1、2020高考英语复习之阅读理解科普说明文方略科普说明文是高考阅读理解中的重点与难点,特点是科技词汇多，句子长且结构复杂，理论性和逻辑性又都较强，话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化,因此看这类文章觉得是雾里看花。科普说明文1.文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。综观整篇文章可以明显看出，它没有文学英语中常采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修饰手段，一词多义的现象也不多见。2.句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象与一体的长句。3.常使用被动语态，强调动作的承受者。4.常使用双重否定句科普说明文主要特点标
2、题(Headlines):文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，高考这类阅读理解材料一般也不给标题，而要同学们选择标题导语(Introductions):一般位于整篇文章的首段背景(Background):交待一个事实的起因主体(Main body):对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述结尾(Ends):往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。结构:要做好这类阅读理解题，先要掌握这类文章的特点和结构，真正读懂并理解它。其次，工夫在课外，平时一定要多读科技幻想类文章比如：太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。特别是从网上搜寻一些取材原版、内容时新、语言鲜活
3、的科技幻想类材料阅读。这样长期坚持，既可以增长知识、开阔视野，又可以扩充科技词汇，还能提高解决这种的能力,何乐而不为？备考提醒看首段确定主题，解决文章大意以及写作目的类的题目。如果有however,yet 之类的词，要关注转折词后的内容。Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryoni
4、c learning(胎教胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.本文的主题句_.预测下文讲什么_.攻略一：看首段，明主题Before
5、 birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may tea
6、ch their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.本文的主题句:Babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.预测下文讲什么:An example will be given to show a new-born chick imitate his moms call.说明文一般说明以下内
7、容：New findings,new products,new problems,new phenomenon说明文一般有固有的模式，了解固有模式有助于对文章的整体把握。攻略二:理框架，抓整体科普说明文，先要明白说明什么对于研究，要明白研究的目的，研究过程以及研究得出的结论。划出研究得出的结论性的词，如：suggest,show,find,turn out1.提出观点（新发现）2.解释观点(新发现)3.实验（方法、结果、用途）4.展望 典型外刊科技说明文结构 Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and
8、voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning（胎教），birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chick
9、s can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia KIeindorfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and ove
10、r again while hatching their eggs,When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular“feed me!”call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds,the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren,another species of Aus
11、tralian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks,ranking them by similarity.It t
12、urns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs,the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition,the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their
13、 moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.”As a parent,do you invest in quality children,or do you invest in children that are in n
14、eed?”KIeindorfer asks.”Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”无关紧要的词汇跳过去Skip insignificant words在考试中，有百分之十的生词都不会干扰你做题。(思考：下列句子那些成分可以省去不看)Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female s
15、tranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).攻略三：突破生僻词汇Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They
16、can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).This educational method wa
17、s first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindo
18、rfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.猜出影响阅读的词汇根据对比确定词义Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even di
19、stinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then their moms c
20、all within a few days of entering the world.根据对比确定词义Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in T
21、he Auk:Ornithological Advances,some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then their moms call within a few days of entering the world.be the best根据解释确定词义When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that
22、served as their regular feed me!call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds,the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren,another species of Australian songbird.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.When the eggs were hatched,t
23、he baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular feed me!call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds,the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren,another species of Australian songbird.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens
24、 also emerge chirping like their moms.去枝叶，留主干找连词，划分句还真相，降难度 看标点，理思路攻略四：破译长难句找出句子的主干以及修饰成分1.When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular feed me!call.2.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer,a bi
25、ologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues.3.In addition,the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.1.When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp
26、to their mothersa sound that served as their regular feed me!call.2.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer,a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia,and her colleagues.3.In addition,the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the that most c
27、losely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.判断类型:细节题？推理题？弄懂题干,定位原文,转换信息攻略五：判断转换What are Kleindorfers findings based on?A.Similarities between the calls moms and chicks B.The observation of fairy wrens across Australia C.The data collected from Queenslands locals.D.Controlled ex
28、periments on wrens and other birds.What are Kleindorfers findings based on?A.Similarities between the calls moms and chicks B.The observation of fairy wrens across Australia C.The data collected from Queenslands locals.D.Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.先弄懂题干的意思,到文中定位,用排除法逐个排除This edu
29、cational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer,Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular feed
30、 me!call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds,the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren,another species of Australian songbird.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.判断题目类型：细节题？推理题？which指什么？Embryonic learning helps mother
31、birds to identify the baby birds which _？According to these rules,what statement shouldnt we choose?A.can receive quality signals B.are in need of trainingC.fit the environment better D.make the loudest callEmbryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which _？According to these r
32、ules,what statement shouldnt we choose?A.can receive quality signals B.are in need of trainingC.fit the environment better D.make the loudest call注意：中心词背离文章主题思想的备选项文中无依据(not mentioned)说法太绝对或太片面(too narrow)的观点偷换概念直接选取文中的原句(fact)或原词1.语篇的行文思路-图式结构2.语篇中的事实和态度的区分3.语篇的衔接词but,besides,also.4.段落的展开手段：举例、对比、解
33、释5.语篇的修辞手法：反讽、幽默、排比阅读时，读什么？DNA left at a crime scene could be used in the future to build up a picture of an offenders face,which was revealed tonight.A first step towards genetic mugshots has been taken by researchers in the US who link specific DNA markers with face shapes.To identify the genes,th
34、ey focused on known mutations(突变)that cause changes of the face and head.Normal versions of these genes were found to influence individual features.For instance,one gene affected the lips,another the shape and configuration of bones around the eyes,and a third the appearance of the mid-face and skul
35、l.In total,20 genes had significant effects on facial appearance.Lead scientist Professor Mark Shriver,from the Pennsylvania State University,said,We use DNA to match to an individual or identify an individual,but we can get so much more from DNA.Currently we cant go from DNA to a face,or from a fac
36、e to DNA,but it should be possible.The implications are farreaching,raising the possibility of creating a data bank of facial types based on genetic markers.DNA from a crime scene could then be used to produce a rough image of the face of an offender or victim.Such genetic mugshots may be more relia
37、ble than computergenerated Efits based on witnesses memory.Other uses of the technique might include proving the identities of fathers in paternity cases,or visualizing our remote ancestors from fossil DNA.实战练习1The scientists wrote in the online journal Public Library of Science Genetics，Such predic
38、tive modelling could be forensically useful.For example,DNA left at crime scenes could be tested and faces could be predicted in order to help to narrow the pool of potential suspects.Further,our methods could be used to predict the facial features of descendants,deceased ancestors,and even extinct
39、human species.In addition,these methods could prove to be useful diagnostic tools.The team developed a model which first established a range of physical face shapes from people of mixed West African and European ancestry from the US,Brazil and Cape Verde.Measurements were taken of thousands of point
40、 coordinates on grids placed over 3D images of the faces.Statistical methods were then used to determine the relationship between facial differences and the effects of genders,ethnic ancestry and individual gene variants.1The underlined word mugshots in the second paragraph most probably means _Adif
41、ferent faces Bcharacteristics Cpictures of faces Dgenders2What can be inferred from the passage?ADNA has been used to build up a picture of an offenders face.BIt may be much easier to catch criminals with the help of DNA.CIn all,20 genes hadsignificant effectson facial appearance.DOne gene can affec
42、t more than one part of your face.3According to Professor Mark Shriver,we know_.Athey can merely match to an individual or identify an individualBthere is a possibility of going from DNA to a faceCDNA could be used to produce a rough image of an offenders faceDthis technology is more reliable than c
43、omputer-generated Efits4What is the most possible title of the passage?ACreating a data bank of DNA BRecognizing the DNA of criminalsCPredicting the locations of offences using DNADBuilding up an image of an offenders face from DNA1The underlined word mugshots in the second paragraph most probably m
44、eans _Adifferent faces Bcharacteristics Cpictures of faces Dgenders2What can be inferred from the passage?ADNA has been used to build up a picture of an offenders face.BIt may be much easier to catch criminals with the help of DNA.CIn all,20 genes hadsignificant effectson facial appearance.DOne gene
45、 can affect more than one part of your face.3According to Professor Mark Shriver,we know_.Athey can merely match to an individual or identify an individualBthere is a possibility of going from DNA to a faceCDNA could be used to produce a rough image of an offenders faceDthis technology is more relia
46、ble than computer-generated Efits4What is the most possible title of the passage?ACreating a data bank of DNA BRecognizing the DNA of criminalsCPredicting the locations of offences using DNADBuilding up an image of an offenders face from DNAThe extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare,Zimbabwes cap
47、ital city,is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蚁堆)Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building,which has no air conditioning and almost no heating.The buildingthe countrys largest c
48、ommercial and shopping complexuses less than 10%of the energy of a conventional building of its size.The Eastgates owners saved 3.5 million on a 36 million building because air conditioning plant didnt have to be imported.The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady,glass-r
49、oofed atrium(天井)open to the air.Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium,blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通风口).As it rises and warms,it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through fortyeight brick chimneys.实战练
50、习2During summers cool nights,big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors.By day,smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors.For winter days,there are small heaters in the
