1、第五章 英译汉的疑点 5.1 动态表达法与静态表达法 5.2 概略化表达法与具体化表达法 5.3 有生命主语句与无生命主语句第五章 英译汉的疑点 For 20 years we were passive witness to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.5.1 动态表达法与静态表达法 静态表述在英语中多以“be（或功能相当于be的连系动词）+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”句式为主。在汉语中多以“是+名词
2、/形容词”句式为主；动态则是指“动作动词+其他句子成分”这类句式。英语中在选择表述动作意义的方式时常常是静态的表述方式多于动态的表述方式；而汉语却因为有多用动词的习惯，重动态描写。动态表述多于静态。翻译时处理这一差异的常用方法有两种：一是化静为动，二是化动为静。5.1.1 化静为动 A.词类转换 B.被动 C.含有动作含义的静态表达 D.其他思考 为什么被动句在科技文用得很多？5.1.2 化动为静从翻译效果上看，有时把有些英语时态句式译成汉语的静态句式往往比译成动态句式效果要好。或者在英语动态句的意义不易用对等的汉语动态句来表达的时候，或表述不准确、不流畅时，也要转换为汉语的静态句式。思考 化
3、动为静情况下涉及到的词的特点5.2 概略化表达法和具体化表达法 Next to health,heart and home,happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.5.3 有生命主语句和无生命主语句 从动作的执行者有无生命这一点上看，英语和汉语中的动词均可分为有灵动词和无灵动词。前者用在表示有生命的主语后，后者用在表示无生命的主语后。在英语中，有灵动词与无灵动词无明确的区别，即一个动词常常是既可
4、用作有灵动词，也可用作无灵动词；但是在汉语中却存在着明显的区别。有生命主语句与无生命主语句 The past decade saw much progress in our society.That night sleep eluded him.The houseboats simple design provides a living room,a dining room,and several bedrooms,one behind the other,with a corridor along one side.His reputation and achievements outliv
5、e him.思考 翻译无生命主语句关键是？无生命主语句的译法 A.把无生命主语转换成有生命主语 e.g.The word“expect”always crept into Dads stories.无生命主语句的译法 B.把无生命主语转化成表示具体事物的主语，或者保留原主语，但是注意搭配的改变。The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.无生命主语句的译法 C.把无生命主语转换为汉语的状语 D.把无生命主语转化为汉语复句 E.g.The publishers reject
6、ion of his manuscript depressed him.无生命主语句的译法 E.转化为无主句 The heat makes me sweat like a pig.F.转化为外位成分 G.采用使役句 H.拟人化5.4 形合法和意合法5.4 形合法和意合法 Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.5.4 形合法和意合法 形合法是指采用形合手段来显示分句、句子和句群中各成分之间的相互关系；意合法是指依靠逻辑意义上的关联来显示这些关系。较之英语，汉语是重意合的语言。究其原因，可能是汉语本
7、身没有关系代词和关系副词，连接词的数量也比较少。因此，对汉语语句的理解常常是靠对语义和逻辑关系的感悟和具体语境来实现的，并不求助于话语的形式完备。5.4 形合法和意合法 A.简单句(1)I was too tired to talk with you.我很累，不能同你说话。(2)We never meet without a parting.有聚就有散。(3)He lived neither for fame nor for personal gains.他活着不为名不为利。B.并列句(1)We have studied English for a year and we can act En
8、glish.我们学了一年英文，已经能够演英文剧了。(3)The door was opened,and the audience came crowding in.门开了，观众一拥而入。(4)And with this,and a proud bow to his patrons,the Manager retires,and the curtain rises.领班的说到这里，向观众深深的鞠了一躬，退到后台，幕起。5.4形合法和意合法 C.复合句(1)When I was reading a book,she came in.我正在看书，她进来了。(2)Ill let you know as
9、 soon as it is arranged.一安排好就通知你。(3)It has been a long time since I saw you.好久不见了。(4)As she talked on she got more and more excited.她越讲越兴奋。5.4形合法和意合法(5)I knew nothing about it until he told me.他告诉我了我才知道。(6)Come when you are free.有空就来。(7)If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？(8)He was
10、a free-will agent and he chose to do careful work,and if he failed,he took the responsibility without subterfuge.他是个自有主意的人,干活就要认真干好，没干好，他就承担责任，决不借故推委。5.4 形合法和意合法(9)There was something remarkable in his manner of doing so,though I could not have said for my life what.他这一举一动我总觉得有点奇特，奇特在哪里我又说不上。(10)Wha
11、tever you like to eat,just tell me.想吃什么，只管告诉我。(11)A wind blows so bitterly that the orphanage boys reach the door with fingers stiff in an agony of numbness.在呼啸的寒风中，孤儿院的男孩将一份份牛奶端到育婴房去，一天得跑两趟呢。他们走到门口时，手指冻得僵硬，一点儿都不听使唤。5.4 形合法和意合法(12)At daylight I was half wakened by the sound of chopping.Again it was
12、so even in texture that I went back to sleep.黎明时分，一阵劈柴声搅得我似醒非醒。那拍子依然不紧不慢，又把我带回梦乡。(13)The cook turned pale,and asked the housemaid to shut the door,who asked Brittle,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear.厨子的脸发起白来，要使唤丫头把门关上，丫头叫布利特尔去，布利特尔叫补锅匠去，补锅匠却装着没听见。5.4 形合法和意合法 意合法虽然是汉语的主要特征，但这并不意味着英语的形合句译
13、成汉语时统统得用意合法。事实上现代汉语也具有形合的特征，所不同的只这一形式特点不及意合法那么显著而已。汉语中有不少表示因果、目的、转折、条件等逻辑连接词或起关连作用的副词，如由于、因此、以至、与其.不如、既又、只要.就.、才等，它们能使汉语句子成分和句子与句子之间的逻辑关系更加清晰，不易产生歧义。含有这些连接词的句子与一些意合句相比措辞上显得更加正式、语气更加庄严。英译汉时，如果采用意合法来翻译会造成句意费解、逻辑白明，就可采用形合法来翻译。例如：5.4 形合法和意合法（1）I cant tell you anything when you wont listen.既然你不听，我就什么也不对你
14、说。（2）She has her weakness,but that doesnt mean she is not qualified for the job.她有缺点但这并不是说她不能胜任这项工作。（3）You dont have to worry as long as we are here.只要我们在你就别担心。（4）Since I shall be here again tomorrow,I wont wait any longer.反正我明天还来，现在就不等了。（5）Hardly had we started off when it began to rain.我们刚要出发就下雨了。
15、5.4 形合法和意合法（6）Elsie,flushed with pride,happiness,and the sweet champagne and already looking more of a Dulver,was compelled to respond.埃尔西由于骄傲、喜悦，又喝了几杯甜香槟酒而脸色通红，更象达尔佛家的人了。现在她只好站起来致答词。（7）In the 1950s most Americans believed parents should stay in an unhappy marriage to avoid damaging the children.在50
16、年代，多数美国人认为，做父母的即使婚姻不美满，也要维持下去，以免伤害孩子。5.4 形合法和意合法 其次，我们还可以采用形合法翻译英语中一些带有意合特征的句子或汉语与之形似的句子。（1）A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.只要问心无愧，别人的指责可以一笑置之。（2）Winter finds out what summer lays by.到了冬天才知道夏天储存东西的重要。（3）His youth got him off.由于他年轻，他得到了宽恕。（4）With all his shortcomings,he was a conscient
17、ious worker.尽管他有缺点，但工作却是勤勤恳恳的。（5）The book sells well.书卖得好。（6）The cloth needs cleaning.衣服要洗了。5.4 形合法和意合法 意合法和形合法混用 现代汉语既有很强的意合特征，也具有一些明显的形合特征，因此，英译汉时常常是该用意合用意合，该用形合之时用形合。如果在翻译一个英语句子或者一个段落时，有的地方需要意合、同时有的地方有需要形合，这时就可以二者混用。5.4 形合法和意合法 One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a fa
18、cial disfigurement,whether minor or major,is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives,even reaching out to help others with the same problem.5.4 形合法和意合法 译：有些人生来脸上就有或大或小的缺陷，但令人欣慰的是，这些人中有相当一部分并没有让这些缺陷扰乱了他们的生活，他们甚至还主动去帮助其他有同样缺陷的人。5.4 形合法和意合法 When the weather is fair and settled,they
19、are clothed in blue and purple,and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky;but sometimes when the rest of the landscape is cloudless,they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits,which,in the last rays of the setting sun,will glow and light up with a crown of glory.5.4 形合法和意合法译：风和日丽之时，这些山峦便发出蓝紫色的光芒，粗粗的轮廓映照在晴朗的夜空上。但是有时，大地上其他地方都不见一片云彩，而独有这里的山峰上会聚集着一层灰蒙蒙的水气，在夕阳的余辉里，发出耀眼的光，像是璀璨的王冠。5.4 形合法和意合法 It has been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
