1、Grammar语言语言语义系统语义系统语音系统语音系统文字系统文字系统结构系统结构系统(语法语法)语法层次语法结构的五个层次l词素 (Morpheme)l词 (Word)l词组(Phrase)l分句 (Clause)l句子 (Sentence)morphemes 词素（morpheme)freeboundlexical(child)Functional(and)derivational(re-)Inflectional(s)词(word)构词法简单词（Simple)派生词（Derivative）复合词（Compound）句法功能功能词（Function）实义祠（Content)分句类型(Typ
2、es of clauses)Independent(main;min S+V,complete)独立分句 (主干,主谓齐全，完整）I love linguistics.You believe me.Dependent(subordinate;SUB CONJ,incomplete)从属子句 （从属，需加连词，不完整）when she entered the room who delivered the lecture句子类型(Types of sentences)简单句简单句Simple (one independent clause)She read the book.并列句并列句Compo
3、und(2 independent clauses connected with co-ordinating conjunctions:并列连词)She read the book but she didnt like it。复合句复合句Complex(a combination of dependent(subordinate)and independent clauses：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词)She read the book while she was in college.并列复合句并列复合句Compound-Complex(2 independent clauses+1()
4、dependent clauses)He jumped for joy and screamed very loudly when his team won the game.简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，且句子的各个成分都是由单词或者短语表示。l A school is an important place to students.l Many people have a close relationship with their pets.l The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.并列句：两个
5、或两个以上互相独立的主谓结构、由并列连词连接。lOliver came to the party,but Rose did not.lEvery room in the house has its own function and it is difficult to imagine the life without one of them.Tip:根据两个简单句之间的关系结合、选择、转折，因果，选择不同的并列连词结合：and,bothand,as well as,not onlybut also选择：or,eitheror,neithernor.or else.Otherwise转折：but
6、,yet,however,nevertheless,while,whereas因果：for,so,therefore,复合句：两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。从属连词、连接代词、连接副词lThis is an interesting book.This is the book which they talked about.lEverything depends on the weather.Whether well go on a picnic tomorrow depends on the weathe
7、r.lHe came here at seven.He came here when we were about to leave.主语从句l 从属连词：whether，that，That the driver was drunk is obvious.Whether you come or not doesnt concern me.l 连接代词:which,who,whoever,whose,what,whatever Which team will win the championship is still not clear.Who will be the monitor makes
8、no difference.l 连接副词:how,when,where,why,How he did it puzzled us all.Why he was absent from class is a mystery.Tip:主语从句后置表语从句l 从属连词：whether，that，as if He looks as if he didnt care.The question is whether they would like to help us.l 连接代词:which,who,what,The problem is which road we should take.What I
9、 want to know is who can finish it in one week.l 连接副词:how,when,where,why,The question is when they will arrive.That is why they stayed there for two weeks.宾语从句l 从属连词：whether，that，if I think that you want to be a teacher is practical.I dont know whether/if his son is still living with them.l 连接代词:whi
10、ch,who,what,I really want to know what he did yesterday.Tell me which you like most.l 连接副词:how,when,where,why,He told us where he found that missing boy.I asked him why he didnt show up at the party last night.Tip:宾语从句后置定语从句引导定语从句的关系词，除引导定语从句外，还在定语从句中承担一个句子成分。l 关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that The gir
11、l who got the first place in the English Competition is my roommate.The policeman is talking to a girl whose iphone has been robbed.These are the books that I bought through on-line purchasingl 关系副词：when,where,why Do you still remember the days when we worked together？She lived in Beijing for five y
12、ears,where she studied Chinese.These are the reasons why they dont like their boss.状语从句l 时间状语连词或词组：when/while/as,whenever,before after,since,till/until,as soon as/the moment/the minute,hardlywhen/scarcelywhen/no soonerthan/instantly/directly,once,every/each time I think that you want to be a teacher
13、 is practical.I dont know whether/if his son is still living with them.Well leave the minute everything is ready.I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang.No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.l 地点状语连词：where,wherever,anywhere The police ordered the suspect to stay where he was.He l
14、ikes to make friends wherever he goes.Come in and sit anywhere you like.状语从句l 条件状语连词或词组：if,unless,as long as/so long as/so far as,in case,suppose/supposing/provided that/providing,on condition that If you can practice enough,you are sure to pass the driving test this time.Id like to go swimming unle
15、ss the water is too cold.Supposing that he doesnt help,what shall we do？l 原因状语连词：because/since/as/now that,considering that,seeing Since youre not interested in this TV play,lets change the channel.Now that you are grown up,you should not rely on your parents.状语从句l 结果状语连词或词组：sothat/suchthat,so that/
16、This is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.His car broke down halfway to the company so that he had to take a taxi.l 目的状语连词：that/so that/in order that,lest,for fear that,in case The two boys were whispering so that they should no interrupt other students.We must check the car regularly so that
17、 it can run well.Ill show you the place on the map lest you should get lost.Youd better take an umbrella with you in case in rains.状语从句l 方式状语连词或词组：as,as if,as though,The little girl likes to do something as her mother tells her.He speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese.It looks as if it is going to
18、rain.l 比较状语连词：than,as He studies much harder than his brother.This Park is far more beautiful than I expected.l 让步状语连词：though/although/as/while,even if/even though,however/no matter how Although he is young,he has been in may countries.He wont go to see that kind of film even though he has time.Try
19、as he might,he couldnt move this stone.同位语从句l 从属连词：that There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.There is a rumor that Mr.Zhang has been dismissed.l 连接副词:how,when,where,why,I have no idea how I can get the car going in such cold weather.I have no idea why she droppe
20、d out of school.Summary:句子类型l 简单句(Simple Sentence)l 并列句(Compound Sentence)l 复合句(Complex Sentence)三种句子类型(结构)三种句子类型(用途)陈述句疑问句(一般/特殊/选择/翻译疑问)祈使句感叹句句子结构l 主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）l 主谓宾结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语）l 主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语)l 双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间 接宾语)+DO(直接宾语）l 复合宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词)+O(
21、宾语)+C(宾语补足语)五种基本结构五种基本结构(一)主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）l Everyone laughed.l The price peaked in August.l Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.l Notions about euthanasia differ widely.l The number of female professors dropped significantly in 1970.l The number of female professors drop
22、ped significantly in 1970.(二)主谓宾结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语l Liverpool won the game.l Travelling broadens ones vision.l We often hear about an overnight successl Instead,they live in high-rise apartments complexes.l We are all exposed to such advertisements every day.l The train is building up speed.l
23、The train is building up speed.(三)主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语)l That car is mine.l She is in good health.l She looks beautiful.l The primary purpose of a zoo is to educate.l First of all,pig farming is still an important industry in China.l In most countries,the most important animal is a national symb
24、ol.l In most countries,the most important animal is a national symbol.Tip:常用系动词 be,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear,become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run,remain,continue,stay,keep,rest,prove,turn outBack(四)双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语l Beckham lent me his car.l Someone left you thi
25、s note.l Travelling to foreign countries gives us an opportunity to experience another culture and broaden our horizon.l His mother in-law bought him a luxurious car as the marriage present.l His mother in-law bought him a luxurious car as the marriage present.(五)复合宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语)+C(宾语补足
26、语)l They elected him spokesman.l Every scene on the screen keeps me up-to-date.l She found it a little difficult to handle all these things on her own.l Art funding may make artists shift the focus from creativity to pleasing funding bodies.l Art funding may make artists shift the focus from creativ
27、ity to pleasing funding bodies.名词(短语）作补语In English people name lazy people couch potato.英语中人们称懒惰的人为 couch potato.We elect him our new chairman.我们选他当我们的新主席。形容词作补语We consider students evaluation of teachers emotionally Detrimental.不定式(短语)作补语I sincerely invite you to pay a visit to my hometown during the summer vacation.分词(短语)作补语I find the employment situation frustrating.我发现就业形势令人沮丧。We should have the nuclear waste well disposed of.我们要妥善处理核废料
