1、命题方式 词义猜测词义猜测考点3词义猜测1.According to the passage,the word“.”probably means .2.The underlined word“.”means .3.What does the word“.”mean in the second paragraph?4.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined part?5.As used in the passage,the phrase“.”suggests .6.The word.could best
2、 be replaced by .7.The author uses the word.to mean .命题方式1.词词(短语短语)义猜测题义猜测题 典例典例1 Lighting matters,too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness,they couldnt tell how much theyd had:those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller,and th
3、ey were just as ready for dessert.58.The underlined phrase“none the wiser”in paragraph 3 most probably im-plies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with others C.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food provided 思路点拨思路点拨词义猜测题。画线短
4、语前提到“在光线暗的地方吃饭,顾客无法判断已经吃了多少东西。被给了超大份食物的顾客会比其他人吃得多”,画线短语后提到“他们并没有感觉到吃得更饱”,再根据连词but的提示可推断,画线短语的意思为“没有意识到比平常吃得更多”。答案答案 A2.指代猜测题指代猜测题 典例典例2 .Twains racial tone was not perfect.One is left uneasy,for example,by the lengthypassage in his autobiography(自传)about how much he loved what were called“nigger sho
5、ws”in his youthmostly with white men performing in black-faceand his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.His frequent attackson slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.69.What does the u
6、nderlined word“they”in Paragraph 7 refer to?A.The attacks.B.Slavery and prejudice.C.White men.D.The shows.思路点拨思路点拨猜测词义题。根据该段倒数两句可知,没有理由认为马克吐温把这些戏剧看做是代表现实的,而他频繁地抨击奴隶制和偏见表明他清醒的意识,但这些戏剧并无法取代现实。故they指代上文的the shows。答案答案 D巩固技能练巩固技能练Passage 1(2019江苏南京、盐城二模)That competition keeps prices down is well known.B
7、ut it is hard to measure by just how much,because prices vary for all sorts of reasons,from differences in labour costs and rents to taxes.Rising to the challenge is a new paper in The Eco-nomic Journal by Giacomo Calzolari,Andrea Ichino,Francesco Manaresi and Viki Nellas,economists at the European
8、University Institute,Bologna University and the Italian central bank.They looked at pharmacies(药房)and specifically at customers who may be particularly easy to rip off:new parents.Using data for 2007 to 2010 covering about a fifth of pharmacies in Italy,the researchers measured the way in which pric
9、es of hygiene products for babies changed as the number of babies varied.They took advantage of a peculiar law from the 1960s,according to which regions with at most 7,500 people are allowed just one pharmacy(supposedly to keep the quality of services high).They compared prices in places with popula
10、tions just below this threshold,and just above.The products studied included some 3,000 varieties of shampoos,bath foams,baby wipes,creams and so on.Many are also used by adults on themselves.Somepeople,for example,prefer sun-cream labelled“for children”because of its high level of protection.When r
11、aising prices for these products,even a pharmacist witha monopoly(垄断)must consider the risk that adult users will switch to products that are not aimed at children.But a rise in the number of babies,and hence buyers who are parents,could tip the scales towards price increases.By contrast,the pharmac
12、ist should already be charging as much as parents are willing to pay for products without adult users,such as nappies.The scholars found that pharmacists raised prices when there were more new parentsbut only in regions with a single pharmacy,and not for nappies.In mon-opoly areas a doubling of the
13、number of babies from one month to the next(not unusual in a small population)coincided with a 5%increase in the price of the basket of baby-hygiene products.The study is timely.Italys government has started to loosen some of the many restrictions that stop competition in the pharmacy sector(though
14、not yet the one that the researchers relied on).But such regulations are plentiful in many other lines of business,and not just in Italy.The consumers who pay the price are often those who find it hardest to travel to shop aroundfor example,people with crying babies on their hands.1.Whats the purpos
15、e of the study?A.To review the function of the special law for pharmacies.B.To make clear the relation between competition and prices.C.To collect the information on pharmacy business in Italy.D.To gather the data on hygiene products for babies in Italy.2.The underlined phrase“tip the scales”in Para
16、graph 3 means“”.A.push the move B.keep the level C.control the rise D.break the balance3.The governments new measures will greatly benefit .A.pharmacy owners B.local merchants C.new parents D.adult users答案答案 语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。众所周知,竞争可以压低价格。一些经济学家研究了药房婴儿卫生产品的价格与婴儿数量之间的关系。研究发现,在只有一个药房的区域,新手父母增多的时候,药房就会
17、提价。1.B推理判断题。根据第一段第一、二句 That competition keeps prices down is well known.But it is hard to measure by just how much,because prices vary for all sorts of reasons,from differences in labour costs and rents to taxes.可知,尽管人们认为竞争可以降低商品价格,但是由于各种因素的影响,很难衡量将价格降低多少;再根据本段第三句 Rising to the challenge is a new pa
18、per.可知,此项研究就是针对竞争与价格的关系而进行的。故选B项。2.A语义猜测题。根据画线短语所在的句子 But a rise in the number of babies,and hence buyers who are parents,could tip the scales towards priceincreases.可知,婴儿数量上升,那么购买者(作为父母)会使得价格上涨。scale本意可指“天平”,tip作动词,可指“使倾斜”。tip the scales 字面意思是“使天平倾斜”。根据画线短语后面的 towards price increases 可知,此处是指推动了价格上涨
19、。push the move 推动进展,符合语境。keep the level 保持水平;control the rise 控制上涨;break the balance 打破平衡,均不符合语境。故选A项。3.C推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句 They looked at pharmacies and specifically at customers who may be particularly easy to rip off:new parents.可知,研究的对象是新手父母。再根据最后一段第一、二句 The study is timely.Italys government has st
20、arted to loosen some of the many restrictions that stop competition in the pharmacy sector.可知,研究非常及时,政府的举措已经放宽了一些限制,这些限制阻止了制药行业的竞争。再根据文章的最后一句可推知,政府的举措,对怀抱婴儿、不方便四处购物的新手父母来说是最有利的。故选C项。Passage 2(2019江苏四校期初调研)Mom was wrong when she taught me that“sticks and stones may break my bones,but names will never
21、 hurt me”.Names do hurt.names can shame,ridicule,and humiliate(羞辱)people.Some relate to race or gender;others refer to weight,facial features,or a particular part of ones body.Names that refer to social class or what part of the country youre from can be hurtful,as can names that involve age,religio
22、n,or physical ability.Certainly,no one likes to be called a name that is disrespectful,unkind,or mean.But there is another category of name-calling that is also hurtful and destructive:names such as“racist”,“sexist”,and the like.Yet many throw these labels around at the drop of a hat,without underst
23、anding what the labels actually mean,not to mention the damagedone by accusing someone of racism,sexism,etc.The accusation alone can be enough to ruin a reputation,kill a career,or be used to discredit a lifetime of good work.Lets consider the definition of racism:“a belief that race is the primary
24、deter-minant of human characteristics and capacities and that racial difference produces superiority of a particular race”.How about the definition of sexism:“prejudiceor discrimination based on sex,especially discrimination against women”.I wonder whether the TV talking heads understand the true de
25、finition of the labels they throw at public figures:“racist”,“sexist”or worse,based on nothing more than a comment taken out of context or someones clumsy attempt at humor.My point is that the political correctness movement has gone way too far.While the original intention of political correctness m
26、ay have been good(to encourage sensitivity to others feelings around issues of gender,race,religion,sexual orientation,physical abilities,and such),the effect of political correctness has been to make everyone avoid these topics altogether,thereby damaging our ability to get comfortable in living an
27、d working with those who are different from us.Its gone so far that political correctness has become a bigger problem than the problem it was intended to address!These days everyone is so afraid of being called“sexist”or“racist”or some other career-killing labels,that we all tiptoe carefully around
28、diversity issues,and avoid them altogether if we possibly can.But the question is:How are we ever going to be able to live and work together more comfortably if we cant talk about our feelings,fears,anxieties,assumptions,hopes,worries,dreams,and concerns?How can we ever build trust with those whoare
29、 different from us?If we must constantly self-examine any conversation relatingto race,gender,religion,sexual orientation or physical ability,then we are bound toperpetuate the very barriers we say we want to overcome.1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.There are different ty
30、pes of hurtful and destructive name-calling.B.TV presenters are careful when they accuse someone of racism.C.We should avoid talking about diversity issues altogether.D.Political correctness makes it easier to address problems.2.The underlined word“perpetuate”probably means .A.live with B.get rid of
31、 C.burst throughD.break down3.What is the authors attitude towards the current situation of political correctness?A.Unconcerned.B.Critical.C.Neutral.D.Supportive.答案答案 语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。作者的母亲教导作者:棍棒和石头可以打断我的骨头,但名字永远不会伤害我。但是作者提出了自己的观点:名字也会使人感到羞耻、受嘲笑和羞辱。作者以“种族主义者”和“性别歧视者”这两个名称标签为例,分析了它们所带来的影响。1.A细节理解题。根
32、据第一段第三、四句 Some relate to race or gender;others refer to weight,facial features,or a particular part of ones body.Names that refer to social class or what part of the country youre from can be hurtful,.以及第六句 But there is another category of name-calling that is also hurtful and destructive:names such
33、 as“racist”,“sexist”,and the like.可知,的确存在不同种类的具有伤害性和破坏性的辱骂。故选A项。根据第二段第三句I wonder whether the TV talking heads understand the true definition of the labels they throw at public figures.可知,电视主持人在指责别人种族歧视的时候并不谨慎,故B项错误。根据第三段第二句中的the effect of political correctness has been to make everyone avoid these t
34、opics altogether,thereby damaging our ability to get comfor-table in living and working with those who are different from us 可知,作者并不赞同避谈各种多元化话题,因为这会损坏我们一起和谐生活和工作的能力,故C、D项错误。2.A语义猜测题。根据最后一段内容可知,作者首先用反问的语气提出了两个问题:如果我们不能谈论我们的感觉、恐惧、焦虑、假设、希望、担心、梦想和担忧,我们怎么能够更舒适地一起生活和工作?我们怎样才能与那些和我们不同的人建立信任?因此,在最后一句中,作者认为:
35、如果我们必须不断反省任何与种族、性别、宗教、性取向或体能有关的对话,那么我们注定无法摆脱我们所说的想克服的障碍。换句话说,也就是我们注定会让那些障碍持续(perpetuate)下去。live with 与共处;get rid of 摆脱;burst through冲破;break down 出故障,失败,分解。perpetuate the barriers 相当于 live with the barriers,故选A项。3.B主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句 My point is that the political correctness movement has gone way too f
36、ar.可知,作者认为政治正确运动走得太远了。这是本段的主题句,也清楚地表明了作者对政治正确性的批评态度。故选B项。Passage 3(2019江苏无锡一模)“The world feels anxious and divided,and Facebook has a lot of work to dowhether its protecting our community from abuse and hate,defending against interference by nation states,or making sure that time spent on Facebook i
37、s well spent,”Zuckerberg wrote on Facebook in January.If the tech firm succeeded,Facebook would be on a much better path.But the cracks in Zuckerbergs social media empire only grew as scandals(丑闻)about data misuse,security and even Facebooks leadership piled up.The social network has faced criticism
38、 many times since launching 14 years ago,but the public uproar reached new heights in 2018.Facebooks missteps,even as it tried to fix its problems,were yet another reminder of what happens when a company grows rapidly with little oversight(监管).They also set the stage for another showdown between the
39、 tech powerhouses and lawmakers who have their own ideas on how to manage a platform used by 2.3 billion people every month.“I think theres just a general growing consensus from both parties in Congress that self-policing is not going to work,”Democratic Senator Mark Warner of Virginia said in an in
40、terview.Facebook pointed to a series of notes Zuckerberg published this year outlining what the tech firm has done to combat(战斗)electionmeddling(干预),as well as hate speech,misinformation and other offensivecontents.The social network pulled down more than 1.5 billion fake accounts,launched a databas
41、e of political ads and announced the creation of a Supreme Court like independent body to oversee content appeals.But in many ways,Zuckerberg fell short of his New Years resolution(决心).UN investigators said Facebook played a role in spreading hate speech that fueled ethnic cleansing(种族清洗)in Myanmar.
42、Media outlets found loopholes(漏洞)and errors in Facebooks political ads database.Users questioned whether they should delete Facebook after learning that Cambridge Analytica,a UK politicalconsulting firm with ties to Donald Trumps 2016 presidential campaign,gathered data on as many as 50 million Face
43、book users without their permission.In short,Facebooks problems ballooned out of the companys control.“They created a platform where sharing was mindlessly easy and interactingwith each other required almost no forethought at all,”said Woodrow Hartzog,a law and computer science professor at Northeas
44、tern University.“As a result,there was massive sharing,including leaking of personal information that put lots of people at risk.”1.What can be inferred about Facebook from the passage?A.It is a platform where people can easily share well-selected information.B.It is a social network that has faced
45、criticism because of data misuse from Zuckerberg.C.It is a social network which grows rapidly without enough management from the government.D.It is a popular app that 2.3 billion people use for information and communica-tion every day.2.The underlined word“uproar”in Paragraph 3 has the similar meani
46、ng to“”.A.crack B.criticism C.disagreement D.argument3.What is the best title of this passage?A.A Tough Challenge for Facebook B.Zuckerbergs New Years Resolution C.Criticism of Facebook for Misusing data D.A Dark Future for Facebook答案答案 语篇解读语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。Facebook 的CEO扎克伯格在其 Facebook 主页发布的一篇帖子中表示:这个世界
47、让人感觉很焦虑和分裂,Facebook 还有很多事情要做无论是保护我们的社区免遭滥用和仇恨的影响,防止民族的独立国家的干涉,或是确保用户花费在Facebook上的时间都是值得的。尽管如此,本文作者还是指出了Facebook存在的诸多问题。1.C推理判断题。根据第三段第二句 Facebooks missteps.were yet another reminder of what happens when a company grows rapidly with little oversight.可知,Facebook 的失误又一次提醒人们,当一家公司在几乎没有监管的情况下快速发展时会发生什么。由
48、此推断,Facebook是一家缺乏政府监管而快速发展的社交网络公司,故选C项。根据第四段第二句中的 hate speech,misinforma-tion and other offensive contents 可知,Facebook 上的信息并没有经过很好的挑选,故A项错误;B项中的data misuse from Zuckerberg是指扎克伯格的数据误用,明显错误;根据第三段最后一句中的a platform used by 2.3 billion people every month可知,D项中的every day错误。2.B语义猜测题。根据第三段画线词所在句The social ne
49、twork has faced criticism many times since launching 14 years ago,but the public uproar reached new heights in 2018.可知,自14年前推出以来,这个社交网络多次受到批评,但在2018年公众的“uproar”达到了新的高度。uproar本意为“吵闹,骚动”。由句意推测,此处uproar指的是前半句中提到的 criticism。故选B项。3.A主旨大意题。文章严厉地指出 Facebook 所存在的问题,换一个角度说,就是点明 Facebook 面临的严峻挑战。文中提及扎克伯格的新年决心
50、,用来引出文章内容,但B项不是文章主旨;文中批评了 Facebook 的多项问题,数据误用只是其中一点,C项以偏概全;文章作者并没有认为 Facebook 的前景黯淡,D项可排除。故选A项。拓展提升练拓展提升练Passage 1(2019江苏)In the 1960s,while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park,Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that,oddly,had not troubled anyone before:he couldnt
