1、Part OneC-E Translation(汉译英）第一章汉译英概论第一节 汉译英的要求：n1)能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品。速度为每小时250-300个汉字。n2)译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺流畅。n例1.我们应该抢时间赶任务。nVersion A:It is better for us to hurry in our work so as to fulfill what we are assigned to do ahead of time.nVersion B:We should work against the clock.n例2.孩子们看电视过多
2、会大大损坏视力。nVersion A:If children see too much TV programmes,it will do a lot of harm to their eyesight.nVersion B:Too much exposure to TV programmes will do great harm to the eyesight of children.第二节 汉译英的特点n1.汉译英理解相对较易，英译汉理解较难。n1)字面义和实质义往往有很多的差距。n干脆又干又脆？n横七竖八横着七个竖着八个？nTo lie this way and that/to sprea
3、d all across in confusion/in disorder/at randomn态度冷若冰霜nas cold as ice and frost/icy mannersn2)汉译英的断句是个难点，汉语形散意连，断句不如英语那样严格。n例3.中国的主要人口是农民，革命靠了农民的援助才取得了胜利，国家工业化又靠农民的援助才能成功，所以工人阶级应当积极帮助农民进行土地改革，城市小资产阶级和民族资产阶级也应当赞助这种改革，各民主党派各人们团体更应当采取这种态度。nThe peasants form the bulk of Chinas population.It was with the
4、ir help that victory was won in the revolution,and it is again their help that will make the industrialization of the country possible.Therefore,the working class should actively help the peasants carry out the agrarian reform;the urban petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie should also give the
5、ir support,and still more so should all the democratic parties and peoples organizations.n3)词语逻辑关系n盲棋 blind chessn盲文 braillen4)翻译专用法需译者运用广博的知识，再加上对具体背景的了解。n5)理解政治含义强的词语也是难点。n2.汉译英理解较易表达较难n拼写错误n时态错误n虚拟语气n对称性表达法易错n虽然但是(although)nBothand/either or/neither nor/not butn译文风格的把握虚拟语气的译法n例1：我们要求他们停止这一损害中国人民的
6、行动。nWe demanded that they(should)stop this action that does harm to the Chinese people.n例2:他们只得服从两天内剃掉胡子的命令。nThey had to obey the decree that beards(should)be shaved off within tow days.n例3:她必须立即派人去请医生。nIt is imperative that she(should)send for a doctor at once.n例4:我们这么多年没见面啦。过一会你又要走。你要是能多待一段时间该多好啊。
7、nWe havent seen each other for years.Now youre leaving.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.n例5:我要是你，就会重新考虑要否嫁给他。nIf I were you,I would rather reconsider whether Id marry him.n例6:要不是解放军战士救了我们，我们不是淹死，就是饿死了。nIf the soldiers hadnt come to save us,we would have been drowned or died of sta
8、rvation.n例7:现在的确是该停止这种毫无意义的争论的时候了。nIt is high time that we(should)put an end to this meaningless controversy.第二章汉语基本句式的英译第一节 汉语基本句式及英译n1.主谓单句n1)避免汉英主语机械对应n例1：南京近几年发生了巨大的变化。nThere have been great changes in Nanjing these years.nGreat changes have taken place in Nanjing these years.nThese years have w
9、itnessed great changes in Nanjing.n2)翻译汉语句子的非动词谓语时，要补加动词。n例2：这个操作过程并不危险nThis operation process is not dangerous.n例3:勤劳的双手，无穷的财富。nThe hands of the diligent makes rich.n3)避免谓语动词的机械对应。n搞调查研究nDo some investigation and studyn他身体搞垮了。nHe has ruined his health.n这家企业是由一个个体户搞起来的。nThis enterprise was started b
10、y a self-employed worker.n2.无主句n1)汉语祈使句中不出现主语，英译时依法照译。n你的车票！nYour ticket please!n请勿吸烟！nNo smoking!n此处禁止停车！nNo parking!n2)汉语中含有号召、标语、要求等意味的无主句，有时可译成祈使句，有时则需要补上主语，视情而定。n中华人民共和国万岁！nLong live the Peoples Republic of China!n为建设一个伟大的社会主义现代化强国而奋斗！nStrive to build a great modernized socialist country!n军校每天夜
11、里都要有一名军官值班。nThere must be one officer on night duty in military academy.n3)汉语中叙事或论理的无主句，译时大都要补加主语。n认识落后，才能去改变落后。nBackwardness must be perceived before it can be changed.n学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？nIt is not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt?It is not a delight after all t
12、o have friends come from afar?n不经一事，不长一智。nYou cant gain knowledge without practice.nWisdom comes from experience.n4)汉语中的有些无主句是习惯用法。英译时可采取“there be”结构，也可采取主谓单句或被动句式。n剩下的时间不多了。nThere is little time left.n没有矛盾就没有世界。nWithout contradiction nothing would exist in the world.n3.流水句n在中国要是没有自行车，生活是难以想像的，可是多少年
13、以前，人们还把自行车看成是奢侈品，很多人都买不起，再说，自行车也供不应求啊。nIt is hard to imagine what life would be like in China without the bicycle.Yet it wasnt s many years ago that a bicycle was considered a luxury,beyond the reach of many people.Moreover,it was in short supply.n4.主题句n主题句前部分叙事或论理，后部分做出总结或评论突出表明作者的观点和意图。n灾难深重的中华民族，
14、一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。nFor a hundred years,the finesse sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and scarified their lives,one stepping into the breach as another fell,in quest of truth that nWould save the country and the people.This moved us to song and tears.(
15、拆句法）n能不能尽快地把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。nWhether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.n5 意合句n意合句主要指无关联词语的复合句。（表面无关联，内含关联。译时应找出关联，选择相应的关联词
16、语或其它手段译出深层含义）n最近二三十年来，科学技术日新月异的发展，专业化的分工更细，协作的规模更大。nOver the last twenty or thirty years,science and technology have made new headways day by day,resulting in a more minute division of labour on the basis of specialization and in more extensive cooperation.n桂林山水甲天下，阳朔山水甲桂林。nGulins mountains and wate
17、rs rank first in china while Yangshuos even top those of Guilin.n6 长句n译法一：顺着原句顺序译n（江苏）人杰地灵、物产丰饶，独具优势的自然、地理条件，造就了江苏的锦绣风光：六千多年的丰厚文化底蕴，给江苏留下了多姿多彩的民情风俗；腾飞的江苏，以占全国百分之一的面积、百分之六的人口，创造了约占全国百分之十的经济总量。nJiangsu,a place with galaxies of talented people and rich resources,enjoys a unique natural and geographical
18、 advantage.The civilization of more than 6000 years has nurtured many colorful folk customs and traditions.Although the area and the population of Jiangsu are only 1%and 6%of the countrys total respectively,the GDP it has created is 10%of the countrys total.n译法二：变换句序译n每天下午四五点钟喝上一杯茶，吃一点烤面包或饼干，相互之间再闲聊
19、几句，这种情景在英国到处可见。nThere is a scene to be witnessed everywhere in England at four or five P.M.when people enjoy a cup of tea,with toast or biscuit and with a bit of conversation.n译法三：断句译n需要断句的长句往往是有多个主语的句子。n接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。nHe went on indulging in wishful
20、thinking.Chickens would breed more chickens.Selling them would bring him more money.With this he could buy cows.The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him.With the money,he could become a money lender.Such a succession of steps for getting rich,of course,had nothing at a
21、ll to do with production.汉语句式英译常见问题分析n1.无主句翻译过程中容易出现的问题n黄山的服务设施已有很大改善。可以找到标准的饭店，吃到可口的风味食品，坐上舒服的空调旅游车了。nVersion A:huangshans service facilities have been greatly improved.Can find standard hotel rooms,have delicious local Chinese food and take comfortable air-conditioned buses.nVersion B:the service
22、facilities in Huangshan area have been improved greatly.Tourists can find standard hotel rooms,have delicious local Chinese food and take comfortable air-conditioned tour buses.n但是直到几十年以后，才体会到云彩愈多，霞光才愈美丽。nVersion A:Until several decades later,have I realized that the more clouds there are,the more b
23、eautiful the sunglow is.n人称主语和物称主语错用的问题n我们的事业将从胜利走向新的胜利。nVersion A:Our cause will win one victory after another new victory.nVersion B:We will win one new victory after another for our cause.n大多数城市建立了居民最低生活保障制度。nVersion A:Most cities have established a system of minimum standard of living for city r
24、esidents.nVersion B:A system to ensure a minimum standard of living for city residents has been established in most cities.Part TwoFrom English to Chinese第一章概述第一节 英译汉的要求 1.能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上的文章和文学原著。速度为每小时250-300个英文单词。2.译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。第二节 英译汉的做题程序n1.快速浏览原文一遍，了解所需翻译文章的大意即可。遇到生词可划线标出，以便过后仔细斟酌（可根
25、据上下文判断词义）。n2.边看边译，每次处理一个自然段。如果是一大段，每次处理四五行即可。如果有的地方暂时找不到合适的措词或理解不了时，可先空着，但要用记号标出。n3.初稿写成后即进行加工修改。n4.从头至尾再阅读一遍译文，译文有无逻辑错误或字句错误。凡有不顺之处，必定有理解问题，仔细琢磨。第二章基本英汉翻译技巧第一节 词义的理解与表达n1.专有名词的翻译n人名：一般音译，若有约定俗称的或有定译的则无需另行翻译。n地名：一般音译，较重要的查地名译名手册。n2.抽象名词的理解与翻译n往往采用具体化的手法或增补法。nMadness=疯狂行为nBackwardness=落后状态nThe least
26、alarm of their movement would bring the enemy upon them.n只要他们在行动中露出一点惊慌失措的样子，敌人就会向他们猛扑过来。n and it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship.n问题也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。n3.英汉翻译中的词类转换n4.英汉翻译中的语法分析n1)词性n名词类别：名词的单复数往往与名词是否可数有关，而可数与否往往与名词的抽象或具体含义有关。nDamage 损害 damages 赔偿金
27、nColor 颜色 colors 旗帜、水彩nForce 力量 forces 部队n冠词：n冠词的使用与否有时会造成词义理解上的不同。nThe great and good do not die even in this world.n即使在人世间，杰出的伟人也是永生不灭的。nThe patient is in hospital.n病人在住院。nHe is in the hospital.n他在医院探视病人。n5.英语长句的处理与翻译n 英语长句多且长，这主要是由三个方面造成的：一是修饰语多，二是联合成分多，三是语言结构比较复杂，层次较多。n1)如何理解英语长句n Nevertheless,k
28、nowledge of the nature of cancers is advancing in such a way that it seems likely that some definite control may be achieved in the fairly near future;but only if research and application of research on cancer are carried out in a far more vigorous,orderly,and scientific way than they are at present
29、.n然而有关癌肿性质的认识，正在如此这般不断的提高，以致在最近的将来，似能取得一定的控制办法；但要作到这一点，对癌肿的研究工作及其应用只有比目前更努力，更有组织，更科学地进行才行。n翻译长句时：n1.首先弄清主句和从句的语法结构，接着弄清从句中主从部分的语法结构，抓住主语和谓语。n2.一定要注意标点符号，特别是分号，它往往表示一个个相对独立的思想单元。n3.注意连词，特别是相关的连词，如suchthat,morethan 等。n4.注意代词，尤其是关系代词。要明确它的先行词或指代的部分，而且要分析作用。n5.注意省略部分，要能将省略部分找出来或补充出来。这样既可加深理解，又可以更好地处理译文。
30、n6.了解主旨要点化整为零，按层次仔细分析最后合零为整n2)英语长句翻译技巧n顺译法顺译法：若叙事顺序与汉语一致，可顺译。nBut as the song surged up in increasing loudness,when thet most timid lost their fear and joined us,and all the things that King had said at the meeting in the ballroom,things that they hadnt believed or had only half-believed,become sudd
31、enly and powerfully true.n但是当歌声越来越响的时候，连那些最胆小的人也没有什么恐惧了，他们也跟着唱起来，金在舞厅里开会时所说的一切，那些他们曾经不相信或半信半疑的话，忽然变成是千真万确的了。n变序译：英语的习惯是将最急于表达、概括性最强、最重要的部分置于句首，汉语则恰恰相反，习惯放于句尾。nThe time has long passed when the enemies of Communism sought comfort in the thought that our economic plans were unrealistic and unworkable.
32、n 早年间，共产主义的敌人认为我们的经济计划是不现实、行不通的，据此聊以自慰。这样的岁月已经一去不返了。n拆句译：拆句译：n分割法：分割法：在主谓连接处、并列连接处、或从句连接处切断第七节 否定含义的理解与翻译n1.否定含义的理解n部分否定：由all或every 等词构成的主语或宾语nI dont remember all their names.n我没有把他们的名字全部记住。nNot all of them have failed.nAll of them have not failed.n他们当中不是所有的人都失败。nNot both of the substances dissolve
33、in water.nBoth of the substances do not dissolve in water.n这两种物质并不都溶于水。nNot every color is reflected back.nEvery color is not reflected back.n并不是每种颜色都会被反射回来。n全部否定：nNone of them have failed.nNeither of the substances dissolves in water.nNo color is reflected back.n转移否定：nI dont suppose(think)you need
34、go.n特定词语搭配否定含义的辨别：yet to,tooto,rather than,more than Japan has begun offering HDTV(high-definition television)on a limited basis,and some Euroupean countries will start within two years.The United States,yet to choose an official HDTV system,may lag slightly.n日本已经开始在有限范围内提供高清晰度电视，有些欧洲国家也将在两年以内开始。美国至今尚未选定法定的高清晰度电视制式，因此可能会稍微落在后面。nSix months after the invasion,they have yet to establish themselves as anything approaching the masters of all they survey.n入侵已有六个月了，可是他们还远远没有把他们所到达的地方全部控制起来。nYou can no more swim than I can fly.n你不能游泳跟我不能飞行一样。He is no more a God than we are.他和我们一样都不是神。
