1、专四语法专四语法 名词的数和格名词的数和格 湖南科技学院外语湖南科技学院外语系系名词分类名词分类n按构词法按构词法 简单名词简单名词(Simple Noun)复合名词复合名词(Compound Noun)派生名词派生名词(Derivative Noun)n按词汇意义按词汇意义 普通名词普通名词(Common Noun):个体名词、个体名词、集体名词集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词物质名词、抽象名词 专有名词专有名词(Proper Noun)n按语法特征按语法特征 可数名词可数名词(Count/Countable Noun)不可数名词不可数名词(Non-count/Uncountable Noun)
2、名词词组的句法功能名词词组的句法功能n名词词组的结构模式 （限定词）（限定词）+（前置修饰语）（前置修饰语）+名词名词+（后置修饰语）（后置修饰语）a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctor some crisp,tasty,red apples I just bought for Christmas名词词组的用法（除谓语外的各种成分）1.Children at play seldom remember what time it is.2.My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary
3、ideal.3.They selected him chairman of the board.4.Mr Brown,director of the coal mine,should be responsible for the accident.5.Within the house nothing stirs.In the garden I can hear the singing of birds.I can hear the rustle of their wings.6.He returned last night.7.A photo is taken each time(=whene
4、ver)this button is pushed.名词的数名词的数（Singular Number,Plural Number)n规则复数与不规则复数规则复数与不规则复数 规则复数：规则复数：在单数名词后加-s/-es 不规则复数：不规则复数：通过内部元音变换或其他方式（少数名词和外来词）n集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数数规则复数规则复数n大部分名词：大部分名词：加词尾-sn以以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-z结尾的名词：结尾的名词：加词尾-esn以以-y 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-esn以以o结尾的名词：结尾的名词：加词尾-s
5、/-esn以以-f/-fe结尾的名词：结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-es大部分名词：大部分名词：加词尾-sn在在/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/等轻辅音后读等轻辅音后读/s/:maps,books,boats,roofsn在在/b/,/d/,/g/,/v/,/l/,/m/等浊辅音和元音后读等浊辅音和元音后读/z/:verbs,birds,dogs,boys,seas,hillsn在在/s/,/z/,/,/d/,/t/等辅音后读等辅音后读/iz/:roses,places,houses,bridges,colleges,facesn以以-th结尾的名词加词尾结尾的名词加词尾-s:长元音之后读长元音之后
6、读/z/:baths,mouths,paths,laths 短元音或辅音之后（包括短元音或辅音之后（包括-rth）读）读/s/:months,moths,berths 少数/z/或/s/皆可：youths,oaths,sheaths,truths以以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-z结尾的名词：结尾的名词：n加词尾加词尾-es,读作读作/iz/:gases classesboxesbuzzeschurches benches以以-y 结尾的名词：结尾的名词：n以辅音以辅音+y 结尾的：变结尾的：变-y为为-i,再加再加-es,读读/iz/:parties,ladies,universities,
7、spies,skies,factoriesn以以-quy 结尾的名词：变结尾的名词：变-y为为-i,再加再加-es,读读/z/:soliloquy-soliloquiesn以以-y 结尾的专有名词：加词尾结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s,读读/z/:Marys,Germanysn以元音以元音+y 结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读读/z/:rays,boys,days,joys,plays,toys以以o结尾的名词结尾的名词：n以元音以元音/元音字母元音字母+o（包括（包括oo)结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读读/z/:radios,portfolios,studios,emb
8、ryos,bamboos,kangaroos,zoos,cuckoosn某些以辅音某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-es,读读/z/:negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes,echoes,torpedoes,vetoes,embargoesn某些以辅音某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s,读读/z/:pianos,kilos,memos,autos,quartos（四开本）,solos（独奏）,cellos（大提琴）,sopranos（女高音）,altos（女低音）n少数以少数以o结尾的名词：加词尾结尾的名词：加词尾-s或或-es均
9、可均可,读读/z/:n某些以某些以-o 结尾的专有名词：结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s,读/z/:Filipinos,Romeos以以-f/-fe结尾的名词：结尾的名词：serfs,gulfs,beliefs,chiefs,cliffs,griefs,roofs,safes小故事串记：小故事串记：n 一个悲伤一个悲伤(grief)的首领的首领(chief)带着一个信任带着一个信任(belief)他的农奴他的农奴(serf)在海湾在海湾(gulf)的悬崖的悬崖(cliff)上突然发现一个屋顶上突然发现一个屋顶(roof)，上面有个保，上面有个保险箱险箱(safe)。n少数变少数变-f/-fe为为-v
10、，再加，再加-es,读读/vz/:knives,halves,lives,shelves,thieves,selves,leaves,wolves,calves,loaves 小故事串记：小故事串记：小偷小偷(thief)自己（自己（self）和妻子）和妻子(wife)冒着生冒着生命命(life)危险偷了半危险偷了半(half)条面包条面包(loaf)，然后用，然后用树叶树叶(leaf)做了一把小刀做了一把小刀(knife)，杀了一只母，杀了一只母狼狼(wolf），宰了一头小牛（），宰了一头小牛（calf），把它们藏），把它们藏在柜子（在柜子（shelf）里。）里。n极少数两者都行极少数两者都
11、行,读读/s/或或/vz/:dwarfs,dwarves,handkerchiefs,handkerchieves,hoofs,hooves scarfs,scarves,不规则复数n通过内部元音变换 footfeet;goosegeese;toothteeth mousemice;louselice manmen;womanwomen childchildren ox-oxen外来词的复数（1）stratumstrata（阶层）;datumdata;agendumagenda(现代英语中作单数）alumnusalumni;alumnaalumnae basisbases;thesisthes
12、es;crisiscrises parenthesisparentheses;hypothesishypotheses 外来词的复数（2）memorandummemorandamemorandums(备忘录）备忘录）curriculumcurriculacurriculums(课程课程)sanatoriumsanatoriasanatoriums(疗养院疗养院)mediummedia-mediums（媒体）（媒体）formulaformulaeformulas(公式公式)antennaantennaeantennas(天线天线)indexindicesindexes(索引索引)appendix
13、appendices-appendixes（附录）（附录）plateauplateauxplateaus(高原)cactuscacticactuses(仙人掌仙人掌)focusfoci-focuses（焦点）（焦点）nucleusnuclei-nucleuses（核心）（核心）radiusradii-radiuses（辐射线）（辐射线）terminustermini-terminuses（终点）（终点）pennynpence:sixpence,tenpence(表钱数，几便士）npennies：若干个一便士的硬币（几个便士）If the price of a reel of cotton is
14、 fourpence,you hand over four pennies for it.单复同形的名词单复同形的名词ndeer,sheep,fish,trout（鲑鱼）nSwiss,Japanese,Chinese,Portuguese ncraft,aircraft,hovercraft(气垫船)，spacecraftnbarracks,headquarters,means,works,series,species本身是复数的名词本身是复数的名词(谓语动词也用复数谓语动词也用复数)由两部分组成的服装用复数：由两部分组成的服装用复数：pants,pajamas,trousers裤子由两部分组
15、成的工具和仪器用复数：由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数：binoculars,glasses,scales,scissors,spectacles其他一些词用复数：其他一些词用复数：arms,damages（损害赔偿、赔偿费）earnings（收入）,goods/wares（货物、商品）,greens(青菜),grounds（木砖）,outskirts（郊区）,pains,riches（财富、财产）,savings,spirits（精力、情绪、烈酒）,stairs（楼梯）,surroundings（环境）,valuables（贵重物品）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数n集体名词的数（三
16、种情况集体名词的数（三种情况）poetrypoem machinerymachineclothinggarment,coat furnituretable,chaircutleryknife equipmenttoolweaponrygun,pistol foliageleafcorrespondenceletter luggagetrunk,bagpolicepoliceman clergy-clergyman物质名词的数nsand,sands(大面积的沙滩）nwater,waters（大面积的水域）nfood,foods(多种食品)ncoffee,two coffees(作个体名词，表两杯
17、咖啡)nrubber(橡胶）-rubbers(胶鞋)nstone（石料）-stones（石头）negg（蛋渍/蛋白）-eggs（一个个的蛋）nlamb（羔羊肉）-lambs（羔羊）nonion（洋葱味）-onions（洋葱头）抽象名词的数n有些抽象名词可数：a victory/two victories;a conference/two conferencesn有些抽象名词有复数形式，但不能计数:difficulties;opinions;sympathies(同情、怜悯、慰问）n有些抽象名词有复数与非复数形式，其义不同：experience/experiences;relation/rela
18、tions;youth/youths(男青年）;worry/worries(烦恼事);distraction/distractions;business/businesses(商店/商行)n有些抽象名词本身没有复数形式，可用语义对应的个体名词来计数：laughterlaugh;workjob;correspondenceletter/note photographphoto;permissionpermit;musicsong;funjoy;homework-exercise表示该名词相关的抽象意义n有些可数名词不可数化有些可数名词不可数化:to have too much family=to
19、o heavy family burden to have too much winter=a too long spell of cold weather to have too much mouth=to talk too much to have too little ear=to be not inclined to listen to others to have room for=to have a need for to feel the patriot rise=to feel the patriotic feelings rise 表示人的特质等抽象意义 to be fool
20、 enough=to be foolish enough more of a fool than=more foolish than less of a fool than=less foolish than as much of a fool as=as foolish as too much of a fool=too foolish He was enough of a man to tell the truth.(他光明磊落，讲了实话。）man,coward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet专有名词的数nHave you invite
21、d the Browns?nThere are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class.单位词n表个数 piece,bit,item（项目，条款）,article（一件商品/物品）a piece of advice/armour/bacon/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/coal/evidence/folly/furniture/ice/information/land/meat/music/news/paper/research/sugar/work a bit of advice/bread/grass/news/trouble/
22、wood表形状na cake of soapna bar of chocolatena drop of waternan ear of cornna flight of stairsna grain of sandna bundle of firewoodna loaf of breadn a lump of sugarn a slice of meatna spiral of incense表容积na pail of waterna handful of clayna bucket of milkna spoonful of hot waterna truckload of steelnfo
23、ur lorryloads of sand表动作na fit of anger/coughing/laughter/feverna peal of applause/laughter/thunderna flash of hope/light/lightingna display of courage/force/power/skill/fireworks表成双、成组、成群na pair of shoesna flock of birdsna herd of elephantsna litter of kittensna swarm of beesna shoal of fish复合名词的复数
24、形式（复合名词的复数形式（中心词变复数中心词变复数）1 通常是把最后一个词变成复数形式：boy-friends breakins travel agents man和和woman位于复合名词的第一部分，两部位于复合名词的第一部分，两部分都要变成复数：分都要变成复数：men drivers women drivers2 由动词+er构成的名词+副词组成的复合名词，把第一个词变为复数：hangers-on lookerson 另外，由名词+介词+名词构成的复合名词变为复数时，也同样只需将第一个词变为复数：ladies-inwaiting sisters-in-law brides-to-be 3
25、首字母缩写词也可有复数形式：VIPs（very important persons）OAPs（old age pensioners）UFOs（unidentified flying objects）名词的属格名词的属格1)名词属格的构成名词属格的构成 A -s 属格属格(人名、有生命物、视为有生命物的名词；人名、有生命物、视为有生命物的名词；也可用于地理名称、天体名称、时间、度量、价也可用于地理名称、天体名称、时间、度量、价值等名词，如值等名词，如todays newspaper,ten minutes walk,China s industry.单数单数名词和不以名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词
26、结尾的复数名词，在名词后加在名词后加 s：the boy s house，the womens clothes;Miltons poems 以以-s结尾结尾的复数名词的复数名词，在词尾加在词尾加 :the two boys mother;a teachers college;the girls dormitory 以以咝咝音音/z/结尾结尾的人名，其属格的人名，其属格可用可用-s 或或-两种两种：Dickens/Dickenss;Jones/Joness 但但以以其他其他 咝音咝音/z/结尾结尾的人名，其属格用的人名，其属格用-s：Marxs;Rosss 并列名词并列名词作为一个单位作为一个单
27、位表表共有关系共有关系时时，只只在最后一个词末在最后一个词末尾尾加加-s:an hour and a half s walk;everyone elses opinion 并列名词并列名词表示表示各自的所有关系各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均应加时，各名词末尾均应加 s Johns and Susans desks Tom and Mary s desk v.s.Tom s and Mary s desks 当名词后有另一名词作同位语，放在同位语的名词后当名词后有另一名词作同位语，放在同位语的名词后 Your teacher Miss Greens office is over there.hi
28、s schoolmate Johnsons book;Basel the booksellers carB of 属格属格：of+名词 the front gate of the palace2 2、名词属格的用法、名词属格的用法A A、作限定词和前置修饰语、作限定词和前置修饰语 the boys father;the womans husbandthe boys father;the womans husband the students essays;the students essays;my roommates belongings my roommates belongings th
29、e cats paw the cats paw the childrens book the childrens book another three days journey another three days journey B B、名词属格和、名词属格和of-of-词组词组n表所有关系表所有关系 the trunk of an elephant=an elephants trunk the foreign policy of China=Chinas foreign policyn表主谓关系表主谓关系 the arrival of the prime minister(the prim
30、e minister arrived)the claim of the buyers(the buyers claimed)n表动宾关系表动宾关系 the occupation of the island(occupied the island)our hatred of(for,against)the enemy(we hate the enemy)n表来源表来源 the law of Newton(the law developed by Newton)n名词属格可表事物类别或属性；of-of-词组不可以词组不可以mens clothing;a doctors degreen名词后有较长修
31、饰语时，只能用of-of-词组词组而不用名词属格。the suggestions of those present at the meeting;the opinion of the chairman appointed a month agon名词词组由“定冠词+形容词”构成,或者of-of-词组词组表同位关系，不可用名词属格替换。the income of the richthe rich;the struggle of the exploitedthe exploited;the city of Yongzhou;the town of Yangzitang 3 3）独立属格独立属格（-
32、s-s属格的省略）属格的省略）A A 名词中心词上文已提到：名词中心词上文已提到：This notebook is not mine,nor JohnsJohns,nor Peters Peters B B 被省略的名词中心词表家、住宅、教堂、学校、店铺或被省略的名词中心词表家、住宅、教堂、学校、店铺或公司：公司：I think Sallys is the best place for a get-together.the tailors,the chemists,the doctors Marys is the largest house.That dress is yours.I am g
33、oing to dine at eh Johnsons.Joe lives near St.Pauls(Cathedral)in London.He was educated at Merchant Taylors(school).Chinese toys are sold both at Smiths and at Browns.双重属格双重属格 （of+of+名词名词 s s 属格）属格）1)1)表示整体中的部分表示整体中的部分.修饰的名词之前有：a,three,some,any,a few,many,no a friend of my father s=one of my fathers
34、 friends a friend of my father=He is friendly to my father.双重属格中，of 后的名词必须确定特指后的名词必须确定特指，一般指人指人。中心名词可受a,any,some等非确定特指限定词的修饰，但通常不带定冠词不带定冠词。a friend of the doctors any/some friends of the doctors *a friend of a doctors *a cover of the books2)表感情色彩表感情色彩 双重属格的中心名词前有this,that,these,those等等修饰语，表爱憎褒贬等感情色彩
35、。This lovely child of your sisters That big nose of Davids 3)名词性物主代词常用于双重属格名词性物主代词常用于双重属格：an art classroom of theirs 4）双重属格的中心名词可受which等疑问限定词以及数词等定量限定词修饰。which novel of Dickens two novels of Dickensna portrait of Mr Brownsna portrait of Mr Brownna criticism of Mr Hamiltons na criticism of Mr Hamilton
