1、Discovering Useful Structures FROM PROBLEMS TO SOLUTIONSEconomic development is necessary if we want to improve society.There comes a time when the old must give way to the new,and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future.Finding and keeping the right bal
2、ance between progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge.Big challenges,however,can sometimes lead to great solutions.In the 1950s,the Egyptian government wanted to build a new dam across the Nile in order to control floods,produce electricity,and supply water to more farmer
3、s in the area.But the proposal led to protests.Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypts cultural heritage.After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem,and citizens who lived near the dam,the governme
4、nt turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.A committee was established to limit damage to the Egyptian buildings and prevent the loss of cultural relics.The group asked for contributions from different departments and raised funds within the international community.Experts investigated the iss
5、ue,conducted several tests,and then made a proposal for how the buildings could be saved.Finally,a document was signed,and the work began in 1960.The project brought together governments and environmentalists from around the world.Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece,and t
6、hen moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.In 1961,German engineers moved the first temple.Over the next20 years,thousands of engineers and workers rescued22 temples and countless cultural relics.Fifty countries donated nearly$80 million to the project.When
7、the project ended in 1980,it was considered a great success.Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past,but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow.The spirit of the Aswan Dam project i
8、s still alive today.Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO,which runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from disappearing.If a problem seems too difficult for a single nation,the global community can sometimes provide a solution.How does the author describ
9、e people or things in greater detail using relative clauses?Look at the sentences below and underline the relative pronouns and adverbs.After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem,and citizens who lived near the dam,the government turned to the United Nations for help.Temples and o
10、ther cultural sites were taken down piece by piece,and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Discovering the rulesDiscovering the rulesFind more sentences containing relative clauses from the text on page 4.There comes a time when the old must give way
11、 to the new.Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypts cultural heritage.Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past,Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO,wh
12、ich runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from disappearing.定语从句是在句子中作定语从句是在句子中作定语定语，修饰，修饰名词名词或或代词代词的从句。的从句。这种从句由这种从句由关系代词关系代词或或关系副词关系副词引导，并作句子成分。引导，并作句子成分。定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。定语从句的引导词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词指人指人指物指物who(主语、宾语主语、宾语)，whom(宾语宾语)，t
13、hat(主语、宾语主语、宾语),whose(定语定语)that(主语、宾语主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语主语、宾语)whose(定语定语)where(地点状语地点状语)when(时间状语时间状语)why(原因状语原因状语)1.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。3.关系词通常有下列三个作用:(1)引导定语从句;(2)代替先行词;(3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。4.关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语;关系副词在从句中作状语。先行词先行词关系词关系词关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词和关系副词的区别定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法定语从句中关系
14、代词和关系副词的判断方法:用法用法依据依据根据从句的谓语动词根据从句的谓语动词根据关系词在从句中根据关系词在从句中作的成分作的成分若是及物动词若是及物动词,后面若无宾语后面若无宾语,用关系用关系代词代词;若是不及物动词若是不及物动词,则用关系副词则用关系副词把关系词放进定语从句中把关系词放进定语从句中,若作主语或若作主语或宾语用关系代词宾语用关系代词;若作状语用关系副词若作状语用关系副词是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，
15、书写时不可用逗号分开。不可用逗号分开。Do you know the girl who walked into the museum?你认识那个你认识那个走进博物馆走进博物馆的女孩吗？的女孩吗？(若把从句去掉，则不明白是哪个女孩若把从句去掉，则不明白是哪个女孩)The old woman，who lives on her own，has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。(若把从句去掉，仍然知道是哪个老妇人若把从句去掉，仍然知道是哪个老妇人)一、只用一、只用that不用不用which的情况的情况1先行词是不定代词al
16、l，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时。Do you have anything that you want to say about the painting?关于那幅画你有什么要说的吗？2先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only，the very(恰恰，正好)，the last，all，no，few，little，any等修饰时。This is one of the most exciting movie that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的电影之一
17、。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。3先行词既有人又有物时。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。4当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be.北京不再是过去的那座城市了。5当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who is the per
18、son that is standing in front of the temple?站在寺庙门口的那个人是谁？thatthatwhich二、只用二、只用which不用不用that的情况的情况1引导非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句。Jenny was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.珍妮珍妮对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然使其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然使其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。2关
19、系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。This is the house in which the famous artist once lived.这是这是那位著名的艺术家那位著名的艺术家曾住过的房子。曾住过的房子。3引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样，这令人很
20、失望。结果与当初预料的不一样，这令人很失望。三、三、宜用宜用who不宜用不宜用that的情况的情况1当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone。Anyone who letters in the cultural sites should be punished.任何在文物景点刻字的人都应当受到惩罚任何在文物景点刻字的人都应当受到惩罚。2当先行词是当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词时等人称代词时(常用于谚语中常用于谚语中)。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不
21、到长城非好汉。不到长城非好汉。3当先行词为指人的当先行词为指人的those时。时。Those who have good manners will be highly respected.那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。4在在there be结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。There is a young man who wants to see you.有一个年轻人想见你。有一个年轻人想见你。四、关系代词作介词的宾语四、关系代词作介词的宾语关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句关系代词作介词
22、的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词关系代词介词关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可结构。该结构中的关系代词可用用which，whom或或whose。介词的选用介词的选用(1)根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定。根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。Do you still remember the days during which we spent the holiday
23、 in the ancient city?你还记得我们一起你还记得我们一起在古城度假的在古城度假的那些日子吗？那些日子吗？(2)根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词。该动词或形容词常根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词。该动词或形容词常与某些介词构成固定搭配。与某些介词构成固定搭配。The social problem about which the two sides are debating with each other is a very serious one.(debate with sb.about.就就与某人展开辩与某人展开辩论论)双方正在展开辩论的社会问题是很严重的一
24、个问题。双方正在展开辩论的社会问题是很严重的一个问题。关系代词作间接宾语时，用关系代词作间接宾语时，用to或或for。The girl that Tom gave the dictionary to is very pretty.汤姆给她字典的那个姑娘很可爱。汤姆给她字典的那个姑娘很可爱。I know the boy whom you bought a white hat for.我认识你给他买白帽子那个男孩。我认识你给他买白帽子那个男孩。(3)根据句子的意思确定介词。根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词也不是固定的动词短语。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中
25、谓语动词也不是固定的动词短语。这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。Water is of great importance，without which people can not live.水是很重要的，没有它人们就无法生存。水是很重要的，没有它人们就无法生存。This is the book about which you have talked to me.这是你曾经给我谈起的那本书。这是你曾经给我谈起的那本书。This is the book on the cover of which there is a map of Ch
26、ina.这是封面上有张中国地图的那本书。这是封面上有张中国地图的那本书。whichwhichwhowhowhowithinwithout使用定语从句需要注意的事项使用定语从句需要注意的事项1.定语从句中的主谓一致问题定语从句中的主谓一致问题 1）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，从句谓语要与先行词）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。的人称、数一致。Is he the man _wants to see you?2)as,which 做主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句做主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语动词用单数。谓语动词用单数。As _(be)usu
27、al,he came to school late this morning.Liquid water changes to vapor,_is called evaporation.who/thatiswhich3).先行词为先行词为“one of the+复数名词复数名词”时，关系代词从句时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用复数。主语，谓语用复数。Freddy is one of the students who _(want)to be diplomats in our class.4).先行词为先行词为“the one of the+复数名词复数名词”时，关系代词时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用单
28、数。从句主语，谓语用单数。He is the(only)one of the students who _(have)been a winner of scholarship for 3 years.wanthas1.He showed me a photo in his room.It was a photo of a famous cultural relic in Egypt.The photo_.2.The project team helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania.lt was f
29、ormed by members from fifteen countries.The project team_.3.We met a professional archaeologist at the entrance to the Great Pyramid.He explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.The professional archaeologist_.4.This temple was first built during the Qin Dynasty.The time_.5.
30、The documents about the cultural relics from overseas are under the desk.I found themyesterday.The place_.6.Scientists worked together day and night to rescue the temple because they wanted to preserveitfor the next generation.The reason_.Rewrite the sentences using relative clauses.1.He showed me a
31、 photo in his room.It was a photo of a famous cultural relic in Egypt.The photo that/which he showed me in his room was a photo of a famous cultural relic in Egypt.I have downloaded that free app,but it doesnt work well.The free app(which/that)I have downloaded doesnt work well.vt.&n.下载下载2.The proje
32、ct team helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania.It was formed by members from fifteen countries.The project team that/who helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania was formed by members from fifteen countries.3.This temple was first built durin
33、g the Qin Dynasty.The time when this temple was first built is Qin Dynasty.4.We met a professional archaeologist at the entrance to the Great Pyramid.He explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.The professional archaeologist that/who/whom we met at the entrance to the Great
34、 Pyramid explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.adj.&n.职业的职业的;专业人员专业人员n.入口入口;进进入入n.过程过程vt.处理处理;加工加工5.The documents about the cultural relics from overseas are under the desk.I found them yesterday.The place where I found the documents about the cultural relics from overse
35、as yesterday are under the desk.adj.海外的海外的adv.在海外在海外6.Scientists worked together day and night to rescue the temple because they wanted to preserve it for the next generation.The reason why scientists worked together day and night to rescue the temple is that they wanted to preserve it for the next
36、generation.03Play a game of definitions.One asks the questions below and the other answers them with relative clauses.Work out two more questions of your own.A:What is an exit?B:An exit is the door where/through which you can leave a building.v.&n.出去出去;出口出口1.Whats a library?(from/in which;where)A:Wh
37、at is a library?B:A library is the place from which you can borrow books.B:A library is the place in which you study.B:A library is the place where you read books.Applying the rulesApplying the rules042.Whats a good friend?(to whom;who)A:What is a good friend?B:A good friend is the person to whom yo
38、u can turn for help.B:A good friend is the person who always takes your side.B:A good friend is the person who you always remember.3.Whats a vacation?(during which;when)A:What is a vacation?B:A vacation is the days during which no one has to go to work or school.B:A vacation is one of the periods of
39、 time when a university is closed.B:A vacation is the days during which you enjoy freedom.04Applying the rulesApplying the rules044.Whats a football coach?(from whom;who)A:What is a football coach?B:A football coach is someone who trains a person or team in a sport.B:A football coach is someone from whom we can learn a lot physical skills.B:A football coach is someone who gives private lessons to someone in a particular subject.04Applying the rulesApplying the rules04
