1、數位典藏概論單元數位典藏概論單元10如如 果果 If William Shakespeare had written Hamlet on a word processor,orIf Thomas Jefferson had saved his drafts of the Declaration of Independence with a computer text editor,orIf Alexander Graham Bell had documented his experiments with the telephone on floppy disk,orIf Leonardo da
2、 Vinci had used a computer graphics system to create the Mona LisaWould Their Great Achievements Still Be Available To Us Today?http:/www.clir.org/pubs/film/future/discussion.html資訊保存維護的歷史回顧資訊保存維護的歷史回顧將文字刻在石頭上將文字寫在紙草上將文字印在紙張上將資訊以類比形態儲存在視聽媒體上將類比資訊化為位元，儲存在電子媒體上資訊保存維護的意資訊保存維護的意義義資訊的保存維護主要是讓資訊在需要的時刻，永遠保
3、持在可使用的狀態。資訊的保存維護不只是保存資訊的實體物件，也包括所有與資訊長久存活的相關策略與機構的考量在內。資訊的保存維護需要長期的投資與努力，也是永續的承諾與責任。數位資訊數位資訊的保存維護的保存維護數位資訊的保存維護是指突破媒體損毀或技術變遷的限制，使數位資訊保持可使用的所有方法。長期保存 無限期可使用數位資訊。中期保存 無論技術如何改變，在一段特定時間內維持資訊的使用性，但並非永久性。短期保存 在可預期的時間內維持資訊的使用性，直到技術變遷無法使用為止。(http:/www.dpconline.org/graphics/intro/definitions.html)數位資訊數位資訊的保
4、存維護的保存維護(續續)延長數位資訊的使用壽命，防止媒體損壞、資訊流失、軟硬體過時等。確保資訊長期的維護：養成備份的習慣檢查儲存媒體及檔案是否有損壞 提供資訊內容的利用：確定資訊可以從儲存媒體讀取確定資訊可以閱讀和用電腦處理確定資訊可以理解 數位資訊保存維護的目的數位資訊保存維護的目的保持資訊展現、檢索、利用的能力確保資訊的安全及可靠性確保資訊現在與未來永續利用的價值數位化就能永久典藏嗎數位化就能永久典藏嗎?“We digitized it,so it is preserved.”NOT REALLY!相較於其他資訊儲存媒體，數位資訊的生命週期似乎較短。由於數位化已成為出版和通訊的主流，如果不
5、努力保存這些數位化物件，可能就要永久失去。數位典藏的三個面向數位典藏的三個面向數位典藏的困難和下列三個問題有關：儲存媒體的問題 the preservation of the physical media on which the bits and bytes of electronic information reside.技術的問題 refreshing of technologies from old to new as they become available.知識保存的問題 addressing the integrity and authenticity of the infor
6、mation as originally recorded.儲存媒體的問題儲存媒體的問題儲存媒體缺乏耐久性沉默的毀壞快速的退化不小心操作易造成傷害技術的問題技術的問題技術很容易過時資料必須依賴軟硬體數位資訊的格式不一知識保存的問題知識保存的問題數位資訊的真確性無法保證數位資訊在轉換、更新或操作的過程中容易毀壞和流失數位資訊容易受到竄改或破壞知識保存的問題知識保存的問題(續續)數位資訊的完整性：用以分辨資訊完整性的五個特徵-內容(Content)固定性(Fixity)詳細附註(Reference)出處(Provenance)背景(Context)法律及倫理的問題法律及倫理的問題典藏機構對於有版權
7、保護的資訊可以任意複製、轉移或更新格式嗎?典藏機構對於透過授權或訂閱的數位資訊並沒有擁有權，可以永久典藏嗎?可以典藏別人的網頁嗎?經濟的問題經濟的問題數位資訊投資龐大，必須妥善管理和維護。數位典藏亦需要付出昂貴的代價。數位典藏並非短期的作業，而是持續的工作。數位典藏經濟基礎架構數位典藏經濟基礎架構數位典藏必須仰賴持續的投資和長期的行政支援數位典藏的經濟基礎架構包括：認清典藏的職責並妥善分配責任提供足夠的誘因，以鼓勵完成任務減少不必要的重覆，有效使用有限資源參考下列文件：http:/www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/incentives-dp.pdf
8、 http:/www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub126/pub126.pdf 難以保存的數位資訊難以保存的數位資訊動態的連續性出版品禁止複製的資訊經常更新的資訊對於持續更新的文件，應該保存所有版本或最後的版本?電子郵件需要用特殊軟體讀寫的資訊數位資訊保存維護的原則數位資訊保存維護的原則盡量保持資訊的壽命透過持續的選擇過程保存資訊維護資訊的品質維持資訊的原貌維持資訊的可利用性數位資訊保存維護的方法數位資訊保存維護的方法 大致上有下列幾種方法，但沒有完美的解決之道：資料轉移(Data migration)媒體更新(Medium refreshing)保存舊有的技術(Tech
9、nology preservation)軟體模擬(Software emulation)擴展詮釋資料的應用Data MigrationData migration involves the transfer of the entire technology environment,usually from one generation of computer technology to a subsequent one,not just the physical storage mediumData migration is a more tried and tested preservati
10、on strategy.Data migration is labor-intensive and its difficult to predict what it will involve.Media Refreshing There is a need to clarify the following terms:Copying transferring data from old storage media to new storage media with the same format specification.Reformatting there is a change to t
11、he underlying bit stream,but there is no change in the intellectual content of the records.Converting data export or import from one software environment to another.Migrating usually involves moving data from proprietary legacy systems that lack software functionality to open systems.Media refreshin
12、g may solve the problem of medium deterioration,but it wont be able to solve the problem of technology obsolescence.Technology PreservationThis approach intends to retain the needed hardware and software.This approach may have an important role for the recovery of data from obsolete storage media an
13、d platforms,but it is unlikely to become a viable long-term strategy.This approach my end up with a museum of ageing and incompatible computer hardware.Software Emulation This approach is based on the premise that the best way to preserve the functionality and“look and feel”of digital resources woul
14、d be to preserve the original software and then to run this on emulators that would mimic the behavior of the obsolete hardware and operating systems.This approach requires the encapsulation of a digital data object together with the application software used to create or interpret it and a descript
15、ion of the required hardware environment that could be used as a specification for an emulator.Preservation MetadataPreservation metadata is information that supports and documents the long-term preservation of digital materials.It addresses the following attributes of an archived digital object:pro
16、venance-documenting the custodial history of the object.authenticity-validating that the digital object is in fact what it purports to be,and has not been altered in an undocumented way.preservation activity-documenting the actions taken to preserve the digital object,and any consequences of these a
17、ctions that impact its look,feel,or functionality.technical environment-describing the technical requirements,such as hardware and software,needed to render and use the digital objects.rights management-recording any binding intellectual property rights that may limit the repositorys ability to pres
18、erve and disseminate the digital object over time.Preservation Metadata(cont.)Preservation metadata helps make an archived digital object self-documenting over time,even as the intellectual,economic,legal,and technical environments surrounding the object are in a constant state of change.Examples:PR
19、EMIS(Preservation Metadata:Implementation Strategies)http:/www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/CEDARS Guide to Preservation Metadata http:/www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/guideto/metadata/guidetometadata.pdf National Library of Australia.Preservation Metadata for Digital Collections http:/www.nla.gov.au/pres
20、erve/pmeta.html詮釋資料應用於數位保存詮釋資料應用於數位保存除了格式的轉移及媒體的更新，知識完整的保存亦相當重要。檔案產生之後，應附加詳細的詮釋資料加以描述。詮釋資料承載所有必要的資訊，使檔案在未來任何情況下均能辨識並持續為讀者所利用。數位資訊保存維護的困難數位資訊保存維護的困難儲存媒體及電腦軟硬體缺乏耐久性技術很容易過時資料需經常轉移或更新資料必須有軟硬體搭配資訊基礎建設還不夠成熟缺乏完整的觀念架構保存維護的責任難以歸屬誰應負資訊保存維護之責誰應負資訊保存維護之責?創作者(Creators)出版者(Publishers)發行者(Distributors)系統管理者(System
21、 administrators)圖書館員(Librarians)檔案管理員(Archivists)使用者(Users)資訊保存維護的責任資訊保存維護的責任 資訊保存維護工作者應善盡下列職責:要確保資訊載體物理上的安全要確保資訊的原始性要確保資訊內容的準確性要確保資訊內容的可理解性要確保資訊內容的可利用性要定期對資訊載體進行檢測與維護數位資源保存維護實例數位資源保存維護實例Organizations/CooperativesDigital Library Federation(DLF)http:/www.diglib.org/dlfhomepage.htmCouncil on Library a
22、nd Information Resources(CLIR)http:/www.clir.org/pubs/reports/strategies.html Electronic Media Group(EMG)http:/aic.stanford.edu/sg/emg/The Joint Information Systems Committee(JISC)http:/www.jisc.ac.uk/UKOLNhttp:/www.ukoln.ac.uk/Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network(ERPANET)http:/www.er
23、panet.org/Digital Preservation Coalitionhttp:/www.dpconline.org/graphics/index.html Initiatives,Programs&ProjectsLibrary of Congress.National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program(NDIIPP)http:/www.digitalpreservation.gov/U.S.National Archives.Electronic Records Archive(ERA)http
24、:/www.archives.gov/era/PADI(Preserving Access to Digital Information):http:/www.nla.gov.au/padi/PANDAS:PANDORA Digital Archiving System http:/pandora.nla.gov.au/pandas.htmlThe Joint Information Systems Committee(JISC).Digital Preservation and Record Management.http:/www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=programme_preservationCAMiLEON Project(Creative Archiving at Michigan&Leeds:Emulating the Old on the New)http:/www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/
