1、THE BASICS OF CHEMICAL LEAVENINGFOR FROZEN&REFRIGERATED DOUGHS(冷冻面团的发酵化学基本原理冷冻面团的发酵化学基本原理)ROY CHUNG BAKERY CONSULTANTUS WHEAT ASSOCIATES SINGAPOREWHAT IS LEAVENING?什麽是发酵?什麽是发酵?“LEAVENING”DEFINED:“发酵发酵”定义:定义:The process of making baked goods light by expanding or inflating the batter or dough during
2、the baking process 烘焙过程中,面团由于充气而膨胀的过程。烘焙过程中,面团由于充气而膨胀的过程。The word“Leaven”is from the Latin word levare“To Raise”“发酵发酵”这个词来源于拉丁文字,意思这个词来源于拉丁文字,意思“升起升起”SOURCE OF LEAVENING GAS(发酵产气的原因)(发酵产气的原因)FERMENTATION:发酵发酵C6H12O6+YEAST酵母酵母 2 C2H5OH+2 CO2+HEAT热量热量Glucose葡萄糖葡萄糖+Yeast Ethanol+Carbon Dioxide 二氧化碳二氧化碳
3、+HeatDECOMPOSITION:分解分解NH4HCO3+HEAT NH3+H2O+CO2Ammonium Bicarbonate碳酸氨碳酸氨+Heat Ammonia氨氨+Water 水水+Carbon Dioxide二氧化碳二氧化碳CHEMICAL-ACID/BASE REACTION:酸的化学基础反应酸的化学基础反应NaHCO3+HX NaX+H2O+CO2Sodium Bicarbonate小苏打小苏打+Acid Salt酸盐酸盐+Water水水+Carbon Dioxide二氧化碳二氧化碳AIR:气体气体Incorporated by mixing混合体混合体STEAM:蒸汽蒸汽
4、Water in dough or batter面团中的水面团中的水HOW IT WORKS它怎样工作的它怎样工作的Leavening of cake batter蛋糕中的发酵蛋糕中的发酵STEPS IN BAKING烘焙步骤烘焙步骤MIXING混合混合 -Whipping AIR into the batter打面时混入空气打面时混入空气 -Distribute WATER into batter打面时水分分布打面时水分分布 -BAKING SODA dissolves COMPLETELY碳酸氢钠充分溶解碳酸氢钠充分溶解 -FAST-ACTING ACID starts reacting快
5、速作用酸开始反应快速作用酸开始反应 -Bubble NUCLEI FORMATION泡沫形成泡沫形成 (Size and number of bubbles)泡沫的大小和数量泡沫的大小和数量 -SLOW-ACTING ACIDlittle or no reaction慢速作用酸慢速作用酸-少量或没有反应少量或没有反应 STEPS IN BAKING烘焙步骤烘焙步骤BENCH-SCALING&MAKE-UP -CO2 gas from FAST-ACTING ACIDS stops快速反应酸产生快速反应酸产生CO2气体气体 -CO2 gas from SLOW-ACTING ACIDS cont
6、inues慢速反应酸继续产气慢速反应酸继续产气 (At very slow rate or none at all)速度很慢或者没有产气速度很慢或者没有产气 -Some loss of GAS into AIR and into WATER一些气体通过空气和水损失一些气体通过空气和水损失 BAKING烘焙烘焙 EARLY STAGE(38C)早期阶段早期阶段-Fast-acting acids complete reaction快速反应酸完全反应快速反应酸完全反应 MID-STAGE(49C)-Heat activates slow acting acids.Reaction complete
7、s rapidly 中期阶段中期阶段-热激活热激活慢速反应酸,快速完全反应慢速反应酸,快速完全反应 LATE STAGE(63C)-Very slow-acting acids continue to react,and complete the reaction 晚期阶段晚期阶段-反应最慢的酸继续反映,至完全反应反应最慢的酸继续反映,至完全反应 -Batter begins to set面糊开始固定面糊开始固定 END(96C)-Completion of baking最后阶段最后阶段-烘烤完成烘烤完成REACTION DURING BAKING 烘焙期间的反应烘焙期间的反应DEVELOPM
8、ENT OF LEAVENING PRODUCTS酵母产物的发展酵母产物的发展1820-1830(?)-Baking Soda&Sour Milk(1)碳酸氢钠碳酸氢钠&酸奶酸奶1830-Alum(2)Baking Powder明矾(明矾(2)发酵粉)发酵粉1830-1840-Tartaric Acid(3),Cream of Tartar(4)酒石酸(酒石酸(3),塔塔乳酪),塔塔乳酪1856-MCP(5)patented(USA)MCP(5)美国专利)美国专利1865-Sodium Aluminum Sulfate(SAS)(6)for double acting BP磷酸铝钠(磷酸铝钠(
9、6)双性泡打粉)双性泡打粉1901-Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate(SAPS)(7)Patented焦磷酸铝钠焦磷酸铝钠1936-Free Flowing MCP-(Victor Chemical)-Regent 12XX1938-Anhydrous MCP(AMCP)(8)(Victor Chemical)-V-90无水无水MCP1951-SALP 1-3-8(9)-the first heat sensitive leavening acid(Victor Chemical)-Levair SALP第一个热第一个热敏感的发酵酸敏感的发酵酸1950s-A series o
10、f SAPPs of different reaction rate不同反应速度的不同反应速度的SAPP1961-Slow SAPP for refrigerated canned biscuits(Stauffer Chemical)-SAPP#4冷却罐装小饼干用不冷却罐装小饼干用不活跃的活跃的SAPP1996 and beyond-Next Generation products-Heat-treated Calcium Phosphate for slow actingreaction.“下一代下一代”产品产品-慢速反应的热处理的磷酸钙慢速反应的热处理的磷酸钙(1)Lactic Acid
11、:CH3CHOH COOH乳酸乳酸(2)Potassium Aluminum Sulfate SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O硫酸铝钾硫酸铝钾(3)CH(OH).COOH2 or H2C4H4O6(4)KH C4H4O6(5)CaH4(PO4)2.XH2O(6)Al2(S04)3.Na2SO4.24H2O(7)Na2H2P2O7(8)Ca(H2PO4)2(9)NaH14Al3(PO4)8.4H2OCHEMICAL LEAVENING ACID/BASE REACTION发酵过程中酸的基础化学作用发酵过程中酸的基础化学作用NaHCO3+HX=NaX+H2O+CO2Sodium Bicarb
12、onate 小苏打小苏打+Acid酸酸=Salt 盐盐+Water水水+Carbon Dioxide二氧化碳二氧化碳(Baking Soda)碳酸氢钠碳酸氢钠(Soda)苏打苏打Sodium Bicarbonate小苏打小苏打-Source of carbon dioxide.二氧化碳的二氧化碳的来源来源Acid酸酸-Triggers the liberation of carbon dioxide from bicarbonate.使二氧使二氧化碳从重磷酸盐中释放出来化碳从重磷酸盐中释放出来-Controls the reaction rate(the rate of CO2 release
13、).控制反应速度控制反应速度(CO2的释放速度)的释放速度)LEAVENING BASES发酵基础物发酵基础物Sodium Bicarbonate(Baking Soda)(NaHCO3)小苏打小苏打High purity,low cost高纯度,低成本高纯度,低成本Bland taste味道刺激性小味道刺激性小Most common type for baking Industry烘焙工业共有的类型:烘焙工业共有的类型:4 Grades available:可利用的可利用的4个等级个等级TFF-Self-Rising Flour(SRF),pan cakes,自发粉,煎饼自发粉,煎饼-Sel
14、f-Rising Corn Mix(SFCM)自发玉米粉自发玉米粉No.1 Powder-Cookies,crackers NO。1粉粉-饼干饼干No.2 Fine Granular-Cakes,muffins,donuts,biscuits,小颗粒小颗粒-蛋糕,麦芬,油炸圈,饼干蛋糕,麦芬,油炸圈,饼干-Self Raising Flour,dry mixes,自发粉,干燥混合物自发粉,干燥混合物-Self Raising Corn Mix,breading mix,面包屑,裹粉面包屑,裹粉-Baking powder发酵粉发酵粉No.5 Coarse Granular-Refrigerat
15、ed biscuit dough粗颗粒粗颗粒-冷冻饼干面团冷冻饼干面团-Dry Mixes,Baking powder干燥混合物,发酵粉干燥混合物,发酵粉LEAVENING BASES发酵基础物发酵基础物 Potassium Bicarbonate(KHCO3)碳酸氢钾碳酸氢钾 White powder蛋白粉蛋白粉 Hygroscopic吸湿的吸湿的 Slight after taste轻的味觉轻的味觉 Sodium free自由释放的钠自由释放的钠 Not widely used不广泛使用不广泛使用LEAVENING BASES发酵基础物发酵基础物Ammonium Bicarbonate(N
16、H4HCO3)碳酸氢氨碳酸氢氨Releases CO2 and NH3(ammonia gas),and water byheating释放释放CO2和和 氨气,加热水氨气,加热水Used in low moisture(3%)goods用于低水分物品中用于低水分物品中Hygroscopic吸湿的吸湿的Excellent leavening for low moisture cookies在低水分饼干中极好的在低水分饼干中极好的发酵发酵HOW MUCH CO2 GAS WOULD 1 gram OF BAKING SODA PRODUCE?1克发酵粉产生多少克发酵粉产生多少CO2 气体?气体?
17、Gram-Molecular Volume(GMV)分子质量分子质量:22.4 liter(公升)(公升)By Gas Law,the volume occupied by one mole of gas at standard conditions is 22.4 liter.气体法则中,标准条件下,气体法则中,标准条件下,1摩尔气体占用量为摩尔气体占用量为22.4公升公升1 mole摩尔摩尔CO2=44 grams克克=22.4 liter公升公升=22,400 c.c.毫升毫升1 gram 克克CO2=509.09 c.c.毫升毫升1 gram sodium bicarbonate(Na
18、HCO3)contains 0.5238 g of CO2(52.38%)1克碳酸氢钠包含克碳酸氢钠包含0.5238 g of CO21 gram of sodium bicarbonate will generate(509 x 0.5238)=226.61c.c.CO2 at standard conditions.标准条件下,标准条件下,1克碳酸氢钠会产生克碳酸氢钠会产生226.61c.c.CO2 At room temperature(27C)the volume of CO2 generated by 1 gram of sodium bicarbonate is about 292
19、.5 c.c.室温条件下,室温条件下,1克碳酸氢钠会产生克碳酸氢钠会产生292.5 c.c.CO2GMV is equal to the volume of a cube that measures 28.2 cm on side.GMV一立方数量等于一立方数量等于28.2NEUTRALIZING VALUE(NV)压力值压力值NV defined as:详细说明详细说明The amount of leavening base(baking soda)required to completely neutralize 100 parts of leavening acid发酵粉发酵粉的发酵数量
20、完全发酵需要发酵酸的压力值为的发酵数量完全发酵需要发酵酸的压力值为100帕帕 B NV=-x 100 AA:Acid酸酸B:Base基数基数DOUGH RATE OF REACTION(DRR)生面团的反应速度生面团的反应速度Speed of leavening reaction in dough or batter面团或面糊中的发酵面团或面糊中的发酵反应速度反应速度The rate of gas evolution controlled by leavening acid solubility(SAPP)or thermal property of complex molecule(SALP
21、,DCP,SAS,Alums)限制气体产生的速度因素是发酵酸的溶解性或复杂分子的热量的性限制气体产生的速度因素是发酵酸的溶解性或复杂分子的热量的性质质Organic Acids react instantaneously when in contact with baking soda and water(fast-acting)有机酸在遇水和发酵粉时立即反应(快有机酸在遇水和发酵粉时立即反应(快速作用)速作用)Phosphates react gradually due to low solubility.磷酸盐由于低溶解磷酸盐由于低溶解性逐渐的反应性逐渐的反应The reaction sp
22、eeds up when heated in oven(slow-acting)反应在烤箱加热时开始反应(慢速作用)反应在烤箱加热时开始反应(慢速作用)WATER GLASS TEST 玻璃杯实验玻璃杯实验ABBREVIATIONS缩写词缩写词ABBREVIATIONS缩写词缩写词DRR OF LEAVENING PHOSPHATES RHODIA PRODUCTSSTEPS FOR FORMULATING A LEAVENING SYSTEM逐步详细叙述发酵系统逐步详细叙述发酵系统Decide how much gas(CO2)the formulation requires 用公式决定需要
23、多少用公式决定需要多少CO2气体气体Normally Soda at 0.75-3.0%通常苏打添加通常苏打添加0.75-0.3%Calculate the quantity of acid(s)required to completely neutralize the Soda in the formulation用公式计算苏打完全反应需要多少酸用公式计算苏打完全反应需要多少酸Test bake and check the pH of the cake to see if the pH is in the desired range.烘焙测试,并测试蛋糕烘焙测试,并测试蛋糕pH看是否达到预期
24、范围看是否达到预期范围If not,use a larger or smaller neutralizing value(NV)to recalculate the acid(s)required and repeat the test baking如果没有达到,使用更大或更小如果没有达到,使用更大或更小NV来重新计算酸的使用量并重来重新计算酸的使用量并重复烘焙实验。复烘焙实验。HOW TO BALANCE ACID AND SODA IN A FORMULATION怎样在配方中平衡酸和苏打怎样在配方中平衡酸和苏打EXAMPLE 1:例一例一Know how much sodium bicar
25、bonate(baking soda or soda)is needed for your particular product(large cake,snack cake,donuts,etc.).了解生产中具体需要多少小苏打(大蛋糕,一份蛋糕,油炸圈)了解生产中具体需要多少小苏打(大蛋糕,一份蛋糕,油炸圈)Decide which acid(s)you want to use.Find out its neutralizing value(NV)决定使用的酸。查明决定使用的酸。查明NV。-Usually manufacturer of leavening acid supplies rec
26、ommended NVs.通常,发酵酸供应商推荐通常,发酵酸供应商推荐NVs给制造商。给制造商。Calculate the amount of acid needed to balance the soda as follows:以下是用来平衡苏打的酸的使用的计算公式:以下是用来平衡苏打的酸的使用的计算公式:NV=B x 100 ATherefore:A=B x 100 NVExample:If 200 grams of soda are to be used in a mix,how much V-90(AMCP,NV=83)is needed to neutralize all the s
27、oda in the mix?例:如果例:如果200克苏打,需要多少克苏打,需要多少V-90?A=200 x 100=240.96 grams 83HOW TO BALANCE ACID AND SODA IN A FORMULATION怎样在配方中平衡酸和苏打怎样在配方中平衡酸和苏打EXAMPLE 2:A prepared mix is to contain 5.5%sodium bicarbonate(on flour basis).The acid to neutralize sodium bicarbonate is a blend of 15%Regent 12XX(MCP,NV=8
28、0)and 85%BP Pyro(SAPP,NV=72).准备好的混合物包含准备好的混合物包含5.5%碳酸氢钠(以面粉为基础)碳酸氢钠(以面粉为基础)How much of each acid is needed to completely neutralize 5.5%of sodium bicarbonate?Average NV of acid mixture:酸混合物的酸混合物的NV平均值平均值80 x 15%=1272 x 85%=61.2 73.2(NEW NV FOR THE TWO ACIDS 15%MCP&85%SAPP)Total acid blend needed to
29、neutralize 5.5%baking soda:A=B x 100=5.5 x 100 A=7.514 New NV 73.2Ratio for the two acids:7.514 x 0.15=1.127%-Regent 12XX7.514 x 0.85=6.387%-BP PyroAnswer:Leavening System -Baking Soda 5.500%Regent 12XX 1.127%BP Pyro 6.387%NV AND CAKE SPECIFIC VOLUMENV和蛋糕精确用量和蛋糕精确用量BAKING POWDER发酵粉发酵粉A mixture of so
30、dium bicarbonate(baking soda),one or more acid components and inert material to keep acids and base physically separated,thus minimizing premature reaction in dry mixture.由由碳酸氢钠和一种或多种酸,惰性原料组成,保持酸和基础物分开,碳酸氢钠和一种或多种酸,惰性原料组成,保持酸和基础物分开,因此,最小化早的在干性混合物中反应。因此,最小化早的在干性混合物中反应。Inert material:惰性原料惰性原料Starch(re-
31、dried to moisture 7%or less)淀粉淀粉Calcium Sulfate硫酸钙硫酸钙Calcium Carbonate碳酸钙碳酸钙Minimum 12%CO2(23%baking soda)Most common BP has 30%baking soda or moreBAKING POWDERS发酵粉发酵粉Retail type:零售类型零售类型Baking Soda-Fine granular,No.2SASMCP-Regent 12XX,V-90,AJAXIndustrial type:工业类型工业类型Baking SodaSAPP-BP Pyro,Victor
32、Cream,SAPP#4MCP-Regent 12XX,V-90,DCP,AJAX,SALP-BL-60,Levair,actif-8FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL LEAVENING FOR FROZEN&REFRIGERATED PRODUCTS冷冻面团生产中的发酵化学反应要素冷冻面团生产中的发酵化学反应要素Temperature Effect:温度影响温度影响Gassing,-slow or none气体处理,气体处理,-慢的或没有慢的或没有Texture,volume质地,数量质地,数量Formulation:公式公式Dough or batter(water content)面团或面糊(含水)面团或面糊(含水)Block or formedTime:时间时间Mixing time混合时间混合时间Time to reach frozen state冷冻状态的时间冷冻状态的时间Time to thaw解冻时间解冻时间Use Level:5 15%excess