1、现在完成时 基本构成基本构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词 基本用法基本用法：“已完成”：表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。“未完成”：表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束。“经验性”：表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生或多次出现的状态。“已完成”用法细分为两种情况：1）开始于过去的动作刚刚结束，常与just,now,already,yet,notyet等不确定的时间连用。Jim has just turned off the light.（说明现在灯已经关掉了）2）表示过去动作的结果，现在仍存留着，一般不用时间状语。I
2、have lost my pen.(说明过去某时丢的，现在还没有找到)She has become a teacher.(说明现在仍是老师)“未完成”用法：常与表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的状语连用。如today,this week(month,year),in the past few days(years),these days,so far,up to now,until(till)now,since+表过去的时间(a year ago,yesterday,year),since+从句,for+一段时间，recently,等等。I havent seen him today.I have
3、 seen little of her in the past few years.So far he has done very well at school.They have known each other since childhood.(现在还在交往)We have been good friends since we were children.He has lived here for 10 years.(现在还住在这儿)“经验性”用法：常与频度副词如often,always,once,twice,ever,never,before等连用。I have been to the
4、Summer Palace twice.He has always said so.He has never been there before.特殊用法：This is the best tea I have ever drunk.This is the most interesting book I have ever read.现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语 1)用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent fin
5、ished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。2)用ever和never.多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。3)用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He ha
6、s been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了4)用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。-Have you met him today?今天你见过他吗？-No,I havent.我没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？5)since在现在完成时中经常出现，后面可跟表示过去的时间状语，例如since yesterday,since two years ago,since 1987等
7、等，since 引导的从句一般用一般过去式，但主句谓语用现在完成时。I have lived here since two years ago.He has lived in Nanjing since the year before last.We have been friends ever since we met at school.但是当主语表示有多少时间时，主句谓语可用一般现在时。Its two years since I left home.How long is it since you came here last time?现在完成时注意事项1）区别have been to
8、 和have gone to Have been to 表示去（来）过某地（已经回来或已经离开）Have gone to 表示去了某地（还没有回来），鉴于含义，多用于第三人称。Have been to可以与never,ever,times等表示频率的词连用，但have gone to则不能。Have you ever been to Hong Kong?Who has been here?I have been to Beijing twice.She has gone to live abroad.Where has Tim gone?2)非延续性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。如come,
9、go,arrive,reach,hear,close,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,在完成时中如果想保留一段时间的状语，则需要将非延续性动词转换成延续性动词。如：fall asleep(ill)be asleep(ill),buy have begin(start)be on join be in;be a+名词 get up be up die be dead go out be out come be in arrivebe here finish(end)be over borrowkeep leave,move be a
10、way,come backbe back put onwear 或be on catch(a cold)have(a cold)begin to studystudy 电影已经开始半个小时了。The movie has been on for half an hour.他参军三年了。He has been in the army for three years.他母亲去世五年了。His mother has been dead for five years.她已经离开这个城市十年了。She has been away from this city for about ten years.3）但
11、是，当这些非延续性动词用于完成时的否定句中时就已经演变成可持续含义的句子，因此可以与表示一段时间的词连用。I have left here for ten years.I havent left here for ten years.I have received his letter for one month.I havent received his letter for a month.现在完成进行时 基本构成基本构成：助动词have(has)+been+动词的现在分词 基本用法基本用法：1)表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。I have been read
12、ing this book for two hours,but I havent finished it.2)强调动作延续时间的长久，或带感情色彩。She has always been working like that.3)表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.现在完成时与现在完成进行时区别 1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。所以现在完成时中的个别延续性动词根据强调需求均可变为现在完成进行时但差别不大。I have coughed all night.I ha
13、ve been coughing all night.(强调咳得久)We have lived here for ten years.We have been living here for ten years.2)在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时表示动作在过去已结束。如：The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）The students have prepared for the exam.（已经结束）3）有些表示状态，感情，感觉的静态动词，例如，have,exist,last,hate,kno
14、w,hear,like,sound,own,think等，不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。但是当这些词一次多义，意义发生变化时可以用于现在完成进行时。Hear：听到；审理（案子）Have you heard about that?Which judge has been hearing this case?think：认为；考虑，思考 I have always thought youre right.I have been thinking of doing so for a long time.4)现在完成时通常与时间状语，如since，ever since，for three
15、 months，just，already,yet等连用。现在完成进行时通常与all the（this）morning afternoonday month或the whole day等连用。He has already written three books.他已经写了三本书了。I have been working on the experiment report this morning，but I havent completed it yet 我今天一上午都在写实验报告，可是到现在也没写完。5)在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为。如果表示动作做过的
16、次数时，不行为。如果表示动作做过的次数时，不能用现在完成进行时。能用现在完成进行时。例如：Ive been writing letters since breakfast Ive written to him three times，but I havent heard from him up till nowExercise 一 用since，for 填空。1 I havent seen her _two years.2 I havent seen her _last month.3 I havent seen her _two years ago.4 We have been good f
17、riends _we were children.5 It is about ten years _she left the city.6 He has lived in Nanjing _the year before last.二 单项选择1-Those farmers have been to United States.-Really?When _there?A have they been B will they go C have they gone D did they go2 Miss Green isnt in the office.she_ to the library.A
18、.has gone B.went C.will go D.has been3-_you_ your homework yet?-Yes,I_ it one hour ago.A Did,do,finished B Have,done,finished C Have,done,have finished D Will,do,finished 4 His father _the Party since 1987.A joined B has joined C was in D has been in 5 She _a novel since last month,so she doesnt hav
19、e any time to prepare for the exam.A has written B has been writing C wrote D was writing 6-I _ a picture.-Really?So quickly.I _for two days,but I havent finished yet.A have been painting,have been painting B have painted,have been painting C paint,painted D painted,have painted7 Our country _ a lot so far.Yes.I hope it will be even _.A.has changed;well B.changed;good C.has changed;better D.changed;better8Do you know him well?Sure.We _ friends since ten years ago.A.were B.have been C.have become D.have madeThank you very much!
