1、1连词和状语从句连词表示意义顺承或延伸关系的并列连词表示转折和对比关系的并列连词表示选择关系的并列连词表示因果关系的并列连词从属连词从属连词与并列连词的使用状语从句时间、方式、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、比较状语从句状语从句的省略连词和状语从句基本框架：2一、连词连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词，在句中不单独作句子成分。连词分为并列连词和从属连词，用来连接同一个句子的不同分句。1.表示意义顺承或延伸关系的并列连词（1）and表示“和，并且”，连接两个词、词组或句子。连接3个或3个以上的成分时，一般置于最后一个成分前，前面的并列成分用逗号隔开。The train was comfor
2、table and the people were nice.火车很舒适，而且人们都很友好。（and连接句子。）Yao Ming has more than just size;he also has great skill and speed and he is a team player.姚明不仅人高马大，它也具有良好的技术和速度，而且善于与他人打配合。（第一个and连接单词，第二个and连接句子。）3一、连词高频考点and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事或者作为整体看待时，第二个名词前不用冠词，谓语动词用单数。The headmaster and professor is coming.校长
3、兼教授走过来了。A needle and thread is quite necessary while traveling.针线在旅游时非常重要。（2）“bothand表示不但而且，双方都”。连接的两个并列成分既可以是单词也可以是短语；若连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。In both China and Rome at this time,poetry,literature and philosophy were being developed.此时，无论是在中国还是罗马，诗歌、文学和哲学都有了长足发展。Both New York and London have traffic
4、problems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。4一、连词注意“bothand”的否定式表示部分否定。He cant play both the violin and the piano.他只会拉小提琴或者会弹钢琴。（两者只会其一。）（3）“not onlybut also”表示“不仅而且”。该结构中的also有时可以省略，或与but分开用，若连接的两个成分作主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上通常与最邻近的主语保持一致。They not only studied all the subjects required to be an astronaut but also learned survival
5、skills.他们不仅学习作为一名宇航员所必学的所有课程，而且学习生存技巧。We ought to respect not only our own liberty,but also that of others.我们不但应该尊重自己的自由，也应该尊重别人的自由。Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏。5一、连词高频考点not only位于句首时，分句要用部分倒装。Not only is he a singer,but(also)he is a dancer
6、.他不仅是一位歌唱家，而且还是一位舞蹈家。（4）“neithernor”表示“既不也不”，是对两者的否定。According to my research,neither your restaurant nor mine offers a balanced diet.根据我的调查研究，你和我的餐馆都没有提供均衡的饮食。“neithernor”本身就表示全部否定，故不再用否定词，即不能再加not。你和我都不知道真相。Neither you nor I dont know the truth.（）Neither you nor I know the truth.（）6一、连词“neithernor
7、”连接两个分句时，若置于句首，必须用倒装。Neither could theory do without practice,nor could practice do without theory.理论没有实践不行，实践没有理论也不行。注意：若“neithernor”连接的两个成分作主语，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。（5）“notbut”表示“不是而是”，连接两个并列成分，表示对比关系。It is often said that the joy of travelling is not arriving at your destination but in the journey itsel
8、f.我们常说旅游的乐趣不在于你最终所到达的目的地，而在于旅途本身的过程。He is not my boyfriend but my male friend.他不是我的男朋友，而是我的男性朋友。7一、连词2.表示转折或对比关系的并列连词（1）but表示“但是，然而，可是”。连接两个句法作用相同的单词、短语或句子。He is a good composer,but he has taught me nothing.他是位好的作曲家，但是他没有教给我什么。Martial arts films are often enjoyable but they are seldom great art.武术影片
9、经常很有观赏性，但很少有伟大的艺术。We have bigger houses,but(have)smaller families.We have more medicine,but(have)poorer health.我们的住房变大了；我们的药品变多了，但健康变差了。8一、连词2.表示转折或对比关系的并列连词（2）yet表示“但是，然而”，常连接句子，表示惊讶和转折。Yet Copernicus theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built.然而，哥白尼的理论现在已经成为我们所有关宇宙构建的思
10、想基础。Happiness may not be the fruit plucked by my action,yet without action are fruit will die on the wine.幸福也许并非我的行动所采摘的果实，然而没有行动，所有的果实都将在藤上枯萎。9一、连词2.表示转折或对比关系的并列连词（3）while表示“却，然而”，指两种情况之间的对比。Norway is at the top of the list,while the US is at the number 7.挪威高居榜首，而美国则排在第7位。In some place women are ex
11、pected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.在一些地方，女人去挣钱，然而男人在家做家务，抚养孩子。10一、连词3.表示选择关系的并列连词（1）or表示“或，或者，否则”。Seize the chance,or youll regret.抓住这次机会，否则你会后悔的。You can make your world or break your world by your thinking.思考可以成就你的世界，也可以毁灭你的世界。（2）“eitheror”表示“或者或者”，连接并列主语时，动词的数和就近的
12、主语保持一致。Either you are wrong or I am.要么你错了，要么我错了。拓展：“eitheror”的否定句是全部否定。I dont want to visit either Beijing or Shanghai.北京和上海我都不想去。11一、连词4.表示因果关系的并列连词。（1）so表示“所以，因此”，后接的句子表示结果。Talking on a mobile phone is expensive,so a lot of people send text message.用移动电话通话很贵，因此很多人发短信。The road of glory is narrow,so
13、 one can only go forward.荣誉之路是狭窄的，因此只能向前。（2）for也可表示原因，但只表明附加或推断的理由，且for不可置于句首。The day breaks,for the birds are singing.天亮了，鸟儿都叫了。The leaves of the trees are falling,for its already autumn.树叶在飘落，秋天已经到来了。拓展：then（那么，因而），thus（因而），hence（因此），therefore（因此，所以）等副词可放于句首表示因果关系。12一、连词5.从属连词从属连词具有连接主句和从句的作用，一般引导
14、状语从句，主要说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式和目的等。The country,covered with cherry tree flowers,looks as though it is covered with pink snow.整个国家到处是盛开的樱花，看上去就像覆盖了一层粉红色的雪。With all these attractions,no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.有这么多引人入胜的东西，难怪哪里有迪士尼乐园，哪里的旅游业就会发展。13一、连词6.从属连词与并列连词的使用（1）从属连词是用
15、来引导从句的，并列连词是用来引导分句的。由于作用不同，从属连词与并列连词在一个句子中不宜并用。We had no trouble in finding his house because everyone in the town knew him.（复合句。）=Everyone in the town knew him,so we had no trouble in finding his house.（并列句。）这个镇子里的每个人都认识他，因此我们没有费劲就找到他的家。（2）有时，though和although可以和yet，still等连用，以示强调。Though the teacher h
16、ad explained the problem several times,yet he still didnt understand.尽管老师把这个问题解释了几遍，他还是没有理解。14二、状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫作状语从句，可置于句首、句中或句末。1.时间状语从句在时间状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用一般过去时代替过去将来时。While he was sleeping,the spaceship circled the earth twice.在他睡觉的这段时间，宇宙飞船绕地球转了两圈。People begin to become suc
17、cessful the minute they decide to be.下决心之时便是走向成功之日。15二、状语从句（1）when,while,aswhen既可以表示时间段，也可以表示时间点，表示主句和从句动作先于主句动作发生。The firefly gives off its light only when it is on the wing.只有在展翅飞行的时候，萤火虫才能发出亮光。（主从句动作同时发生。）When he had painted the windows,he painted the doors.他把窗户油漆完后，又把门油漆了。（从句动作先发生。）16二、状语从句（1）wh
18、en,while,aswhile强调主从句的行为或状态同时发生而又具有对比意义，从句用延续性动词。The tortoise wins the race while the hare is sleeping.正当兔子熟睡时，乌龟赢得了比赛。as多用于主从句动作同时发生，意为“一边一边”。The girl danced as she walked along the river.那个小女孩沿着河岸边走边跳。（danced和walked动作同时发生。）17二、状语从句（2）till，notuntiltill/until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直延续到从句的动作发生或出现为止，主句的谓语动词是延
19、续性动词。用于否定句中，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。Continue in this direction until you see a sign.一直朝着这个方向走就会看到指示牌了。He didnt go to sleep until midnight.直到半夜他才入睡。（go to sleep为非延续性动词。）高频考点until引导的从句可置于句首，而till不可以。在“notuntil”和“It was not until that”句式中，until不可换成till。“notuntil”意为“直到才”，置于句首时，主句用倒装结构。Not until my tea beca
20、me cool did I have time to drink it.直到茶凉了我才有空去喝。18二、状语从句（3）before，sincebefore表示“还未就，还没来得及就”。He had got on the train before I could say goodbye.我还没来的及说再见，她就已经上了火车。“it will be/was+一段时间+before”表示“多久之后才”。It will be a long time before we meet again.要很长时间之后我们才能见面了。归纳有关before的常用句型It was not long before没过多久
21、就It was long before过了很久才It was no long before要过很久才Hardly/Scarcelybefore一就19二、状语从句since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，计时起点从动作或状态结束开始算起；动作是非延续性动作时，计时起点从动作开始算起。since从句常用一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。He has gone fishing frequently since he was ill.自从病好以来，他经常去钓鱼。（从句的谓语动词是延续性动词。）I havent seen him since he left Beijing.自从他离开北京之
22、后我就再没见到他。（从句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。）“It is/has been+一段时间+since从句”表示“自从有多长时间了”。It is/has been six years since she graduated from the university.自从他大学毕业已有六年的时间了。20二、状语从句（4）表示“一就”的单词或短语。由as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the instant,the minute等引导的时间状语从句，表示“一就”。As soon as you trust yourself,you
23、 will know how to live.自信才懂得生活。The moment I heard news,I hurried to the spot.我一听到消息，就赶了过去。“hardly/scarcely/rarelywhen/before”，“no soonerthan”也意为“一就”,主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly，scarcely，rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句用倒装语序。We had hardly started when it began to rain.我们刚出发，天就开始下雨。No sooner had he returned to
24、England than he bought a house and went to live there.他刚一回到英国便买下一幢房子住了进去。21二、状语从句拓展其他连接词every time，each time，next time，the last time等名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句。Every time I see him,he is working hard.每次我见到他，他都在拼命工作。2.方式状语从句（1）方式状语从句表示主句动作发生或状态存在的方式、方法。引导方式状语从句的连词有as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。Do as I told
25、 you,or youll be fired.按我说的做，否则你会被解雇。The old lady treats the girl as if she were her daughter.这位老太太对待这个女孩，好像她是自己的女儿似的。22二、状语从句（2）as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但若句中的内容与事实相符，也可用陈述语气。She speaks as if she knew everything in the world.她说气话来好像她知道天下所有的事一样。（“知道天下事”不是一个事实。）He looks as if he loses consciousness
26、.他看起来像失去知觉一样。（与事实相符，不用虚拟。）（3）“A is to B what C is to D”意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”，是一个固定句型。Air is to us what water is to fish.空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样重要。23二、状语从句3.地点状语从句（1）引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where,wherever等。指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象含义的条件时，从句须放在主句之前。You are free to go wherever you like.你是自由的，可以去任何你想去的地方。（从句表示具体地点。）Where there
27、 is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。归纳where表示特定的地点，而wherever=to/at any place where,表示非特定的地点。Ill go where he went.我要去他去的地方。Ill go wherever he goes.他去哪儿我就去哪儿。24二、状语从句（2）where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，并且where可以换成“介词+关系代词”；而状语从句前则无先行词。Youd better make a mark at the place where you have
28、 any questions.（定语从句。where=at which）=Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.（状语从句。）25二、状语从句4.原因状语从句原因状语从句通常是用来表示主句中某一动作产生的原因，或用来说明主句内容的理由或根据。引导状语从句的连接词有because,since,as,now that,seeing that,considering that等。（1）because表示直接原因，语气最强，常用来回答why的提问，可放于主句之前或之后，也可以被强调。Im trying to lose weight b
29、ecause Im so ashamed of my body.我正在努力减肥，因为我的体型让我感觉很难为情。It was because it didnt rain for a long time that the crops failed.因为长时间不下雨，农作物歉收。（强调because引导的原因状语从句。）26二、状语从句（2）since侧重主句，从句表示显而易见的或已为人所知的理由，意为“因为，既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，用法同now that相似。Since most tennis courts are equipped with lighting facili
30、ties,many peopleoften play after dusk in the evening and late into the night.因为大多数网球场有照明设施，很多人经常从黄昏打到深夜。Since I was better educated,I got a job working in an office.因为我受过比较好的教育，所以我得到了一份坐在办公室的工作。（3）as较口语化，表示比较明显的原因或是已知事实，所引导的从句常放在主句之前。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。My English improved a lot as I used English eve
31、ry day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.我每天都在使用英语，每天还花一个小时在图书馆里读英文书，因此我的英语有了很大的进步。27二、状语从句（4）now that，seeing that，considering that这几个连词的意思和用法相当于since。Now that you are a college student,you should learn to be independent of your parents help.既然你已经是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。
32、拓展：when也可表示原因，意为“既然。”Seeing that he was a stranger,the soldiers didnt allow him to enter.鉴于他是一个陌生人，士兵们不允许他进入。28二、状语从句5.条件状语从句条件状语从句表示实现主句动作发生或状态存在的条件是完全可能的事。（1）条件状语从句的连词有if，unless，once，as/so long as，on condition that等。当主句是将来时态时，条件状语从句常用一般现在时或一般过去时代替将来时。Students need a high school diploma if they wan
33、t to go to college.学生如果想上大学，他们就需要一张高中文凭。No one becomes rich unless he enriches another.只有让他人变得富有，自己才会富有。As long as the films quality meets our standards,we include it.只要电影的质量达到了我们的标准，我们就把它列入评选范围。29二、状语从句拓展：as long as意为“同一样长”，可以用于同级比较，此时只有在否定句中可以换用so long as。That bridges is not as/so long as this one
34、.那座桥没有这座桥长。（2）当条件句假设的是不可能有的条件，或者是与事实相反的条件时，主句和从句中的谓语动词都需使用虚拟语气。If I had enough money,I would buy a car.如果我有足够的钱，我就去买汽车了。If the sun didnt shine,there would be no trees on the earth.要是没有阳光的照耀，地球上就没有树木。（the sun didnt shine的事情不可能发生。）30二、状语从句（3）unless不能用于虚拟条件句中。unless与ifnot可以互换，但unless语气较强。在unless引导的从句中，
35、谓语不能再用否定式。I will go there tomorrow unless it rains/if it doesnt rain.除非下雨，否则明天我就去那儿。（要是明天不下雨，我就去那儿。）6.让步状语从句让步状语从句表示尽管有某种不利于主句动作发生的条件存在，主句中的情况依然会出现。常见的引导词有though，although，even if，even though等。（1）although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet，still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。Although/Though it was raining hard,ye
36、t they went on playing football.虽然雨下的很大，他们还在继续踢足球。31二、状语从句高频考点as引导的从句放在主句之前，须用倒装语序，从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词。Much as I like it,I wont buy it,for its too expensive.虽然我很喜欢它，但我不会买的，因为太贵了。（2）even though，even if表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使”。Even though/Even if you say so,I do not believe it.即使你这么说，我也不信。（3）“n
37、o matter+疑问词”，“疑问词-ever”引导让步状语从句时，两者可互换，但“疑问代词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。Everyone will be given a telephone number at birth that will never change no matter where they live.出生时，会给每个人一个电话号码，不管他们住在哪里，这个电话号码都不会更改。32二、状语从句（3）“no matter+疑问词”，“疑问词-ever”引导让步状语从句时，两者可互换，但“疑问代词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。However different we may
38、 be given a telephone number at birth that will never change no matter where they live.出生时，会给每个人一个电话号码，不管他们住在哪里，这个电话号码都不会更改。No matter when/whenever you have trouble,you can turn to me for help.无论什么时候有困难，你都可以向我求助。Whoever wants to go can write your name down here.任何想去的人都可以把名字写在这里。（引导名词性从句时，不可替换成no mat
39、ter who。）拓展：if any,if ever,if at all等与seldom，few，little，rarely等表示否定意义的词连用时，含有让步含义。There are few,if any,mistakes in that book.那本书里就算有错误，也不多。If ever a man needed help,it was I.要是有人需要帮助的话，那就是我。33二、状语从句7.目的状语从句目的状语从句表示主句的谓语动作发生目的和动机。目的状语从句的谓语动词一般含有情态动词can，could，may，might，should等。（1）in order that，so that
40、两个连词都意为“以便，为了”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词，in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。Some of the ships even have earth on board so that the sailors could their grow their own crops for food.有些船上甚至有土，这样水手们可以自己种庄稼产粮食。In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.为了能看见日出
41、，我们很早就向山顶进发。34二、状语从句（2）for fear that,in case,lest引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should+)动词原形”，意为“以防”。The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that/lest his father(should)see him.那个男孩藏在树后面，唯恐他父亲看见他。8.结果状语从句（1）“so/suchthat”表示“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句。so修饰形容词或副词，such修饰名词。Twain loved the river so much that even
42、his pen name is about the river.马克吐温非常喜爱这条河，以至于他的笔名也与此有关。Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it.青春如此美好，浪费青春是一种浪费。There was such a terrible snowstorm that I could hardly see.这么可怕的暴风雪，我几乎没见过。35二、状语从句（2）如果名词前有many,much,few,little修饰时，习惯上只能用“sothat”表示结果。但当little意为“小”时，仍然使用“suchthat”。Ive hav
43、e so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了那么多跟头，以至于浑身青一块紫一块的。There is so little water that Im still thirsty.水这么少，以至于我仍然很渴。（little意为“少”，修饰不可数名词water，只能用so修饰。）He is such a little boy that he cant go to school alone.他那么小，以至于还不能独自上学。（little意为“小的”，用“such”修饰。）36二、状语从句（3）so that也引导结果状语从句，一般不位于句首。I
44、 wrote as clearly as possible,so that I got high marks.我尽可能的写清楚，结果得了高分。（表示结果，不可置于句首。）9.比较状语从句比较状语从句一般位于句尾，常用as，than引导。It is generally believed that teaching is much an art as it is a science.人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。He comes to the club less often than he used to this month.他这个月去俱乐部不如原来去得频繁了。37二、状语从句
45、10.状语从句的省略（1）在表示时间、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或其主语是it，可将主语和be动词一起省略。Though(it is)cold,he still wears a shirt.天气虽然冷，他还是只穿一件衬衫。Unless(you are)here,you cant find this kind of plants.除非在这里，其他地方找不到这种植物。（2）if possible/necessary/so 也运用了省略形式。Come to help me tomorrow,if possible.如果可能的话，明天来帮我吧。If(
46、it is)so,you must go back and get it.如果这样的话，你必须回来把它拿来。38二、状语从句当such后是单数可数名词且该名词前有形容词修饰时，“such+a/an+adj.+n.”与“so+adj.+a/an+n.”可以互换。She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her.=She is so lovely a girl that everyone loves her.她是如此可爱的一个女孩，每个人都喜欢她。归纳39连词和状语从句巩固练习选择填空1.How long do you suppose it is
47、_ he left for Japan?No more than half a month.A.that B.before C.after D.since2._ I can see，theres only one possible way from the danger.A.As long as B.As far asC.As soon as D.Even if3.If you want to do the experiment again，youd better be more careful _ you made a mistake.A.when B.why C.where D.that4
48、.Jessica was a newcomer to our class，but，_ we didnt know her，she was warmly received.A.as B.since C.for D.althoughDBCD40连词和状语从句巩固练习选择填空5.The two collectors have determined to buy the precious Egyptian vase，_.A.however much it costs B.no matter how it costsC.however much does it cost D.no matter how
49、much does it cost6.I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice _ I picked up the phone.A.while B.after C.in case D.the minute7.You can，_ the sky is clear，see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain，but not today.A.when B.where C.though D.because8._ it is true that a successful bus
50、inessman or inventor will usually become rich，many other people who are outstanding in their fields take little notice of personal possessions.A.While B.Since C.Unless D.IfADAA41连词和状语从句巩固练习选择填空9.How long do you think itll be _ I can go back to work?Well，youll be feeling much better by next weekendA.
