1、概要写作之找要点概要写作之找要点What is a summary?Its a short statement(陈述陈述)that covers only the main points of sth,not the details.牛津高阶英汉双解词典概要：用概要：用简短扼要简短扼要(brief)的语言的语言客观客观(objective)全面全面(thoroughly)呈现要点呈现要点。Example：A group of great teachers from other classes happily came to our beautiful and friendly class.Ig
2、nore:the unnecessary details The main idea:要求01020304 a a 60-word 60-word summarysummary（一段（一段6060词）词）cover cover 4-54-5 points points（4-54-5个要点）个要点）use use your own your own words words （自己的（自己的语言语言）use theuse the brief brief sentences sentences （简明扼要）（简明扼要）05properproper connection connection (恰当衔
3、接）恰当衔接）Part 1Part 1 Requests?(Requests?(高考写作要求）高考写作要求）1 Wrong Topic(主旨和原文不符）2 Wrong Points/lack points（要点错误/少要点）3 Not complete or details(要点不全/细节作要点）While writingWhile writing1.Without Own Language(抄原句，无自己语言）2.Poor Vocabulary (词汇简单，无丰富词汇句式）3.Not brief and logical(不简洁，不连贯）4.Other problems (书写/分段/拼写/词
4、句错误等）Part 2 Part 2 While readingWhile reading技巧01020304Skimming for the topic or purpose略读知主题/意图Scanning for the topic sentence寻读找主题句Skipping for the key points or sub-points跳读找主次要点List all the points in a form 用表格,列要点Part 3Part 3 Skills Skills of Reading for of Reading for pointspoints05Fast readin
5、g for the genre快读定体裁A:a narration A:a narration(记叙文）记叙文）-tells a story or event-tells a story or event B:an expositionB:an exposition（说明文）（说明文）-explain sth or share information-explain sth or share informationC:an argumentationC:an argumentation（议论文）（议论文）-make sb believe the authors opinion-make sb
6、believe the authors opinionWhy do we need to know the genre?Narration(记叙文)1.story(5w+1h):who,what,when where,why,how)2.event（beginning-development-ending)Exposition(说明文)1.介绍事物描述性质/功用 2.问题解决方法 3.现象 原因本质Argumentation(议论文)the topic the supporting evidence writers viewSkill 1.Skill 1.Fast reading for th
7、e genre Fast reading for the genre Skill 2-Skimming for the topic or purposeWhy?Why?Knowing the topic can help us:Knowing the topic can help us:1.leave out unnecessary details(1.leave out unnecessary details(删除无关细节）删除无关细节）2.present all the points correctly2.present all the points correctly（正确呈现要点（正确
8、呈现要点）Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women.Career women are healthier than housewives.Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders.An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment rate(失业率）increases by 1%，the death rate incr
9、eases correspondingly(相应地)by 2%.All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.A:Hard-working people live longer B:Housewives are healthier C:Unemployment rate and death rate D:Work is good for healthSkill 3Skill 3-DiscoverDiscover the topic sentences below and think about the topic sent
10、ences below and think about their locationtheir location B1 U 2 Standard and Dilaets(expositon 说明文)Para 1:Believe it or not,there is no such thing as standard English.(段落第2句,前面是一个问句）Para 2:American English has many dialets.(段落第2句）Para 3:Geography also plays a part in making dialects.(段落第1句）Tip 1-Top
11、ic sentence can be the first or the last sentencethe first or the last sentence or the answer of a question.(西方喜欢开门见山，主题句常见句首句首，也有句尾句尾和问句后的答句答句）Consolidaton-underline the topic sentenceWhy is work good for health？It is because work keeps people busy，away from loneliness.Researches show that people f
12、eel unhappy，worried and solitary when they have nothing to do.Instead，the happiest are those who are busy.Besides，work gives one the sense of fulfillment(满足感)and a sense of achievement(成就感）.Work makes one feel his value and status in society.When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfull
13、y operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students progress，they are happy beyond words.Tip 2-When you scan,pay attention to the linking words such as first,besides,on the other handSkill 4-Skipping for the key points or sub-points Skipping forSkipping for the signal words as pointsthe signal wo
14、rds as points主要点信号词主要点信号词 ：1.1.结果关系结果关系（so/as a result)so/as a result)2.2.转折后（转折后（however/buthowever/but，to be honest to be honest）次要点常出现次要点常出现：列举项目中：列举项目中/段中频度高段中频度高/逻辑关系逻辑关系While sports are for fun,it does not mean that they are not important to peoples life.Why do so many people go to see footbal
15、l matches and NBA games？It is because they enjoy the games,and they are willing to pay to watch the performances.Because of the sports stars,our life becomes more exciting.Some sports stars get honor for their country,and their countrymen are proud of them.They do good to the peoples mental health.U
16、nderline the central points and subpoints (用下划线划出中心论点和次要点）Tip 3-When writing,connect all points brieflyWhy 表示结果(enjoy the games为key points，几个because后是次要点(exciting,get honor,do good to)Summary:We appreciate the games for they make our life exciting and they are good for our mind.Whats more,sports sta
17、rs usually are at the top of level in their fields.In this world,you have to pay if you want the best.For example,Da Vincis painting Mona Lisa(蒙娜丽莎）was bought for too much money because it stands for the top skills in it.Most stars are great in their own field not only because of their talents but a
18、lso because of their hard training.They have to keep performing at their peak(尖端）to earn that good earnings.Does the points need to contain Monalisa?Why?Tip4-Leave out unnecessary examples ordetailsNo,it is only for the main points:you have to pay if it is the best.Sub-points:talents,hard training(=
19、keep performing)Consolidation-Consolidation-Skim for central points&subpointsSkim for central points&subpointsSkill 5-Skill 5-List all the points in the form List all the points in the form (用表格列要点用表格列要点)Tip 5：The form makes the outline clearly and logical for later writingTopic logicMain idea(para1
20、-)Supporting detailsrewriting Part 4-Summary Writing:-How to look for the key pointsPart 4-Summary Writing:-How to look for the key points 1.1.知文体知文体（genre)-genre)-理解思路理解思路 (outline)(outline)2.2.知话题知话题（topic)-topic)-找全要点找全要点 (all points)(all points)3.3.主题句主题句 topic sentence-topic sentence-段首尾和问题后段首尾
21、和问题后 4.4.主次要点主次要点 (CP and SP)-(CP and SP)-合并，改写，删细节合并，改写，删细节5.5.列表格列表格（form)-form)-弄懂层次和逻辑弄懂层次和逻辑（outline&logical)outline&logical)阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Throughout history,music spread among people of different cultures.In todays technological advanced society,however,people spread music online,s
22、ometimes without an artists permission.This can lead to many problems,and music companies are now dealing with this practice.Sharing music online without permission is theft(偷窃).Sharing music online prevents recording companies from making money from their efforts.They say that sharing music online
23、has resulted in a huge drop in profits and sales over the past 10 years.People who find music for free online are not paying for CDs or every MP3 downloaded.To truly understand the influence of music piracy(盗版行为)on creators,one must understand how many people are involved in the recording process.Fo
24、r the sale of each album,profits must be shared among musicians,sound engineers,music producers,managers,advertisers,and the company selling the product.Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist,but the reality is that sharing hurts business of all the companies involved.Th
25、ere are many people who dont see the harm in sharing music online and even think they have the right to do it.One online blogger states that he originally paid for an entire CD and that he should be able to do with the material whatever he wants.While he may have legally paid for the music,he does n
26、ot have the right to provide permission,which means people like the blogger are thieves.Although we dont spread todays music in the same way we did before,theres no doubt that people around the world love to share music.However,internet piracy would prevent musicians from continuing producing albums
27、 for fear of theft.Therefore,if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists,they need to buy their music so that artists will make enough profits to continue their music careers.1.知文体（genre)-理解思路(outline)本文是一篇Argumentation(议论文)the topic the supporting evidence writers view未允许的网上音乐分享是
28、盗窃-盗版会影响唱片相关人的利益/即使购买唱片也不能随意分享-保护音乐版权2.知话题（topic)-找全要点(all points)Sharing music online 3.3.主题句主题句 topic sentence-topic sentence-段首尾和问题后段首尾和问题后 Para1:Sharing music online without permission is theft(偷窃).Para2:Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist,butthe reality is that s
29、haring hurts business of all the companies involved.Para3:There are many people who dont see the harm in sharing music onlineand even think they have the right to do it.Para4:Therefore,if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists,they need to buy their music so that artists will ma
30、ke enough profits to continue their music careers.4.4.主次要点主次要点 (CP and SP)-(CP and SP)-合并，改写，删细节合并，改写，删细节Para1:Sharing music online without permission is theft(偷窃).In todays technological advanced society,however,people spread music online,sometimes without an artists permission.合并改写：Nowadays,it is
31、regarded as a theft to share music online without permission.Para2:Many people believe sharing music only affects the recording artist,but the reality is that sharing hurts business of all the companies involved.合并改写：Actually,not only does it affect relevant recording musicians but also does harm to
32、 business involved in the recording process.4.4.主次要点主次要点 (CP and SP)-(CP and SP)-合并，改写，删细节合并，改写，删细节Para3:There are many people who dont see the harm in sharing music online and even think they have the right to do it.While he may have legally paid for the music,he does not have the right to provide
33、permission,which means people like the blogger are thieves.合并改写：However,many people take no notice of the harm.Even though they purchase music,they cant share it online.Para4:Therefore,if people want to continue listening to their favorite artists,they need to buy their music so that artists will ma
34、ke enough profits to continue their music careers.合并改写：If we want the musicians to continue producing albums for us to appreciate,we need to protect musicians copyright.(要点4)【写作提示】这是一篇议论文。文章论述目前音乐版权问题的严重性,并指出不保护音乐版权的危害。文章结构清楚,写作时可以根据自然段的段意概括要点。注意句子的多样性和句子之间的连贯性。【参考范文】In todays society,it is theft to
35、 share music online without artists permission.(要点1)It hurts all relevant companies and people involved in the recording process.(要点2)However,many people take no notice of the harm and even think sharing music online is their right,not knowing most music is copyrighted.(要点3)If we want the musicians
36、to continue producing albums for us to appreciate,we need to protect musicians copyright.(要点4)1.1.史铁生虽然自身残疾史铁生虽然自身残疾,可是对生活的热爱却无时不流露于笔端。如果没有爱可是对生活的热爱却无时不流露于笔端。如果没有爱,他不会发现地坛的内在他不会发现地坛的内在;2.2.如果没有博爱如果没有博爱,他就无法观察数年来地坛的变迁他就无法观察数年来地坛的变迁,以及每一位进出地坛的人的特点以及每一位进出地坛的人的特点,只有对生活充满热爱只有对生活充满热爱,情感升华到博爱的人情感升华到博爱的人,才能
37、那么细致地观察一切才能那么细致地观察一切,精心地记载一切精心地记载一切,用美丽的文字描述一切用美丽的文字描述一切;3.3.只有心底有爱的人只有心底有爱的人,才能感悟出人生的意义才能感悟出人生的意义,从痛苦境地爬过从痛苦境地爬过,走向光明走向光明;只有心底有爱的人只有心底有爱的人,他才会如此懂得感恩他才会如此懂得感恩,知道忏悔知道忏悔,才能勇敢面对自己年轻时犯下的错才能勇敢面对自己年轻时犯下的错,才能把一切写出来才能把一切写出来,让世人得到教育与启迪。让世人得到教育与启迪。4.4.人的一生会遇到很多事很多人人的一生会遇到很多事很多人,不可能事事称心不可能事事称心,处处如意处处如意,需要我们坚强需
38、要我们坚强,需要我们都有一颗平常心需要我们都有一颗平常心,一种平和的心态一种平和的心态,学会面对学会面对,懂得感恩。懂得感恩。5.5.记得有句禅语道记得有句禅语道，当你抱怨自己的鞋不好时当你抱怨自己的鞋不好时,却发现有人竟没有脚。所以却发现有人竟没有脚。所以,不管你是谁不管你是谁,不管你在做什么不管你在做什么,都有存在的理由都有存在的理由,都要尽心尽力地去付出都要尽心尽力地去付出,这样才可以拥有无怨无悔的快乐人生这样才可以拥有无怨无悔的快乐人生6.6.作者曾这样解释自己的名字-心血倾注过的地方不容丢弃,我常常觉得这是我的姓名的昭示,让历史铁一样地生着,以便不断地去看它,不是不断地去看这些文字,
39、而是借助这些蹒跚的脚印不断看那一向都在写作着的灵魂,看这灵魂的可能与去向。这也可以看作是对他作品的最好的诠释。7.7.因为这个故事体现了中华民族的优良传统因为这个故事体现了中华民族的优良传统,是地坛成就了一位卓越的作家是地坛成就了一位卓越的作家,在他身上体现了我们这个民族的自强不息的精神在他身上体现了我们这个民族的自强不息的精神;也是地坛成就了一位伟大的中国母亲也是地坛成就了一位伟大的中国母亲,她身上散发着母爱的光芒。她身上散发着母爱的光芒。8.8.不会讲述。史铁生的故事只是我们生活中的一个个例不会讲述。史铁生的故事只是我们生活中的一个个例,与地坛传统的文化风格不相符合与地坛传统的文化风格不相
40、符合,参观地坛的人参观地坛的人,大多只是想了解中国丰厚的文化底蕴和历史知识大多只是想了解中国丰厚的文化底蕴和历史知识,讲史铁生的故事与地坛本身所代表的旅游文化出入太大。讲史铁生的故事与地坛本身所代表的旅游文化出入太大。9.9.会讲述会讲述,但不会讲得太多。毕竟史铁生的故事与地坛本身的文化、历史结合不太大但不会讲得太多。毕竟史铁生的故事与地坛本身的文化、历史结合不太大,只是借史铁生的故事提高一下地坛的知名度只是借史铁生的故事提高一下地坛的知名度,并借此表现自己知识的丰富并借此表现自己知识的丰富,以引起游客的兴趣以引起游客的兴趣,使自己的导游工作做得更好。使自己的导游工作做得更好。10.10.散文中的物象,就是倾注了作者的思想与主观情感的生动鲜明的形象,它是作者抒怀言志的凭借与依据,命题者常常从散文的物象入手设题,常见的提问方式有联系全文,指出某物象的含义和它在结构上的作用。
