1、Word Formation1.Affixation 词缀法1.1 Prefixation 前缀法 在词前加前缀构成新词的方法。在词前加前缀构成新词的方法。prefixesexamplesun-non-dis-in-im-il-ir-ab-1)否定前缀unwise,uncertain,unwilling;unpack,undonon-essential,non-standard;non-violencedishonest;discontent;discolor,dishearteninformal,inhuman;injustice,incompetenceimpolite,impatient
2、;immature,immoralillegal,illiterate,illogical,illegibleirregular,irreplaceable;irresponsibilityabnormal,abnormalityprefixes meaningexamplesmis-错误的mal-坏的，不良的pseudo-假的2)贬义前缀贬义前缀mishear,mislead,misreport;misinterpretation,misrulemalformed,malnourished;malfunction,malnutritionpseudoscience,pseudo-friend
3、,pseudo-democraticprefixesmeaningexamplespro-支持拥护counter-反对anti-反对pro-democracy,pro-Chinesecounter-strike,counter-example,counter-revolutionanti-social,anti-national,anti-slavery,anti-government3)表态度的前缀表态度的前缀prefix meanexamplesfore-之前pre-提前post-之后ex-前任re-再次foreword,forefather,foreknowledgeprewar,pre
4、-prepared;pre-retirement,preschool4)表时间和顺序的前缀表时间和顺序的前缀postwar;postgraduate,post-electionex-president,ex-husbandreconsider,readmit,reallocateprefixmeanexamplessemi-halfuni-,mono-onebi-twotri-threemulti-manysuper-hugeout-oversemi-feudal,semi-colonial;semi-annualuniform,unicorn,uni-directional;monotone
5、,monorailbicycle;bilingual,bilateraltricycle,triangle;trilingualmulti-media;multi-national5)数字前缀数字前缀 supernatural;supermarket,superherooutlive,outweigh,outsmart2.Suffixation 后缀法 Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.后缀法是在词上加后缀进行构词的方法。91)名词后缀名词后缀构成人的主要后缀构成人的主要后缀-erpers
6、on-eeperson-essfemale-antperson-ist personemployer,examiner,interviewer,payer employee,examinee,interviewee,payeeactress,waitress,hostess,airhostessapplicant,assistant,defendantcapitalist,artist,novelist,artist,pianist10构成抽象名词的主要后缀构成抽象名词的主要后缀-domcondition-ismdoctrine of-shipjob/position-tionprocess/
7、state-nessstate/quality-alprocess/state-mentresult of-ity-able,al,-ar-ageactionofficialdom,kingdom,freedomterrorism,sexism,racismfriendship,relationship,hardshiprealization,starvation,invention kindness,selfishness,weaknesssurvival,arrival,approvalmovement,resentmentequality,responsibility,possibili
8、tymarriage,linkage,shortage112)形容词后缀形容词后缀由名词构成的形容词后缀由名词构成的形容词后缀-fulfull of-lesswithout;numerous-likelike-lyquality;frequency-icinvolving,-ousa particular quality-al relating to-y somewhat likefaithful,meaningfulanimal-like,dreamlikehopeless,pricelessfriendly,weeklysmoky,bloodyeconomic,poeticambitiou
9、s,marvelousmusical,philosophical12来自动词的形容词后缀来自动词的形容词后缀-able-ible-ive washable,drinkable,renewable,changeable,respectable,avoidable;permissible,visible,sensible;attractive,productive,negative,relative,creative,sensitive,aggressive;133)动词后缀动词后缀-enmake or becomedeepen,strengthen,loosen,tighten,heighten
10、,weaken,sharpen,widen-ifymakebeautify,classify,unify,intensify-ize-iserelated to symbolize,legalize,characterize,standardize,modernize2.其他的构词法其他的构词法1.Blending(拼缀法拼缀法)2.Clipping(截短法截短法)3.Acronymy(首字母拼音法首字母拼音法)4.Back-formation(逆生法逆生法)2.1 Blending 拼缀法Blending is the formation of new words by combining
11、parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上另外一个词的一个部分而构成新一个词加上另外一个词的一个部分而构成新词的方法。词的方法。Point out how the following words are made.smogsmoke+fog (烟雾)bookmobilebook+automobile(流动汽车图书馆)sci-fiscience+fiction(科幻小说)skylabsky+laboratory(太空实验室)拼缀法的分类1)
12、head+tailthe first part of word 1+the last part of word 2breakfast+lunch brunch(早午餐)motor+hotelmotel(汽车旅馆)channel+tunnel chunnel(海峡隧道)2)head+headthe first part of word 1+the first part of word 2situation+comedy sitcom(情景喜剧)communications+satellitecomsat(通讯卫星)psychological+warfarepsywar(心理战)2.2 Clipp
13、ing 截短法Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.截短法是截取原词的某一部分的构词法。截短法是截取原词的某一部分的构词法。Front clipping 截除首部 quake (earthquake)copter(helicopter)bus(omnibus)phone(telephone)Back clipping 截除尾部 ad(advertisement)prof(professor)dorm(dormitory)la
14、b(laboratory)telly(television)Front and back clipping 截除首尾flu(influenza)tec(detective)fridge(refrigerator)jams(pajamas)2.3 Initialisms 首字母缩略词首字母缩略词由首字母构成首字母缩略词由首字母构成,按字母发音按字母发音。EU European UnionGPS Global Positional SystemIOC International Olympic CommitteeID cardidentity cardCIA Central Intelligenc
15、e AgencyIELTS International English Language Testing SystemTaskIQ EQ MBA MPA WHO WTOWB Intelligent QuotientEmotional QuotientMaster of Business AdministrationMaster of Public AdministrationWorld Health OrganizationWorld Trade OrganizationWorld Bank2.4 Acronymy 首字母拼音法由首字母构成,但作为一个普通词来发音。NATOthe North
16、Atlantic Treaty Organization radarradio detecting and ranging AIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS-Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeTaskPINVAT CALL TOEFLUNESCO-personal identification numbervalue added taxComputer Assisted Language LearningTest of English as a Foreign LanguageUnited Nation
17、Educational,Scientific&Cultural Organization2.5 back-formation 逆生法Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.去掉去掉所谓的后缀所谓的后缀而产生新词的方法。许多被而产生新词的方法。许多被去掉的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不可去掉的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不可分割的部分。分割的部分。television televise vi.editor edit vi.sculptor sculpt vi.peddler peddle vi.babysitterbabysit vi.spring-cleaning spring-clean vi.free association free-associate vi.mass production mass produce vi.enthusiasm enthuse vi.calmative calm vi./adj.
