1、oreurriculum 写写 作作31010UNITabstract 摘要bibliography参考文献，参考书目documentary research文献研究empirical research 实证研究literature review 文献综述practical research 实践研究primary research 直接研究Key Termsqualitative research 定性研究quantitative research 定量研究research design 研究设计research method 研究方法secondary research 间接研究theor
2、etical framework理论框架theoretical research 理论研究Main ContentsResearch paper and its synonymsQualities of a good research paperThe definition of a research paperTypes of researchReasons for research paper writingThe structure of a research paperThe schedule and stages2.Distinguishing the different types
3、 of researchDifficult Points1.Understanding the qualities of a good research paper1.Research is a systematic study of a subject,especially in order to discover new facts or test new ideas.2.A research paper,therefore,is a form of persuasive writing,an essay that is based upon a thesis supported by f
4、acts,figures,statistics,and other writers and speakers carefully-documented ideas.The definition of a research paperThe definition of a research paperYou have to reach a conclusion,or take a stand and argue a point in a research paper.Opinions of experts in the debate over global warmingGlobal warmi
5、ng is a serious problem.It is caused by the unbalanced development of human society.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 11.How the Beatles got started as a rock groupNot suitable for a research paper because it does
6、not argue a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 12.The Beatles lyrics gave hope to the disenchanted youth during the 1960s and 1970s.Suitable for a research paper because it argues a point.Tell whether each of
7、the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 13.An analysis of the application of the Input Hypothesis in the teaching of English WritingSuitable for a research paper because it argues a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be deve
8、loped into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 14.A summary of the theories of second language acquisitionNot suitable for a research paper because it does not argue a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your rea
9、sons.Activity 15.Different types of standardized testsNot suitable for a research paper because it does not argue a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 16.Standardized tests are an effective measure of students
10、 academic achievements.Suitable for a research paper because it argues a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 17.A chronology of Thomas Hardys life and writingNot suitable for a research paper because it does no
11、t argue a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 18.Thomas Hardy is the greatest English novelist of his era.Suitable for a research paper because it argues a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be
12、 developed into a research paper and then explain your reasons.Activity 19.The disproportionate influence of lobbyists on federal legislationSuitable for a research paper because it argues a point.Tell whether each of the following topics can be developed into a research paper and then explain your
13、reasons.Activity 110.The steps involved in the passage of federal legislationNot suitable for a research paper because it does not argue a point.The following five synonyms for research paper often confuse college students.paperthesis paperresearch paperthesisdissertationResearch paper and its synon
14、yms1.Paper is actually a short form of thesis paper or research paper.2.Thesis or dissertation,in contrast,is usually regarded as a long essay involving personal research,written by a candidate for a degree.Research paper and its synonymsIn this and the following units,research paper refers to a sho
15、rt piece of academic writing based on research,written by either college students or experts of a discipline.Research paper and its synonyms1.The paper has a clear thesis and focuses tightly on the thesis.2.All the main points are supported by solid,persuasive facts and examples and are organized in
16、 a clear and logical way.3.The paper shows that the writer has a good understanding of the topic and supporting material,and that the writer has read widely on the topic,especially from the authorities.Qualities of a good research paper4.The paper acknowledges different viewpoints but shows why the
17、point being argued is more valid.5.The paper conforms to the codes of research ethics,with all supporting material verified and every outside source carefully documented.Qualities of a good research paper6.The paper follows the conventional format of the discipline,including the use of correct in-te
18、xt documentation and a bibliography list.7.The paper uses standard written English expected of educated people in colleges and work settings.Qualities of a good research paper1.Research paper writing prompts you to explore and therefore learn about your chosen subject.2.Research paper writing teache
19、s you the conventions of scholarly writing.3.Seeking out useful information from a maze of sources can greatly broaden your horizons.Reasons for research paper writing4.It may urge you to communicate with experts on your subject so that you may find your own inspiration.5.Research paper writing is a
20、n exercise of logical reasoning,critical thinking,imagination,and common sense.Reasons for research paper writingGenerally,research can be classified in three different ways according to three principles of classification:1.the research method2.the research aim3.the source of dataTypes of research1.
21、Quantitative research involves systematic scientific investigation of the properties and phenomena and their relations.2.Qualitative research is used to explore and understand peoples beliefs,experiences,attitudes,behavior,and interactions.Quantitative research and qualitative researchQuantitative r
22、esearch and qualitative researchThe following example is an excerpt from a quantitative research paper.This longitudinal study investigated for three years the development of critical thinking(CT)skills of 139 English and German majors from two universities of different types in China.Using parallel
23、 tests of standardized CT skills assessment,it collected data at four stages during the first three years of the participants undergraduate study.Quantitative research and qualitative researchThe following example is an excerpt from a qualitative research paper.As a result of recent research on the
24、processes of and the relations between reading and writing,cognitive psychologists,linguists,educators,and reading and writing experts have proposed a new perspective,namely,reading and writing are two reciprocal acts of comprehending and composing that support each other.1.Theoretical research aims
25、 to construct theories or test existing theories.2.Practical research attempts to solve problems in real-life situations.3.For comparison,refer to examples on p.165.Theoretical research and practical research1.Primary research,or empirical research,involves the research of a subject through first-ha
26、nd study,observation,and investigation.2.Secondary research,or documentary research,is based upon others material.3.For comparison,refer to examples on p.165 and p.166.Primary research and secondary researchRead the abstracts of four research papers on p.166 and 167.Identify their corresponding type
27、s of research.Activity 21.Qualitative,secondary researchRead the abstracts of four research papers on p.166 and 167.Identify their corresponding types of research.Activity 22.Quantitative,primary researchRead the abstracts of four research papers on p.166 and 167.Identify their corresponding types o
28、f research.Activity 23.Quantitative,primary,theoretical researchRead the abstracts of four research papers on p.166 and 167.Identify their corresponding types of research.Activity 24.Qualitative,primary research1.You must use external sources.2.The information in a research paper is carefully docume
29、nted.3.A research paper conforms to strict conventions of structure so that there is little room for creativity or individualism.The structure of a research paperEmpirical research papers often consist of eight parts.1.abstract2.introduction3.literature review4.(theoretical framework)The structure o
30、f a research paperEmpirical research papers often consist of eight parts.5.research methods6.results and discussion/evidence in favor of the main claim 7.conclusion8.bibliographyThe structure of a research paper1.In actual practice,individual writers may make some changes to the structure.2.Research
31、 papers in different fields of study abide by different structures and formats.The structure of a research paperThe structure of a research paperThe following is an outline of a literature paper entitled“Objectification of Children in Henry Jamess Fiction.”Abstract Introduction Under the aesthetic g
32、aze:Dolcino Ambient in The Author of Beltraffio Under the clinical gaze:Miles and Flora in The Turn of the ScrewThe structure of a research paperThe following is an outline of a literature paper entitled“Objectification of Children in Henry Jamess Fiction.”Under the panopticon gaze:Nora Lambert in W
33、atch and Ward Out of the gaze:Maisie Farange in What Maisie Knew Conclusion BibliographyStudy the three outlines on p.169 and 170 and tell the characteristics of their structures.Activity 31.This is the outline of a quantitative research paper.In this outline,the“Results”and“Discussion and Conclusio
34、n”parts of the basic structure are divided into three sections:“Data Analysis,”“Results,”and“Discussion and Conclusion.”Study the three outlines on p.169 and 170 and tell the characteristics of their structures.Activity 32.This is the outline of a qualitative research paper.In this outline,literatur
35、e review in incorporated in the introduction.“Introduction”provides background information,and“Sociosemiotics”serves as explanation of the theoretical framework.“The sociosemiotic approach to translating Chinese four-character idioms”and“Other strategies for the translation of Chinese four-character
36、 idioms”constitute the main body of the paper.Study the three outlines on p.169 and 170 and tell the characteristics of their structures.Activity 33.This is the outline of a literature paper.“Introduction”consists of introductions to the author and the novels;“The concept of the dehumanization”intro
37、duces a theoretical concept;“Dehumanization and identity”and“Conclusion”constitute the main body:an explanation of dehumanization in the novel series.To ensure the success of research paper writing,it is suggested that you follow a schedule which prearranges the time allocated to the different stage
38、s of your writing.The schedule and stagesStages may include the following1.Choosing a topic and doing preliminary research2.Narrowing down the topic3.Locating and evaluating material4.Preparing a working bibliography5.Can you think of other stages?The schedule and stagesSummaryResearch paper and its
39、 synonymsQualities of a good research paperThe definition of a research paperTypes of researchReasons for research paper writingThe structure of a research paperThe schedule and stagesChoose one of the following subjects and do sufficient background reading to find a potential topic for a 2,000-word research paper.Then decide what type of research you plan to conduct.Finally,make a schedule to help you finish your paper within the semester.1.Classroom teaching2.Translation strategies3.Cultural differences4.Interpretation of a novelWriting AssignmentThank youThank you
