1、Unit 4Astronomy:the science of the starsReading1.How old is the universe?2.How old is the earth?3.Which were the first creature or plants on earth?4.Do you know what the order for the development of plants and animals is?Several billion years ago.Between 4.5 and 3.8 million years ago.Very small air-
2、breathing creatures.Free Talk1.Do you know the origin of life on earth?2.Each religion or culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth.想一想：In Chinese culture_ separates(分分)the sky from the earth.Pangu 盘古盘古skyearth_ made human beings.Nuwa(女娲女娲)In western countries:_ created the world and a
3、ll living things.God(上帝上帝)Day 1:God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night Day 2:God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Day 3:God spoke and created dry land The Biblical AccountDay 4:God spoke and created the sun,moon and stars Day 5:God spoke and created li
4、ving creatures in the air and sea Day 6:God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7:God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy India Brahma is the god first represented in the Hindu Triad.He is the creator of the universe and all living beings are said to have evolved from him.Pre-read
5、ing Look at the picture.Do you know the topic of this reading?大爆炸宇宙产生示意图大爆炸宇宙产生示意图Big BangGasNew starsDying starsremnants地球大气地球大气The earths atmospherenitrogenoxygendioxidecarbonvapour It was full of water.海洋里的细胞开始分裂海洋里的细胞开始分裂 登陆登陆爬行动物爬行动物恐龙恐龙Mammals人类的兴起人类的兴起1.Why was the earth different from other
6、planets?The water remained.2.Why did the plants grow before the animals came?Because plants provide oxygen for animals to breathe.Answer the questions.3.Why is it wrong in films and stories to show dinosaurs and people together?Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the ear
7、th.4.There used to be nine planets in the solar system.Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet.Do you know the name of that planet?Do you know why they removed it?Pluto.Scientists now think it is too small to be called a planet.5.Why do you think that h
8、umans are the cleverest animals on the earth?They are the cleverest animals because they have larger brains than any other creature on the earth so far.6.What problem is caused by human beings?They cause global warming.1.Why was the earth different from other planets?A.It produced a lot of heat.B.Th
9、e water remained.C.The water disappeared.D.It was the oldest planet.Choose the best answer.B2.Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?A.The earth had a solid shape.B.The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.C.The water stayed on the earth but not on other pla
10、nets.D.The earth was not too hot and not too cold.C3.Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?A.Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun.B.Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.C.Animals could hide from hunters in the forest.D.It was easier for plants to grow.B4.It ca
11、n be inferred from the text that _.A.after“Big Bang”,what the dust was to become remained a mystery B.plants appeared before the animals C.plants multiplied and filled the oceans with oxygen D.plants played an important part in the appearance of the animalsD1.What is the original earths atmosphere m
12、ade up of?2.Why did scientists believe water is fundamental to the development of life?3.How did water come into being on the earth?4.Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth,plants or animals?Why?5.Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?Answer the following questions
13、.Carbon,nitrogen,water vapour,and other gases.2.Why did scientist believe water is fundamental to the development of life?Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas to ensure a following chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop.1.Wha
14、t is the original earths atmosphere made up of?3.How did water come into being on the earth?The explosion of the earth produced water vapor,which turned into water when the earth cooled down.4.Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth,plants or animals?Why?At first,small plants began to a
15、ppear on the surface of the water,they produced oxygen,which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.5.Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?They were different because they produced their young from within their bodies and produce milk to feed
16、them.Development of Life(1)1.(Big Bang):The earth was still a cloud of _.2.(between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago):The dust settled into a solid _.3.(explode):water vapor and some other gases were produced and made the earths _.4.(cool down):_ appeared on the surface.5.(life began):Arrival of small
17、_ on the surface of the water.Intensive ReadingI.Read the para.2-4 and finish the timeline.dustglobeatmospherewaterplantsDevelopment of Life(2)6.(multiply):The oceans and seas were filled with _and the development of shellfish and other fish were encouraged.7.(next):Green plants began to grow on _.8
18、.(followed in time):Land animals such as insects and_.9.(plants grew into forests):Reptiles appeared.10.(after that):Huge animals,called _ developed.11.(dinosaurs disappeared):It made the rise of _ on the earth possible.I.Read the para.2-4 and finish the timeline.landamphibiansdinosaursmammalsIntens
19、ive Readingoxygen A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe The formation of the earth The importance of water for life The development of plants and animals on the earth The arrival of humans and their impact on the earthPara.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5The main idea for each paragr
20、aph.Put the events into a timeline.1.Insects and amphibians appeared.3.The earth became a solid ball.5.Reptiles appeared.7.The earth was a cloud of dust.9.Shellfish and other fish appeared.11.Clever animals with hands and feet appeared.Keys:10 7 3 8 4 9 6 1 5 2 12 112.Dinosaurs appeared.4.Small plan
21、ts grew on the water.6.Plants began to grow on dry land.8.Water appeared on the earth.10.The universe began with a“Big Bang”.12.Mammals appeared.Combine into Explode with fire and rockdissolve harmful gases Big BangEnergetic dusta violent solid ballAtmosphereWateroceans and seasCool down Finish the
22、following form.Para 1-3A cloud of energetic dust A solid ballAtmosphere A world full of water4132Combine into Explode with fire and rockdissolve harmful gases Cool down Fill in the blanks with the proper words.After the _,the earth was a cloud of_.Later the dust began to _ into_.And then it _ loudly
23、 with fireand rock,which were in time to _ the water vapour,carbon dioxide,which were tomake the earths _.As the earth _ down,_ began to _ on its surface.Water had _ from planets or satellites,but it _on the earth.That made it possible for life to begin to _.energetic dustcombineexplodedproducecoole
24、dappear disappearedstayed develop“Big Bang”a ball atmospherewaterThe earth was just a cloud of _ after the“Big Bang”.The earth loudly with fire and rock.They were to produce many things,which were to make the earths atmosphere.As the earth cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.It allowed
25、the earth to dissolve _ gases.Then life began to develop.dust exploded in time harmful Fill in the blanks according to the passage.Small plants _ and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.This encouraged the _ of early shellfish and fish.Land animals such as insects,reptiles and dinosaurs app
26、eared after green plants appeared.Small clever animals _ all over the earth.They are putting _ carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which _ heat from the earth into space.Whether life will continue on the earth from millions of years to come will _ whether this problem can be solved.multiplied develop
27、ment spread too much prevents depend on 1.small plants in water2.shellfish and all sorts of fish3.green plants on land4.insects(on land)5.amphibian(on land and in water)6.forests7.reptiles(on land)8.dinosaurs(on land)9.mammals(on land)Para 4:Finish the following form.arrival of small plants in water
28、early shellfishplantsanimals all sorts of fishearly shellfishA few kindsmany kindsPlants in the waterPlants on landwaterlandinsectsdinosaurs simplecomplex lowMan had evolved from apes.达尔文达尔文(进化论进化论)advancedFill in the blanks.The arrival of _ encouraged the _of early _.Many millions of years later _
29、began to appear _.Later _ appeared.Some were_.Others called _,were able to live on lands well as _.When the plants grew into forests,_appeared for the first time.After they disappeared,_became more important.They were the last group of animals different from because they _milk from within their bodi
30、es.development shellfish and all sorts of fish on land land animalsamphibians dinosaurs mammals produced small plants the first green plants insects in the seaCan you find their English in the reading?1.随后它会变成什么一直无法确定随后它会变成什么一直无法确定,直到约直到约45亿至亿至38亿年亿年,这团尘埃最终变成一个固体圆球。这团尘埃最终变成一个固体圆球。2.地球变得如此激烈动荡地球变得如此激
31、烈动荡,以致于不知道这个以致于不知道这个形状是否会继续存在下去。形状是否会继续存在下去。3.更重要的事，随着地球的冷却，地球的表面更重要的事，随着地球的冷却，地球的表面就开始出现了水。就开始出现了水。4.很多科学家相信很多科学家相信,水的继续存在使地球得以水的继续存在使地球得以把有害气体和酸的物质溶解到海洋里。把有害气体和酸的物质溶解到海洋里。1.What problems have been caused by human beings to the earth?2.What can we do to protect the earth and make it a better place
32、to live on?We are making the world better.We are making the world worse.Discussion solar energy plant trees recycle rubbish prevent desertificationsave water purify airWhat can we do to take care of the earth?Whether life will continue on the earth depends on human beings.Only if we care will we hel
33、p;only if we help shall all be saved!Suppose you were the earth.What would you advise humans to do?Write a letter to the human being.The 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference will be held in Qatar from 26 November to 7 December 2012.In 1992,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
34、Change(UNFCCC)sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to address climate change.It is called a framework convention because it is seen as a starting point of addressing the problem of climate change.The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994.The ultimate objective of the Conv
35、ention is“to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system”.Work out the meaning of the new words and phrases through context.violentin time atmosphereunlikeharmfulexistprevent fromvery strong and suddennot latethe mass of a
36、ir surrounding the Earth different fromable or likely to do harm to be present in a place or situation;to livestop from Make sentences with the new words and phrases.as在这里表示原因在这里表示原因,意思是意思是“因为因为”As he was ill,he needed more help.1.No one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.没
37、人明白他在说什么，因为那太难理解没人明白他在说什么，因为那太难理解了。了。No one sees what hes saying,as it is too hard.because,as,since与与for because表示原因的语气较强，表示原因的语气较强，回答回答why问句的问句的提问。如果原因不重要，或为人所知，一般用提问。如果原因不重要，或为人所知，一般用as或或since。for表示原因的语气较表示原因的语气较because弱，类似补充说弱，类似补充说明，一般不用来回答明，一般不用来回答why提出的问题。引导的提出的问题。引导的从句不能放在句首，而且前面一般用逗号与主从句不能放在
38、句首，而且前面一般用逗号与主句分开。句分开。1._ you cant answer the question,perhaps wed better ask someone else.2.Please be brief _ I am in a hurry.3.My head aches _ want of sleep.4.It must have rained last night,_ the ground is wet this morning.5.Cyprus,_ you know,is an island in the Mediterranean.Fill in the blanks wi
39、th as,because,for or since.Sincebecauseforforas2.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dustsettled into a solid globe.1)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排要做的事或者命运（即命表示按计划或安排要做的事或者命运（即命中注定要发生的事中注定要发生的事)。e.g.When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家？你什么时候回家？主语从句定语从句它
40、（地球）将成为什么样子一直是个谜，直到45-38亿年以前这些尘埃凝聚成一个固体球体。2)not until直到直到才才;直到直到之前之前(还不还不)e.g.Dont talk until the class is cover.等到下课再讲话。等到下课再讲话。3.The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个形状是否会继续存在下去。it 形式主语 1）真正的主语是主语从句）真正的主语是主语从句whether the shape woul
41、d last or not。为了避免主语显得过长为了避免主语显得过长,可以用可以用it作为句子的主语作为句子的主语,把主语从把主语从句移到句子的末尾。句移到句子的末尾。e.g.It is well-known that we are good at English!众所周知，我们擅长英语。众所周知，我们擅长英语。2)2)whether 可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句同位语从句;而而if只能引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句既可以只能引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句既可以用用whether,也可以用也可以用if。Could you tell us whe
42、ther/if it snows in winter in Australia?4.They were in time to produce in time 及时及时;终于终于She will be back in time to prepare dinner.The doctor came in time to save her life.医生及时赶来救了她的命。医生及时赶来救了她的命。Mary usually gets home in time to bath the children.玛莉通常及时到家给孩子们洗澡。玛莉通常及时到家给孩子们洗澡。注意注意:in time 还有还有“过些时候
43、过些时候;最后最后”之意。之意。Youll get used to it in time.过些时候你会习惯它的。过些时候你会习惯它的。Dont worry.Im sure things will get better in time.别着急别着急,我肯定过些时候事情会好转的。我肯定过些时候事情会好转的。完成句子：完成句子：1)我们到达车站时，刚好赶上那班车。我们到达车站时，刚好赶上那班车。We got to the station just _ catch the bus.2)他早晚会明白什么才是对的。他早晚会明白什么才是对的。_ he will see what is right.in ti
44、me to In time 3)我刚好来得及赶上那班飞机。我刚好来得及赶上那班飞机。I was just _ the flight.4)大夫正好及时赶到挽救了他的生命。大夫正好及时赶到挽救了他的生命。The doctor got there just _ his life.in time for in time to save If you keep on,youll succeed _.A.in time B.at one time C.at the same time D.on time答案：答案：A解析：该题考查学生对介词和解析：该题考查学生对介词和time构成构成的词组的辨析能力。的词
45、组的辨析能力。in time除了有除了有及及时时的意思外的意思外,还有还有迟早迟早;总有一天总有一天的的意思。本题意为意思。本题意为:假如你继续坚持下去假如你继续坚持下去,你迟早会成功的。你迟早会成功的。some time 一些时间一些时间 at times 时常时常 kill time 消磨时间消磨时间 behind time 落后落后 all the time 一直一直 at a time 一次一次 at this time 这时这时 at that time 那时那时 in time of 在在.的时候的时候 at the same time 同时同时 in no time 立刻立刻 i
46、n the daytime 在白天在白天 for a long time 长时间长时间 at one time 同一时期，同时同一时期，同时地地 for the first time 第一次第一次 from time to time 不时地不时地 time and again 反复地，不反复地，不断地断地 have a good time 玩得高兴玩得高兴 time的短语的短语5.atmosphere n.大气层大气层;气氛气氛An atmosphere of tension filed the room.屋子里笼罩着紧张的气氛。屋子里笼罩着紧张的气氛。The atmosphere over
47、dinner was warm and friendly.用餐时洋溢着热情友好的气氛。用餐时洋溢着热情友好的气氛。注意注意:指指“大气层大气层”时时,常用常用 the atmosphere;指指“气氛气氛”时时,常使用单数形式。常使用单数形式。6.Water had also appeared on other planet like Mars but,unlike earth,it had disappeared later.unlike prep.与与不同；不像；非不同；不像；非的的特征特征 归纳归纳 1)be unlike.相当于相当于be different from.2)unlike
48、 sth./sb.位于句首，常用于表示对位于句首，常用于表示对比。比。3)unlike的反义词为的反义词为like。1)音乐与其他艺术形式不同。音乐与其他艺术形式不同。Music is quite .2)和他兄弟不同，他有种幽默感。和他兄弟不同，他有种幽默感。_,he has a good sense of humor.3)迟到这么久可实在不像他平时的作风。迟到这么久可实在不像他平时的作风。_ to be so late.unlike any other art form Unlike his brotherIts very unlike him7.as the earth cooled do
49、wn,water began to appear on its surface.随着地球的冷却随着地球的冷却,地球的表面就开始出现了水。地球的表面就开始出现了水。1)cool down 变凉变凉,冷却冷却2)appear“出现出现,似乎似乎”是不及物动词当表示是不及物动词当表示“似乎，好像似乎，好像”时是系动词时是系动词,该词无被动语态。该词无被动语态。Our teacher appeared on TV this morning.辨析辨析:appear seem lookI.含义上的差异含义上的差异 appear 是指根据事物的外表表象做出判断的是指根据事物的外表表象做出判断的,但实质上并不
50、一定如此但实质上并不一定如此;seem是表示说话人是表示说话人主观上的判断主观上的判断,暗含有一定的根据暗含有一定的根据,往往接近往往接近事实的判断事实的判断;look是根据视觉印象而得出的判断是根据视觉印象而得出的判断,实质上也可能如此。实质上也可能如此。She is fifty but she appears young.她五十岁了她五十岁了,但看起来很年轻。但看起来很年轻。(其实并非如此其实并非如此)She seems young.(I think she is young.)她看起来很年轻。她看起来很年轻。(个人的主观判断而推断出个人的主观判断而推断出)She looks young.
