1、Unit 2 Language Grammar and usage 模块三模块三Noun clauses introduced by question wordsWe can use the following question words to introduce noun clauses:what,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,why and how.Noun Clauses introduced by question words:We can use a question word to introduce a noun clause.The clau
2、se can function as the subject,object or predicative of the sentence.1.Where does a person come from?This will affect their style of speech.=Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.wh-questionsubject2.Why does English have such strange rules?You can begin to see it!=You can begin
3、 to see why English has such strange rules!wh-questionobject3.Why does English has so many difficult rules that confuse people?That is the reason.=That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.wh-questionpredicative4.I have no idea.How can I make a grammar lesson interesting?=a
4、ppositive clause 同位语从句同位语从句I have no idea how I can make a grammar lesson interesting.1.We change the word order in a clause after a question word into that of a statement.2.We cannot leave out the question words in noun clauses in any cases.Attention:Part A.1.O 2.S 3.P 4.O 5.PAnswers Borrowed Words
5、-good or bad?Languages keep borrowing words from other languages.This is one of the reasons _ languages keep changing almost every day._ we should do about the increasing number of borrowed words in our vocabulary is something that deserves careful thought.whyWhatIn England nowadays,there is no one
6、to decide _ new words should be accepted into the language.A standard was first set for the English language by King Henry VII.That is _ we have the phrase the kings English.which whyKing Henry VII was a poet who showed great concern for language.He set a standard for _ people were to speak English,
7、but today _ can make a decision like that is anyones guess.howwhoHowever,there is an organization to make decisions like this in France._ French will be used is decided by a government department.At one time the department banned some borrowed words from English,including weekend and e-mail.French p
8、eople supported this because they wanted to keep their language pure and unique.How Today,the spread of borrowed words is mostly due to the easily accessed Internet and television programmes from across the world.Some people are optimistic and believe that this process is good,while others worry tha
9、t it may result in language pollution._ opinion you agree with is up to you.Which 在复合句中作主句的宾语。在复合句中作主句的宾语。引导词引导词有连词有连词 that(that 常可省略常可省略),whether,if;代词有代词有who,whose,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等。如等。如:宾语从句宾语从句1.We believe(that)he is honest.2.I asked if(=whether)they had a cheap suit.3.Can you
10、 tell which dictionary is hers?4.I really dont know what he is doing.在复合句中作主句的表语。引导词有在复合句中作主句的表语。引导词有连词连词that(that 不可省不可省),whether;代词代词有有who,what,which;副词副词 when,where,how,why 等。如等。如:表语从句表语从句The problem is that we didnt get in touch with him.This is how Henry solved the problem.His suggestion is tha
11、t we(should)finish the work at once.如果句子的主语是如果句子的主语是suggestion,advice,order 等名词时等名词时,后面引导的表语从句后面引导的表语从句用用should+动词原形动词原形,should可省略。可省略。在句中起同位语的作用。在句中起同位语的作用。一般放在名一般放在名词词 fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后等之后,用以说明或解释前用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导词有连词面的名词。引导词有连词 that;少数情少数情况下也可用连接副词等。如况下也可用连接副词等。如:同位语从句同位
12、语从句1.The thought that we might succeed excited us.2.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.3.The suggestion that the plan(should)be delayed will be discussed tomorrow.4.You have no idea how worried I was.名词名词suggestion,advice,order等等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用用should+动词原形
13、动词原形,should可省可省略略。由疑问词引导的名词性从句由疑问词引导的名词性从句 我们可以使用疑问词我们可以使用疑问词what,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why和和how 引导名词性从句。引导名词性从句。当名词性从句是由特殊疑问句转变而当名词性从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来时，我们用疑问词引导这个从句。来时，我们用疑问词引导这个从句。由疑问词引导的名词性从句在句子中由疑问词引导的名词性从句在句子中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。可以充当主语、宾语或表语。1.I want to know what your first impression of me is.2.
14、What you said makes me more/less confident about this lesson.object clause 宾语从句宾语从句subject clause 主语从句主语从句3.I have no idea how I can make a grammar lesson interesting.4.My question is why you dont like/like open presentation.appositive clause 同位语从句同位语从句predicative clause 表语从句表语从句注意注意 在由疑问词引导的名词性从句中，
15、疑在由疑问词引导的名词性从句中，疑问句语序应转变为陈述句语序。问句语序应转变为陈述句语序。在任何情况下在任何情况下,引导名词性从句的疑引导名词性从句的疑问词都不能省略。问词都不能省略。请看例句请看例句：What are people from the north saying?People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.Some useful phr
16、ases:show concern for 对对 表示关切表示关切 The whole society should show concern for handicapped children.make decisions 做出决定做出决定 Hes really bad at making decisions.result in 导致导致 Stress and no rest can result in bad health.(Empty subject“It”)Preparatory subject it1.Its a book.(指代指代)2.Its eight oclock.(时间时间)
17、3.Its cold outside.(天气天气)4.Its a long way to the museum.(距离距离)I.Revision形式主语形式主语it 在英语中，为了表示强调，通常将最重要在英语中，为了表示强调，通常将最重要的信息放在句尾。这叫做尾重效果。使用的信息放在句尾。这叫做尾重效果。使用形式主语形式主语it 可以达到这一效果。在句子中，可以达到这一效果。在句子中，it是形式主语，仅在语法上起到主语的作用，是形式主语，仅在语法上起到主语的作用，而句子的真正的主语则在句尾。而句子的真正的主语则在句尾。当我们既可以使用当我们既可以使用it作形式主语，又可以使作形式主语，又可以使
18、用句子的真正主语，并且这两种说法均正用句子的真正主语，并且这两种说法均正确时，一般遵循以下两条规则。通常情况确时，一般遵循以下两条规则。通常情况下，当句子的主语是从句或动词不定式时，下，当句子的主语是从句或动词不定式时，我们一般用我们一般用it作形式主语。当句子主语是动作形式主语。当句子主语是动词的词的-ing形式时，我们则一般将真正的主语形式时，我们则一般将真正的主语置于句首，而不使用置于句首，而不使用it作形式主语。作形式主语。请看以下例句请看以下例句：It is easy to answer whether English will continue changing in the fu
19、ture.It is important to know how to use a computer.Smoking is difficult to stop.1.We can use it as an empty subjectA.when we use a noun clause as the subject of a sentence.a.(preferable)It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.=(correct)That we would not be able to und
20、erstand Old English today is certain.II.Empty subject itb.(preferable)It is easy to answer whether English will continue changing in the future.=(correct)Whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer.c.(preferable)It depends on the style of writing when we use certain words.
21、=(correct)When we use certain words depends on the style of writing.1.It+be+adj.(true,certain,possible,obvious,likely)that2.It+be+noun phrase(no wonder,an honor,a pity,)that3.It+be+past participle(said,reported,expected,announced)that4.It+seems/appears that5.It doesnt matter that It 作形式主语的句型作形式主语的句型
22、:a.(preferable)It is hard to master a foreign language.=(correct)To master a foreign language is hard.b.(preferable)It is important to know how to use a computer.=(correct)To know how to use a computer is important.B.when the subject is a to-infinitive.C.when the subject is a v-ing form.a.(preferabl
23、e)Smoking is difficult to stop.=(correct)It is difficult to stop smoking.b.(preferable)Travelling to Beijing takes up a lot of my time.=(correct)It takes a lot of my time travelling to Beijing.We usually use the empty subject it with a clause or to-infinitive(preferable),but with the v-ing form we p
24、refer the real subject at the beginning.Tip2.It can also be used before seem,appear,happen,chance,turn out and prove as the empty subject of a sentence.a.It seems that he speaks two languages.=He seems to speak two languages.b.It happens that my new neighbour comes from my home town.=My new neighbou
25、r happens to come from my home town.3.We can emphasize the subject,object,or adverbial in a sentence by using it+be+the word/phrase you emphasize+a clause introduced by that or who.a.It was last night(not any other time)that I read about the history of English.If we do not emphasize anything,the sen
26、tence can be:I read about the history of English last night.1.It is Prof.Li who teaches us English.强调主语强调主语2.It is English that Prof.Li teaches us.强调宾语强调宾语3.It was in Shanghai that I saw the film.强调状语强调状语强调句强调句A on Page 31 B on page 31 III.ExercisesA.2.It requires a good understanding of their behav
27、iour to know what they mean.3.It always puzzles me why my dog barks in certain ways.4.It wont be difficult to buy a machine like this.AnswersB.2.It happens that several racial groups live in Singapore 3.It is fun to hear different people speaking different language all at the same time.4.Its certain
28、 that Ill see you next week.1.I think it no use arguing with you.2.I found it interesting to play football.3.We thought it strange that he did not come.IV.作形式宾语作形式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式/动名词动名词/宾语从句时宾语从句时:1.乘宇宙飞船去月球是可能的。乘宇宙飞船去月球是可能的。It is possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship.2.我发现学好英语是很重要
29、的。我发现学好英语是很重要的。I find it very important to learn English well.V.Translation3.他似乎已经知道问题的答案。他似乎已经知道问题的答案。It seems that he has known the answer to the problem.4.他的父母是死在二战中。他的父母是死在二战中。It was in the Second World War that his parents died.5.我们在哪儿听报告还没定。我们在哪儿听报告还没定。It hasnt been decided where well listen t
30、o the report.Before a problem can be solved,it must be obvious _ the problem itself is.A.what B.that C.which D.whyA即时演练即时演练Weve only got this small bookcase.Will that do?No,_ I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.A.who B.that C.what D.whichCIt is by no means clear _ the president can do to end the strike.A.how B.which C.that D.whatDHomeworkC 2 on page 100
