1、美丽而漫长的科研之路美丽而漫长的科研之路 科学问题提炼和科学问题提炼和SCISCI文章撰写文章撰写 任旭东任旭东 The beautiful city where I was born The beautiful school where I studied What Is the Scientific Paper1 哲学 从认识和改造客观世界的过程中，从认识和改造客观世界的过程中，通过足够的、可以重复的实验，揭示通过足够的、可以重复的实验，揭示事物的本质，并用文字表达出来。事物的本质，并用文字表达出来。2 通俗 科技论文是科学工作者对创造性成科技论文是科学工作者对创造性成果进行理论分析和科学
2、总结，并进行发果进行理论分析和科学总结，并进行发表或答辩的文字表达形式。表或答辩的文字表达形式。Why We Discuss Scientific WritingResearchers today are all under great pressure to publish MORE(For funding,career success,etc)We are obliged to publish our results,but lets considerWhy do we have to publish?Why We Discuss Scientific WritingEverything
3、measured,detected,invented,orarrived at theoretically in the name of sciencemust,as soon as possible,be made publiccomplete with all the details.任何含有科学的新成果都需要以文字的形式表达出来任何含有科学的新成果都需要以文字的形式表达出来In the complexities of contemporary existence the specialist who is trained but uneducated,technically skille
4、d but culturally incompetent,is a menace.David B.Truman,Previous Dean of Columbia CollegeWhy Do We PublishWe are doing scientific research Publishing is one of the necessary steps embedded into scientific research process.To present new,original results or methodsTo rationalize(refine,reinterpret)pu
5、blished resultsTo review the field or to summarize a particular subjectWhy We Discuss Scientific WritingAt least,we should provide something that advances,not repeated,knowledge and understanding in a certain scientific field.Almost all publication companies are not supposed to create garbageuReport
6、s of no scientific interestuWork out of data uDuplications of previous-published workuIncorrect/unacceptable conclusionsWhy We Discuss Scientific WritingPapers from Chinal A large number of papers from Chinese authors are rejected simply because the papers are not well written.For instance:the paper
7、 is poorly written;there are many spelling and grammatical errors.I have to guess what the authors mean,and therefore it is difficult to judge the contribution of the paper.We Should Pay Attention to Check the originality of your ideas (检查科研思想原创性检查科研思想原创性)Write the manuscript (怎样写作科技论文怎样写作科技论文)Main
8、complaints of Editors (论文写作的常见问题论文写作的常见问题)Reviewing process&response to reviewers comments (审稿流程及对审稿人的意见回复审稿流程及对审稿人的意见回复)OVERVIEWBy help rulesSubmissionPublicationFrom an idea1.Originality of your ideasHow to Check the Originality of Your IdeasHave you done something new and interesting?Is there any
9、thing challenging in you work？Is the work related to a current hot topic?Have you provided solutions to some different problems?Maybe,you can searchStart from a broad search to get the full list of articles on a topicWhen you have no ideaOriginality of your ideas Case 11063 RECORDSRefined the search
10、44 RECORDSRefined the search againReading as enough as possible and finding some interesting phenomena.30 RECORDSYou can find The measured data are highly scatteredNo reproducible results at the similar processing parametersDont negate the results from the previous work optionally Maybe,the porosity
11、 data of the residual stress followed some distribution,such as Weibull,etc.A new idea may be“born”Porosity measurements of the coatings were made by using the image analysis method.For each coating sample,twenty readings of porosity were randomly taken a n d t h e n a d j u s t e d b y subtracting
12、the two largest and two smallest readings.B o t h d a t a s e t s w e r e statistically analysed to assess whether they followed the Weibull distribution or Gaussian distribution.Results showed that the porosity value of the coating w a s r e l a t e d t o t h e microstructure of the coating.In the
13、above case,you have not idea prior to the starting the researches.But,you want to do some workIn another case,you find some interesting result,but you should present more explanation.Your results may be opposite to what you thought.2Originality of your ideas Case 2A new result which is opposite to p
14、revious results.Why?In incubationuShould know what are the main parameters that control residual stress within a coating.uShould search more previous resultsuMaybe,should perform more experimentsFind a way or reason to explainEstablish a relationship between the residual stress and elastic modulusMa
15、ybe,you give upYou find an idea from the publications which are not presented by yourselfTrack the latest literature on a subjectAn idea may be“born”Originality of your ideas Case 3Results from previous workHowever,the research by Eischen et al.indicated that some of the existing approximations for
16、the interfacial stresses did not yield good results;and sometimes,they erred in a fundamental manner in the stress distributions.What Should we doNumerous experiments have been made;Numerous modeling have been performed;Maybe,you think it is not necessary to do anything.ModelingExperimentMaybe,you c
17、anmodelDont hesitateYOU WILL EXPLORE A SUCCESSFUL WAY Originality of your ideas Case 4Establishing an analytical model Maybe,you can accomplish a high-quality publication.A new resultNOTE:Adding you original idea into your manuscript at a proper location.You should point out the difference of your i
18、dea from the ideas of others.Content is essential,but presentation is critical.2.How to write a manuscriptPlanning a manuscriptlWrite your manuscript so that it tells a clear story with a purpose 论文目的清楚明确lYou want people to learn about your work make it easy for them 论文内容通俗易懂lUse the spell checker a
19、nd grammar checker 使用拼写检查和语法检查来避免拼写和语法错误lMake it easy for reviewers and editors 论文格式便于编辑和审稿人阅读评审lMake neat breaks between pages and sections 合理使用分页和分节General constructionl Titlel Abstractl KeywordsMake them easy for indexing and searching!(Informative,Attractive,Effective)lMain textIntroductionMetho
20、dResultsDiscussionJournal space is precious.Make you article as brief as possible.If clarity can be achieved in N words,never N+1.l Acknowledgementl Referencesl Supplementary materialslConclusionsGeneral constructionWe often use the following order for writing:Title and main text.Introduction and Co
21、nclusionsAbstract and KeywordsPreparing the figuresSelecting the journalReading the guidelineWriting the titleWriting the main-textWriting the introductionWriting the conclusionsWriting the abstractNote:With words and pictures 2.1 Preparing the figuresIllustrated by the arrows2.1 Preparing the figur
22、esNote:Symbols clear to seePhotograph with a professional quality(dpi)Use color ONLY when necessary2.1 Preparing the figuresChoose only one right journal for your work.You must get help from your supervisor or colleagues.Note the articles in your references which will likely lead you to the right jo
23、urnal.Read recently related publications.Learning carefully from the guidelines from the journal.2.2 Selecting the journalKnow your manuscript is applicable to what journal Know the layout of the manuscriptKnow the database of the KeywordsKnow editorial boardYou canAll editors hate wasting time on p
24、oorly prepared manuscripts.They may well think that the author shows no respect.2.3 Knowledge from the guidelineconcise and clearproperties and residual stresses changing on 00Cr12 alloy by nanoseconds laser shock processing at high temperatures X.D.Ren,et al.Materials Science and Engineering:A l Si
25、mple straightforward titlelTwo-part titleResidual stresses in the elastoplastic multilayer thin film structures：the cases of Si/Al bilayer and Si/Al/SiO2 trilayer structuresX.C.Zhang,et al.J.Appl.Phys.2.4 TitleuShort(简洁)uSpecific(明确)uEye-catching(醒目)uDescriptive words(描述性语言)2.4 TitlelYou opportunity
26、 to attract the readers attention.lEditors hate title that makes no sense or fail to represent the subject matter adequately;lAvoid technical jargon and abbreviations if possible.lDiscuss with your co-authors.2.4 Title2.4 TitleGenerallyWe often use the following order when writing the main-textMetho
27、ds,such as Experimental,Finite element mode,Analytical modeling,etc.ResultsDiscussion2.5 Main textuEnough information must be given so that the experiments could be reproduced(给出足够信息，确保方法可重复)uAvoid adding comments and discussion（避免加入结果部分内容）uUsually with subheadings（适当采用小标题）uYou can use references an
28、d supporting materials to indicate the previously published procedures（如与先前成果相同，可引文献，省略部分内容）uReviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect descriptions.（应该非常的具体）2.5.1 MethodsYou shouldClarity and brevity:display of data with logical development showing how your findings satisfy your objectives (简
29、明扼要，合理展示数据，并能证明研究结果与目的一致)Data should be meaningful(where possible give illustrative examples and compare those with known results from literature)(数据要有意义，如必要可与文献中数据做对比)Use appropriate statistics,error analysis,check for accuracy and internal consistency(合理运用统计，误差分析；检查数据的准确性和一致性)Pay considerable atte
30、ntion to best way to present data(use tables and figures)(合理运用图表)2.5.2 ResultsOnly representative results should be presented.(只显示正确的结果)Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together easier to review and read.(适当采用小标题,便于审稿和阅读)2.5.2 Results2.5.2 ResultsBackground for understanding the dis
31、cussionWhat you did,found,thought and what it means for the disciplineCommentsComparison to previous researchHow your results were unique or different from previous researchLimitations2.5.3 DiscussionuBe rigorous about comments （表述需严格客观）Suggests vs.Proves;may be instead of is Unspecific expressions
32、such as higher temperature;at a lower rateuSummarize evidence supporting each conclusion （总结结果，支持结论）Statements that go beyond what the results can support.Sudden introduction of new terms or ideas that were not found in the Results.uDiscuss problems,uncertainties regarding your work （讨论该研究存在的问题及不确定性
33、）Sometimes you cannot clarify your idea in words because some critical items have not been studied substantially.2.5.3 Discussion:Pay Attention toCompare your findings with other studies （对比其他人的研究结果）Maybe,the comments from the reviewers indicated that the result in Fig.X should be compared to the re
34、sults obtained by Ren.et al.Ref.x.Theoretical or practical implications,importance （理论或实际的应用及其重要性）2.5.3 Discussion:Pay Attention toNote:It is the most important section of your article.A huge numbers of manuscripts are rejected because the discussion is weak.2.5.3 DiscussionHelpful discussions with
35、Profs.,BUT these Profs.should be very famous in the research fields.Technical assistanceFinancial Assistance2.5.3 AcknowledgementsEngineering application and backgroundResearch situationWhat are the key problems now(Unsolved)How we tackled the problemsAssess the effectiveness of the present research
36、2.6 Introduction2.6 IntroductionBackgroundPrevious workUnsolvedEffectivenessTackling problem Corresponding author:Tel.:+86 511 88797898;fax:+86 511 88780241.E-mail address:renxdujs.edu(X.D.Ren).2.6 Introduction:Pay attention to BE HONEST:Plagiarism and stealing work from colleagues can lead to serio
37、us consequences.Never use more words than necessary.Never make this section into a history lesson.Citing the more recent work.BUT the work should be widely cited.Do not mix Introduction with Results,Discussion,Conclusions.Expressions such as novel,first time,first ever,paradigm changing are not pref
38、erred.References-Typically,there are more mistakes in the references than any other part of the manuscript.It is one of the most annoying problems,and causes great headaches among editors2.7 ReferencesnInclude the main scientific publications on which your work is based typically 20-50 papers,includ
39、e review articles.nMake sure the list is up to datenCheck the formatnCiting the highly cited papers,such as Science,Nature,etc.nAvoid excessive citations of publications from the same region.nAvoid excessive self-citations.Note:The referees may be existing in your refs.2.7 References2.8 Conclusions2
40、.8 Conclusions Without a clear conclusion section,reviewers and readers will find difficult to judge the work,and whether or not it merits publication in the journal.Dont REPAET THE ABSTRACT,or just list the results.You can point out the further work.Using the same state in English.Note:The sentence
41、s in Conclusions must not be same to those in Abstract.2.9 Abstract2.9 AbstractTell the prospective readers what you did and what were the important findings.u This is the advertisement of your article.Make it interesting,and easy to be understood without reading the whole article.u You must be accu
42、rate!Use words which reflect the precise meaning.u A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not you work is further considered.u Keep it as brief as possible.u Using the past-time state in English.lLanguage,if numerous badly worded sentences in the manuscript,MUST BE REJECTED.lDo you read
43、 Guide for authors?lDo you send the Cover letter?3.Main complaints of EditorsAbstracts,titles vague/unscientificKeywords missing,or not according to journal specificationsReference lists limited/outdatedLow quality figures and meaningless CaptionsGrammatical and spelling mistakes(two,your paper)Wron
44、g usage of wordsBadly constructed sentencesLong sentencesIf it is the case,intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has higher intravenous administration retention concentration,but which is not in accordance with the result,and therefore the more rational interpretation should be t
45、hat SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor,namely,it is probably difficult for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as freely as SLN,which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel aperture is smaller.
46、903.1 English writing NOTEMAYBE,learning for modeling before submitting your manuscript.3.1 English writingLength of the manuscript:25-30 pages is the ideal length for a submitted manuscript.3.2 Special technical aspects Title Abstract1 paragraph Introduction1.5-2 ms pages Methods2-4 ms pages Result
47、s and discussion10-12 ms pages Conclusions1-2 ms pages Figures6-8 Tables1-3 Reference20-50 papers Ordering you pagesMake use of supporting materialu Supporting material will be available online to readers if the paper is eventually published.u It helps to keep the main manuscript clear and concise.u
48、 you can put as many material as you wish in this section.However,all the information should be related and supportive to your article.3.2 Special technical aspects Text layoutu Keep consistent throughout the manuscript.uDouble line spacing and 12 font is preferred:Male is convenient for reviewers.3
49、.2 Special technical aspects Abbreviationsu Abbreviations should be defined on the first use in BOTH abstract and the main text.Some journals even forbid the usage of abbreviations in the abstract.Refer to the Guide for Authors to see the requirements for abbreviations.Look at the following 2 pieces
50、 of information from two journals in materials science.1.Abbreviations for instruments(e.g.,SEM)should not be used for methodology(e.g.,scanning electron microscopy)-Materials Characterization 2.There is no need to define the commonly used abbreviations such as SEM,TEM,etc.-Carbon3.2 Special technic
