的量可以借助于量词来表达2.不定代词可以修饰不可数名词，如some,any,a little,little a piece of papera piece of newsa piece of breada glass/cup
14、/bottle/tin ofa bar of chocalate 既可又不可且意义不同的名词既可作可数名词，又可做不可数名词，但意义不同可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词a room 一个房间room 空间a chicken 一只小鸡chicken 鸡肉a glass 一个玻璃杯glass 玻璃a time 一次time 时间an iron 一个熨斗iron 铁an air 一种气质air 空气还有一些词和名词性质相似，属于名词类的词，比如代词，数词,动名词，动词不定式和从句。二、代词分 类人称代词物主代词指示代词不定代词主格宾格名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词反身代词疑问代词人称代词主格主格
15、宾格宾格形容词形容词性物主性物主代词代词名词性名词性物主代物主代词词反身代反身代词词我 Imemyminemyself你youyouyouryoursyourself他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself它itititsitsitself我们weusouroursourselves你们youyouyouryoursyourselves他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves不定代词不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的词some:someone,somebody,something,somewhereany:anyone,an
16、ybody,anything,anywhere.no:no one,nobody,nothing,nowhere.evey:everyone,everybody,everthing,everywehere.one:nonemany,much,a few,a littleall,both,either,neither,eachother,anothereg.there are three students talking in the classroom.I know all of them.all students were present at the meeting.eg.Both of
17、my sister and I like the song very much.he likes both his sons.all:三者或以上全都，既可做形容词又可做代词both：两者全都，既可做形容词又可做代词。eg.They like neither of the two paintings.neither student gives the answer.There are shops on either side of the street.you may take either with you.neither:两者中任何一个都不，既可做形容词又可做代词either：两者中任何一个
18、，既可做形容词又可做代词each:每一个，强调个体1.each 既可做形容词又可做代词，而every 只能做形容词。例如：each student has a dictionary.evey student has a dictionary.each of the students has a dictionary.every of the students has a dictionary.故 each 有each of 的结构，而every 就没有，就是这个原因。every：每一个，强调整体形容词修饰复合不定代词eg.I have something important to tell y
19、ou.复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面There is nothing wrong with the radio.这收音机没有毛病。Have you seen anyone anybody famous?你见过名人吗不定代词与部分否定不定代词与部分否定不定代词all,both,every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定；若要表示完全否定，则需换用 none,neither,no one等。比较：All of the students like the novel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Not all of the students like the novel.并不是所有这
20、些学生都喜欢这本小说。All of the students dont like the novel.并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。None of the students like the novel.这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。数词 三、数词基数词1.基本数词：1-10，11-20，整十表达2.表示数字的词dozen 一打，12个；dozens of eggs；six dozen eggs 6打鸡蛋score 20个3.表示“几十年代”或者“几十岁”eg.in the thirties 在30年代 in his thirties 在他30多岁的时候4.在习语中，有时要用基数词的复
21、数形式eg.by twos and threes 三三两两 in two twos 一眨眼序数词1.基本形式2.序数词前一般必须使用定冠词theeg.the first class;the third day3.如果序数词前没有加the,而是使用了不定冠词a,an，则表示“又一”eg.we will have to do it a third time.4.分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1，分母则要用复数eg.1/6 one sixth 5/6 five sixths加、减、乘、除 2+3=?How much is two plus three?2+3=5 Two plus
22、 three is five Two and three is equal to five Two and three makes five Two added to three equals five If we add two to/and three,we get five1.“加”用plus，and或add表示；“等于”用is，make，equal等词表示。106?How much is ten minus six?10-6=4 Ten minus six is four Take six from ten and the remainder is four.Six(taken)fro
23、m ten is four2.“减”用 minus或 take from表示 3*4?How much is three times four?3X4=12 Three times four is/are twelve Multiply three by four，we get twelveThree multiplied by four makes twelve3.“乘”用time（动词）或multiply表示164=?How much is sixteen divided by four?1644 Sixteen divided by four is four Sixteen divide
24、d by four equals/gives/makes four4.“除”用divide的过去分词形式表示 冠词定冠词不定冠词不定冠词 表泛指。如：There is a book on the table.指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver.Longjing is a wonderful tea.指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐
25、。）表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother.（a hand译帮手）不定冠词 固定搭配。如：A few,a little,a lot of,a bit,a couple of,all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(实际上),in a hurry(匆忙的),in a word(简言之),have a good
26、 time(玩得愉快),do sb.a favour(帮忙),pay a visit to(访问),as a rule(惯例),as a whole(总之),in a day or two(一两天),in a way(在某种程度上),of a size(大小相同),have a word with sb.(与交谈),make a living(谋生),take a pride in(自豪),take a walk(break,bath,seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座),a great deal of(大量),be a pity(遗憾),have a cold(headache,fever)
27、(感冒(头痛、发烧),many a(许多),catch a cold(感冒)定冠词 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book.The book is very useful.用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window,please.用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun,the moon,the earth,the world等。用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east,the right.用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first,the tallest.用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sic
28、k,the wounded.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States,the United Nation.用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River,the East Lake.用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano;play the violin.发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.固定
29、词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon,evening),on the other hand,at the same time零冠词 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture;I do not have any money;As time went on,Einsteins theory proved to be correct.季节、月份、星
30、期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next,Mother?三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）;hand in hand（手牵手）;side by side（肩对肩）;day
31、and day（日日夜夜）;young and old（老老少少）;from door to door（挨门挨户）;from beginning to end（从头到尾）;from morning till night（从早到晚）等。用冠词与不用冠词的区别在有些短语中，有冠词与没有冠词意义差别很大，参考附件练习练习他和我都教英语。我是一个学生，我画了很多画。吃了一顿丰盛的饭后，他们就围着营火讲起了故事唱起了歌。如果你把汽车停错了地方，交通警察很快就会发现。我的姑姑是个演员。我不能付账单，因为我的包不见了。去年我去意大利，我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。形容词 adjectivesadjective
32、s功能Functon修饰名词to modify nouns使语言表意更准确、更丰富、更生动、更有表现力to make speeches more accurate，richer,more vivid and more expressive.传达了说话人或者作者的情感和态度。to convey the emotion and attitudes of speakers or writers.这些句子就变得苍白、没有生机，不能完全描绘出事物，不能准确表意，更不能表达作者的情感和态度，就想黑白电影一样少了色彩。分类只做定语形容词只做表语形容词既能做定语又能做表语形容词the clothes are
33、very old.these old clothes are mine.the new library is wide and bright.the wide and bright library is new.只能作定语eg.表材料：golden,wooden 表时间：daily,everyday,monthly，present,last,exsiting表相对关系：former,latter,outer,upper,lower 表方位：indoor,outdoor,inside,outside eg.:This is our daily work.The outdoor cinema is
34、 quite popular now.eg.:she has a five-year-old son.her son is five years old.只能作表语最典型的就是以a-开头的形容词：afraid 害怕的 asleep睡着的 alike相似的 alive活着的 alone单独的 ashamed羞愧的 awake醒着的 aware意识到的eg.:the baby is asleep.I am afraid of dogs.eg.fine健康的 ill生病的 well 身体健康的 glad高兴的 pleased高兴的 sorry难过的 upset 沮丧的 content满足的 cert
35、ain确信的 sure确信的 fond 喜欢的 ready 准备好的在句子中的作用定语表语状语或者主语补足语定语eg.This is a private conversation.Your nephew is a nice little girl.He is an honest boy.A strange man came in.eg.Is there anything interesting in the new book?I have something important to tell you.He is someone humorous.I like something cheape
36、r.Do you know anybody famous in the field?Do you have the instruments necessary for the experiment?I know an actor suitable for the role.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序冠词、指示代词所有格 序数词 基数词 特征 尺寸 年龄温度新旧 形状颜色 地区材料用途 名词口诀：美小圆旧黄 法国木书房eg.there is a big round conference table in the meeting room.表语eg.She looks elegant.The sto
37、ry is inspiring.He is interested in watching TV.She appears quite old.宾语补足语They find the problem difficult.Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.His harsh words made us angry.作状语eg.he arrived home,hungry and tired.he sat there in the corner,silent.he came over,eager to help.这种形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑
38、主语必须与句子主语保持一致。这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写：He came over,eager to help./He came over and(he)was eager to help.他走过来，急于想帮忙。【注】以上形容词用作状语的情形，有人也称之为主语补足语，因为它们是补充说明主语的。the+adjthe+adjHe set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.他创建了一所聋哑学校。He stole from the rich to give to the poor.他偷富人的东西去接济穷人。Those of us who are sigh
39、ted dont understand the problems of the blind.我们这些有视力的人不理解盲人的困难。这类结构常见的有：the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the blind 盲人the sick 病人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the dead 死者 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者 the wealthy 富人the jobless 失业者这类结构常见的有：the wounded 伤员 the injured 伤员the killed 被杀者 the employe
40、d 被雇用者the unemployed 失业者 the accused 被告the learned 有学问的人 the aged 老年人the missing 失踪的人 the living 活着的人形容词短语1.be+形容词+aboutbe angry about 为生气 be anxious about 为忧虑be careful about 当心 be certain about 确信be curious about 对好奇 be disappointed about 对感到失望be excited about 对感到兴奋 be glad about 对感到高兴be happy abo
41、ut 为感到高兴 be hopeful about 对抱有希望be mad about 对入迷 be nervous about 为感到不安be particular about 对讲究 be sad about 为而难过be serious about 对认真 be sure about 对有把握be worried about 为担忧2.be+形容词+atbe angry at 为生气 be bad at 不善于be clever at 擅长于 be disappointed at 对感到失望be expert at 在方面是内行 be good at 善于be mad at 对发怒 be
42、 quick at 在方面敏捷be skilful at 在方面熟练 be slow at 在方面迟钝3.be+形容词+forbe anxious for 渴望 be bad for 对有害，对不行be bound for 前往 be celebrated for 以出名be convenient for 对方便 be eager for 渴望be famous for 因闻名 be fit for 合适，适合be good for 对有益(方便)be grateful for 感谢be hungry for 渴望得到 be late for 迟到be necessary for 对有必要 b
43、e ready for 为准备好be sorry for 因抱歉 be suitable for 对合适(适宜)be thankful for 因而感激 be well-known for 以出名4.be+形容词+frombe absent from 缺席，不在 be different from 与不同be far from 离远，远远不 be free from 没有，免受be safe from 没有的危险 be tired from 因而疲劳5.be+形容词+inbe concerned in 与有关 be disappointed in 对(某人)感到失望be engaged in
44、从事于，忙于 be experienced in 在方面有经验be expert in 在方面是行家 be fortunate in 在方面幸运be honest in 在方面诚实 be interested in 对感兴趣be lacking in 缺乏 be rich in 富于be skilful in 擅长于 be successful in 在方面成功be weak in 在方面不行6.be+形容词+ofbe afraid of 害怕 be ashamed of 为感到羞愧be aware of 意识到，知道 be capable 能够，可以be careful of 小心，留心 b
45、e certain of 确信，对有把握be fond of 喜欢 be free of 没有，摆脱be full of 充满 be glad of 为而高兴be nervous of 害怕 be proud of 为自豪be short of 缺乏 be shy of 不好意思be sick of 对厌倦 be sure of 肯定，有把握be tired of 对厌烦 be worthy of 值得，配得上7.be+形容词+tobe accustomed to 习惯于 be blind to 对视而不见be close to 靠近，接近 be cruel to 对残酷，对无情be devo
46、ted to 献身于，专心于 be equal to 等于，能胜任be familiar to 为(某人)所熟悉 be harmful to 对有危害be important to 对重要 be open to 对开放，易受到be opposed to 反对，不赞成 be opposite to 在对面，和相反be polite to 对有礼貌 be related to 与有关，与有亲戚关系be respectful to尊敬 be rude to 对无礼be similar to 与相似 be true to 忠实于，信守be used to 习惯于 be useful to 对有用8.b
47、e+形容词+withbe angry with 对(某人)生气 be bored with 对厌烦be busy with 忙于 be careful with 小心be concerned with 关于，与有关 be content with 以为满足be delighted with 对感到高兴 be disappointed with 对(某人)失望be familiar with 熟悉，精通 be honest with 对(某人)真诚be ill with 患病 be patient with 对(某人)有耐心be pleased with 对满意(高兴)be popular wi
48、th 受欢迎be satisfied with 对满意 be strict with 对(某人)严格练习他们的睡袋温暖而舒适。我感到很沮丧。我弟弟从没出过国，所以他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。这是一包贵重的钻石。这个装满傻子的包裹是我的。他对所找到的东西感到很震惊。副词功能修饰动作修饰句子修饰形容词、副词、介词短语I not only speak English very carefully,but very clearly as well.He answered me,but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.they slept soundly.It w
49、as raining heavily.分类方式副词程度副词 频率副词时间副词地点副词连接副词 疑问副词分类方式副词：表示动作的行为方式，多以-ly 结尾，常放在句末：happily sadly slowly quickly badly bravely nervouslyeg.we have to act quickly.I look at them angrily.please speak slowly and clearly.对方式副词的提问通常用疑问副词 howeg.He read the letter slowly.How did he read the letter?频率副词频率副词表
50、示动作发生的频率，常放在居中动作的前面，情态动词及be动词的后面，常用的频率副词有：always-frequently-usually-often-sometimes-rarely-seldom-nevereg.Emily Dickenson rarely left her room.She is always making fun of me.He never gave me any help.如果要对频率副词提问，应用疑问副词how often:eg.He rarely goes home.How often does he go home?程度副词程度副词表示程度，主要修饰形容词和副词，
