1、oreurriculum 写写 作作25 5UNITdrafting 起草（文章）peer response 同伴反馈Key Termsproofreading 校对Main ContentsRewriting your essayEditing and proofreading your essayWriting your first draft2.Considering feedback from peers seriously with an open mindDifficult Points1.Rewriting as a critical reader1.Review what yo
2、u have learned about your topic.2.Pay special attention to those writing habits that have proved helpful for you in the past.3.Shift your focus from generating new ideas to creating meaningful connections among your ideas and information.Writing your first draft1.Choose the best time and place.2.Mak
3、e revision easy.3.Place your thesis statement at the top of each sheet of paper.4.Refer to your prewriting material often.5.Set reasonable goals.Practical guidelines for drafting an essay6.Lower your expectations.7.Do the easy parts first.8.Deal with facts,words,and spelling flexibly.9.Write quickly
4、.10.Take short breaks.Practical guidelines for drafting an essayRead the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as prompts.Activity 1 1.What is the thesis of this essay?The thesis stat
5、ement is In order to grasp opportunities in our daily life,we must pay attention to three pointspreparation,passion,and perseverance.Read the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as
6、prompts.Activity 1 2.Does the thesis have sufficient supporting details in the body paragraphs?Why or why not?This thesis lacks sufficient supporting details,because Paragraph 3 is not fully developed.Read the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coheren
7、ce,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as prompts.Activity 1 3.Is there any problem with the sequence of the three body paragraphs?Logically,Paragraph 3 should be placed after Paragraph 4,because one can persevere only when one has passion for a goal.Read the sample first d
8、raft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as prompts.Activity 1 4.Find out one grammatical mistake and one spelling mistake in paragraph 2 and correct them.Grammatical mistake:So does opportunities(do)
9、Spelling mistake:Under this circumstence(circumstance)Read the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as prompts.Activity 1 5.Can you find any overlap in the content of paragraphs 3 an
10、d 4?Yes,both paragraphs seem to be about how to hold on before difficulties and failures.They can be combined into one supporting point.Read the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve
11、as prompts.Activity 1 6.Is the transition from paragraph 3 to paragraph 4 natural?No,it is abrupt.Read the sample first draft written by a student carefully and find out problems in content,coherence,organization,and language.The questions below the draft serve as prompts.Activity 1 7.Does the write
12、r use pronouns correctly to keep a consistent point of view in paragraph 5?No.The author switches frequently from the first-person plural to the second person.For example,So long as you stick to the three points,sooner or later,the scales of fortune will turn to our side.1.Rewriting is the process o
13、f first reviewing the essay and then making necessary changes.2.It is the process of examining the whole essay,includingthe purposethe audiencethe organizationthe supportRewriting your essayRewriting your essayWhen rewriting,ask yourself the following questions.If you cant answer“Yes”,further revise
14、 your essay.Does the essay have a clear central point?Do all paragraphs relate to the central point?Is the central point supported by specific information?The following are some guidelines to help you rewrite your essay.1.Read your essay aloud.2.View your draft objectively.3.Reconsider your purpose,
15、audience,and tone.4.Deal with major problems first.Guidelines for rewriting an essayThe following are some guidelines to help you rewrite your essay.5.Focus next on clarity and coherence.6.React to your instructors comments.7.Consider peer response.Guidelines for rewriting an essay1.There are three
16、aspects concerning peer response.ContentOrganization and coherenceLanguage and mechanics2.In each aspect,some questions can serve as a self checklist when you revise your essay.3.Peer response should be considered seriously.The checklist for peer response1.Is the thesis clearly stated?If not,can it
17、be inferred from the context?2.Is the thesis adequately supported?What points,if any,need further evidence?3.Does the writer select concrete details and examples?4.Content1.Does the draft have an appropriate title?If not,explain.2.Is the opening paragraph effective in introducing the topic and arous
18、ing curiosity?3.Does the writer organize the points in the most effective order?If not,explain.4.Organization and coherence1.Are there grammatical and mechanical mistakes?Mark them out if there are any.2.Are all parts of a sentence properly coordinated or subordinated?3.Are important ideas within a
19、sentence correctly emphasized?4.Language and mechanicsRead the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 1.What is the thesis of this essay?The thesis statement is However,not all of us c
20、an grasp an opportunity that lies before us,because opportunities only favor those who are well prepared,perceptive,and perseverant.Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 2.Wh
21、at are the main supporting points of the thesis?Are they arranged in proper order?The three main supporting points are previewed in the thesis statement and emphasized in the concluding paragraph:full preparations,sharp perception,and dogged perseverance.Yes,they are arranged in logical time order.R
22、ead the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 3.What changes has the writer made in this draft?In this draft,the supporting point about passion is replaced by the point about percepti
23、on.Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 4.Do the sentences or paragraphs move smoothly from one to another?Yes,the transition between sentences and paragraphs is clear and s
24、mooth.Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 5.How are pronoun errors corrected in this draft to reflect a consistent point of view?The second person pronouns are changed to f
25、irst person plural pronouns so that the essay maintains a consistent first person point of view.Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 6.What other major improvements can you
26、find in this draft?Improvements in style and diction:e.g.The style and diction of the first draft are a bit colloquial.For example,we must pay attention to three pointspreparation,passion,and perseverance.(Para.1);So far,I have already talked about all the three points.(Para.5)Read the revised versi
27、on of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 Improvements in style and diction:e.g.In this draft,the author uses objective language:opportunities only favor those who are well prepared,perceptive,and per
28、severant.(Para.1);Full preparations,sharp perception,and dogged perseverancethese may not be the only factors that(Para.5)Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the questions below.Activity 2 Improvements i
29、n sentence coherence:e.g.They will turn up at the very moment they are going to disappear.(Para.2)is changed to They may disappear as quickly as they turn up.Read the revised version of the first draft“How to Grasp Opportunities”in Activity 1 on page 55-56.Compare the two drafts and answer the quest
30、ions below.Activity 2 Improvements in grammar and spelling:e.g.So does opportunities(Para.2)is changed to so do opportunities.Circumstence(Para.2)is changed to circumstance.Editing and proofreading are the last steps to ensure the success of an essay.Editing and proofreading your essayThe following
31、advice is useful as you edit and proofread your essay.Be alert to the errors that you tend to make and keep them in mind as you edit and proofread.Read slowly when you edit and proofread.Exchange essays with a classmate and edit and proofread each others writing.Cross out errors neatly with one line
32、 and insert the changes accordingly.Guidelines for editing and proofreadingThe following checklist to avoid missing errors in editing and proofreading contains three parts.Wording and sentence structure Grammatical correctness Mechanical correctnessThe checklist for editing and proofreadingWording a
33、nd sentence structureThe essay is perfect in the following aspects.specific languageproper wordsvaried sentences in terms of length and structureGrammatical correctnessThe essay is free of the following errors.sentence fragmentsverb form errorsverb tense errorscomma splicesMechanical correctnessThe
34、essay is free of errors in the following aspects.periodsquestion marksexclamation markscommasThe following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 Many artists toda
35、y are in what is called applied art.They use their ability in advertise,interior decoration,or some similar job.But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of work say that simple artist ability is not enough.There are lots of young people who have that.But not enough of them who kno
36、w anything about physics,or mechanical things,or math.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 To be a druggist you have to study chemistry.However,you
37、 cant learn chemistry without knowing something of algebra.How about a nurse?One of the required subjects in a course of nursing is known materia medica.In materia medica youll learn to figure out doses and prepare medicines.Algebra is important in doing the figuring.Too many student nurses flunk ou
38、t of the course because of their weak math.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 Its the same for many trades.If you want to be a craftsman,a machin
39、ist,a molder,and a patternmaker,youll need algebra and geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself,youll need math.Business today,whether it is running a little gas station or a big factory,takes good management.Good management takes mathematics.Activity 3 1.They us
40、e their ability in advertise,interior decoration,or some similar job.They use their ability in advertising,interior decoration,or some similar job.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage a
41、nd correct it accordingly.Activity 3 2.But people in business which hire the artists But people in business who hire the artists The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it acco
42、rdingly.Activity 3 3.for that kind of work say that simple artist ability is not enough.for that kind of work say that simple artistic ability is not enough.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the
43、 passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 4.But not enough of them who know anything about physics,or mechanical things,or math.But not enough of them who know anything about physics,or mechanical things,or math.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In
44、each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 5.However,you cant learn chemistry without knowing something of algebra.However,you cant learn chemistry without knowing something about algebra.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each in
45、dicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 6.One of the required subjects in a course of nursing is known materia medica.One of the required subjects in a course of nursing is known as materia medica.T
46、he following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 7.In materia medica youll learn to figure out doses and prepare medicines.In materia medica youll learn how to
47、figure out doses and prepare medicines.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 8.Its the same for many trades.Its the same with many trades.The follow
48、ing passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 9.If you want to be a craftsman,a machinist,a molder,and a patternmaker,If you want to be a craftsman,a machinist,a mold
49、er,or a patternmaker,The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Activity 3 10.Even you want to go into business for yourself,youll need math.Even if you want to go
50、into business for yourself,youll need math.The following passage contains 10 errors.Each indicated line contains one error.In each case only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it accordingly.Main ContentsRewriting your essayEditing and proofreading your essayWriting yo
