1、oreurriculum 写写 作作21717UNITanticlimax 突降法climax 层进法distant/intermittent repetition 间隔反复figurative language 形象语言figure of speech 修辞格hyperbole 夸张immediate repetition 连续反复Key Termsirony 反语literal language 本义语言metaphor 暗喻metonymy 转喻personification 拟人repetition 反复simile 明喻synecdoche 提喻Main ContentsFigure
2、s of associationFigures of arrangementFigures of likenessFigures of variance2.Creating fresh and original figures of likenessDifficult Points1.Distinguishing simile and metaphor Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 1.I dont want to be a Frankenstein.Identify the figur
3、es of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 The speaker uses allusion to express the idea that he/she does not want to be a monster or one who creates a monster to kill himself/herself.(“Frankenstein”is the title character in a novel(1818)by Mary W.Shelley;he is a young medical student who cr
4、eates a monster that destroys him.)Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 2.Professor:Order!Gentlemen,order!Students:Beer!Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 The professor demands that the students not talk freely but listen to his lectu
5、re.The naughty students used the other meaning of the word“order,”that is,to ask for something in a bar or in a restaurant.Pun is used here.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 3.The reasonable man adapts himself to the world;the unreasonable one persists in trying to
6、 adapt the world to himself.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 Antithesis is used here.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 4.Till a the seas gang dry,my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun;I will luve thee still,my dear,While the sand
7、s o life shall run.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 The phrase“my dear”is repeated twice.Repetition is used.In the other parts,hyperbole is used.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1 5.You ask,what is our policy?I will say:It is to w
8、age war,by sea,land and air,with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us;to wage war against a monstrous tyranny,never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime.That is our policy.You ask,what is our aim?I can answer in one word:Victory.Victory at all costsVi
9、ctory in spite of all terrorVictory,however long and hard the road may be,for without victory there is no survival.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences.Activity 1“You ask,what is”,“to wage war,”and“victory”are repeated;“By sea,land and air”is parallelism;“at all costs”,“in spite
10、 of all terror,”and“however long and hard the road may be”form the effect of climax;“The road to victory”is a metaphor.1.Figures of likeness are the most frequently used figures of speech.2.Two objects must be basically unlike,and similar in one or more particulars,in order to form a figure of liken
11、ess.Figures of likenessSimile is a major figurative device which makes an explicit comparison between two essentially different elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common by the use of such words as like or as.Simile1.A simile is usually introduced by words like as and like to
12、make a comparison.2.A simile must include two compared elements:the literal term,the tenorthe figurative term,the vehicleCharacteristics of simile3.The tenor and the vehicle must be different in essence.4.The tenor and the vehicle must have at least one quality or characteristic in common,which form
13、s the ground of comparison.Characteristics of simileThe following are the frequently used patterns.Note that X stands for the literal term,while Y stands for the figurative term.1.X is like Y.2.Xas Y.3.Xasas Y.4.As Y,soXPatterns of simile5.X is to A what Y is to B.6.Xas if Y.7.X isthan Y.8.X surpass
14、es Y.1.Metaphor makes an implicit comparison between two different elements in order to clarify our understanding of one of them.2.What all metaphors have in common is that they do not announce the fact that they are making comparisons.Metaphor1.Like simile,metaphor also includes two compared elemen
15、ts.2.The tenor and the vehicle of a metaphor must be basically different and must have at least one quality or characteristic in common.Characteristics of metaphorUnlike a simile,a metaphor does not need such words and expressions as like,as,and as if.Characteristics of metaphorSimile:Life is like a
16、 river.Metaphor:Life is a river.Metaphor can be used in various forms.full-length metaphorcompressed metaphorextended metaphorForms of metaphorIn a full-length metaphor,both the tenor and the vehicle appear in the sentence.X is Y.Y of XX and Y in appositionX or Y as the modifierFull-length metaphor1
17、.The metaphor states only one term of the comparison,leaving the other implicit.2.Compressed metaphors usually take the form of verbs because verbs have rich metaphorical possibilities.Compressed metaphorAn extended metaphor is a metaphor developed by a number of different figurative expressions,ext
18、ending perhaps over several sentences,or over an entire poem,or throughout an entire text,and involving several tenors and vehicles.Extended metaphor1.Personification is a special subtype of metaphor which gives human attributes to inanimate things,ideas,or non-human creatures.2.Personification is e
19、specially popular in literary works to create vivid images for readers.PersonificationThe following are more examples of personification.PersonificationThe moon played hide and seek with the clouds.The stairs groaned as we walked on them.An effective figure of likeness has three properties:freshness
20、 and originalityconsistencyappropriatenessEffective use of figures of likenessStale similes and metaphors are those that we have heard or read so often that they have lost their flavor and originality.Use fresh and original figures of likenessStale simileStale metaphorwhite as snowpretty as a pictur
21、espend money like water cunning as a foxpoor as a church mouseHe was a lion in the battle.The ship of the nation is on the rocks.She is a peacock.A mixed metaphor may include two or more different metaphors and ultimately make the metaphors confusing.Avoid mixed figures of likenessMixed:Students flo
22、cked into the corridor like an avalanche.Using figures of likeness appropriately means that the two items being compared must match in sense and have appropriate associations.Avoid strained figures of likenessStrained:Some of the things those people say just make my hair crawl.(The vehicle crawl is
23、incongruous with the tenor hair.Hair does not crawl like a snake.)Revised:Some of the things those people say just make my hair stand on end.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2 1.The topic of pain relievers seems clouded in a sea of med
24、ical terminologies.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2“Clouded”is something about the weather,while“in a sea of medical terminologies”is something about the ocean.Revised:The topic of pain relievers seems drowned in a sea of medical ter
25、minologies.Revised:The topic of pain relievers seems clouded in a fog of medical terminologies.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2 2.The seeds of rebellion were kindled in secret.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of like
26、ness in the following sentences.Activity 2“The seeds”is something about plants,while“kindle”is something about fire.Revised:The flames of rebellion were kindled in secret.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2 3.One must not drop anchor un
27、til one is out of the woods.Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2“Anchor”is a device on a ship,while the dependent clause talks about“the woods.”Revised:One must not drop anchor until one reaches the shore.Identify and revise the mixed or
28、 strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2 4.Who knows what potholes may lie in the uncharted seas as you scale new peaks?Identify and revise the mixed or strained figures of likeness in the following sentences.Activity 2“Potholes”and“peaks”are something on the ground,not in
29、 the sea.Revised:Who knows what storms may appear in the uncharted seas as you explore new waters?Read the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.Activity 3 1.Shall I compare thee to a summers day?simileRead the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and
30、identify the figures of likeness in it.Activity 3 2.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,metaphor and personification:the sunRead the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.Activity 3 3.And often is his gold complexion dimmd;metaphor and personificati
31、on:sunlightRead the following sonnet by William Shakespeare and identify the figures of likeness in it.Activity 3 Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,personification1.Figures of association refer to the class of figures in which something associated with another thing is used as a substi
32、tution.2.Two main categories fall under figures of association:metonymysynecdocheFigures of associationMetonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.MetonymyThe crown has lost much of its ancient power.The buses in America a
33、re on strike now.1.Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole or the whole a part.2.Specifically,there are four categories of synecdoche.SynecdocheCategory 1:A part for the whole or the oppositeSynecdocheHe paid the workers 12 dollars per head.(head in
34、stead of person)In the second half,Spain had three good chances to score but missed.(Spain instead of the Spanish team)Category 2:The general class for a specific member of that class or the oppositeSynecdocheMachines winning people is a common topic in science fiction movies.(machines instead of co
35、mputers with artificial intelligence)He earned his bread by doing odd jobs.(bread instead of food)Category 3:The material for an object composed of that materialSynecdocheI have no change with me for the bus fee.You have any coppers?(coppers instead of coins made of copper)She is wearing silk.(silk
36、instead of a dress made of silk)Category 4:The container for whats contained or the oppositeSynecdocheThe pot is boiling.(the pot instead of the soup in the pot)He asked for a juice.(a juice instead of a glass of juice)Identify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 1.The t
37、ongue is mightier than the sword.metonymyIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 2.The Wall Street was glad to see this happening.metonymyIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 3.Were under attack!All hands on deck!synecdocheIdenti
38、fy the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 4.The town is now having more and more gray hairs.synecdocheIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 5.The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.synecdoche&metonymyIdentify the figures of associ
39、ation in the following sentences.Activity 4 6.He finished the cup with one gulp.synecdocheIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 7.Great minds think alike.synecdocheIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 8.The company voiced its w
40、illingness to establish closer relationships with advanced manufacturers.metonymyIdentify the figures of association in the following sentences.Activity 4 9.Hundreds of eager faces waited to greet friends and relatives at the airport.synecdocheUnder this category fall many of the traditional figures
41、 of speech such as rhyme,parallelism,repetition,antithesis,climax,and anticlimax.Figures of arrangementWords,phrases,and clauses are usually repeated for emphasis,coherence,or aesthetic effect.RepetitionIn immediate repetition,words,phrases,or clauses may be repeated in immediate succession for any
42、required number of times.Immediate repetitionThe president said,“Work,work,and work are the keys to success.”None but the brave,None but the brave,None but the brave deserves the fair.Distant or intermittent repetition refers to another kind of repetition in which the repeated words,phrases,or sente
43、nces are separated by other words,phrases,or sentences.initial repetitionend repetitionrepetition in other intermittent positionsDistant/Intermittent repetitionClimaxClimax is the arrangement of words,phrases,or clauses in order of increasing importance.It is about time we realized that many women m
44、ake better teachers than mothers,better actresses than wives,and better diplomats than cooks.Identify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.Activity 5 1.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.climaxIdentify the figures of arrangement
45、 in the following sentences.Activity 5 2.Fear is the path to the dark side.Fear leads to anger.Anger leads to hate.Hate leads to suffering.repetitionIdentify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.Activity 5 3.They have left their secure congregations and walked the streets of Albany,
46、Georgia,with us.They have gone down the highways of the South on tortuous rides for freedom.Yes,they have gone to jail with us.climaxIdentify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.Activity 5 4.The woods are lovely,dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sle
47、ep,And miles to go before I sleep.repetitionIdentify the figures of arrangement in the following sentences.Activity 5 5.I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling complaints about a wifes duties.But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point
48、I have come across in my course of studies.And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.repetitionFigures of variance include a variety of figures in which something else is meant rather than what is literally said.ironyhyperboleFigures of varianceIronyThe irony we discu
49、ss here refers to verbal irony where the intended meaning is different from or opposite to the literal meaning.This hard-working student seldom reads more than an hour per week.Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.HyperboleHyperbole is the use of strong deliberate exaggeration to
50、 achieve emphasis.I am dying for a smartphone!I was helpless.I did not know what in the world to do.I was quaking from head to foot,and could have hung my hat on my eyes;they stuck out so far.SummaryFigures of associationFigures of arrangementFigures of likenessFigures of varianceWrite an essay of a
