1、题型解读策略指导,在历年的高考英语试题中,阅读理解题都占据着非常重要的地位。阅读理解题包括两部分:常规型阅读理解和七选五阅读填空题。阅读理解题全面测试考生掌握英语基础知识的情况和综合运用英语的能力,主要包括基本语言能力、阅读能力、翻译能力、逻辑思维能力和解题能力。高考全国卷阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成5篇阅读理解题。体裁多样,不仅有记叙文、说明文、议论文,而且有广告、启事等应用文;题材广泛,涉及学习、生活、生产劳动、旅游、交通、环境、科学、社会问题等考生熟悉的话题。短文难度适当,有利于考查考生的理解能力。考生不仅要能正确理解文章的表层意思,还要能通过表层意思合理地推断出文章的隐含意义。近
2、几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识的掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查,命题者更关注考生用英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。,考试说明中明确指出阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径,因此,阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志(含网络版)中关于一般性话题的简短文章。因此考生应能够:理解主旨要义;理解文中具体信息;根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;做出简单推理和判断;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 近几年全国卷的阅读理解题在体裁与题材、考点覆盖等方面呈现以下变化趋势:,一、20172019年全国
3、卷阅读理解题体裁与题材,综合上表的信息,我们可以看到以下特点: 1.从体裁上看:阅读理解的体裁基本上涵盖了记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文。 2.从题材上看:阅读理解短文选材广泛,内容丰富。近几年选材更加生活化,更多地关注与当今社会、生活、科技、文化、教育等相关的话题。文章往往涉及日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、史地科技、自然现象、新闻报道、体育活动、广告说明、书信通知等许多方面的内容,更多地体现人文关怀、人生哲理、生活态度、跨文化交际、做事能力等,时代感和教育意义很强。文章语言生动规范,描写具体,推理严谨。丰富的文章内容反映了高考的文化内涵,体现了高考对学生了
4、解多元文化、提高全面文化素质的要求。文章选材重视人类的热点问题,追踪科技前沿,具有浓厚的时代气息,使阅读活动更贴近实际生活。,二、20172019年全国卷阅读理解考点覆盖率统计表,从近几年的高考英语的阅读理解题来看,推理判断题和事实细节题是阅读理解的重头部分。这是因为近几年阅读理解题加大了对深层次信息理解的考查力度,着重检测考生对语篇的整体理解能力和对细节的把控能力,侧重考查考生根据语境提示,综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力,体现了着重考查考生阅读理解能力的目标与要求。 高考阅读理解考查的方式主要是以选择题型为主,根据高考大纲的要求,我们把选择题归纳为以下十种题型: 1.主旨大意题:主要考查
5、学生对全文的概括总结能力。考查的范围一般包括:短文标题(title)、主题;文章大意或段落大意(main idea)。 2.词义理解题:主要考查考生对文章中的某个生词意思的理解和对熟悉单词的理解。,3.句意理解题:不仅考查考生对句子表层含义的理解能力,有时还需要读者结合上下文和平时的知识积累、生活常识和人生阅历来判断或推断句子的深层含义。 4.概括归纳题:考查考生对某一段或几段的理解归纳能力。通过对词义与句意的理解,结合上下文总结归纳段落大意。对文章段落的理解有助于把握文章主旨大意和全文的结构。 5.态度观点题:阅读是读者跟作者交流的过程,把握作者的写作意图需要读者有较高层次的阅读和理解能力。
6、在高考题型中主要考查读者对作者态度观点的理解以及作者对某些细节描述的意图。 6.推理判断题:通过文章已知的信息或者文章的某些细节得出文章隐含的信息或者结论。,7.细节理解题:要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案,但有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理,如计算、排序、判断、比较等。 8.正误判断题:主要考查读者对篇章揭示的事实的判断能力,确认文章涉及的事实之间的关系和对文章细节的理解能力。 9.推理计算题:高考阅读中的计算题不仅要求学生透彻理解文章的题意,同时还要具备一定的数学计算知识。通过对文章涉及的数值关系的理解简单地进行计算,
7、是对学生综合英语能力和解决问题能力的考查。 10.指代关系题:主要考查考生整体理解语篇的能力,并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。理解相关句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是解这类题目的关键。,另外,考试说明对七选五阅读填空题命题目的的表述为:主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。 该题型不同于常规阅读题型的考查形式。它是一篇约300词的文章,文中留有5处空白,文章后面设置7个选项,其中有2个选项为多余选项。选项中常常包含文章标题或段落标题,段落主题句和总结句以及文段内的顺承句、递进句或者因果句。 七选五阅读填空题要求考生在理解短文内容的基础上,把握文章结构特征,掌握主旨
8、大意。考生首先要判断选项句子的结构和特征,从结构和内容上分析选项部分属于文章的哪个段落,通过上下文短语或者词汇的提示,选择与空白处的上下文紧密相连的选项,以使文章整篇结构完整。,A (2019全国卷,B) For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today is speech day,and right now its Chris Palaezs turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind
9、 of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.” Chris trips on the “-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“.Vote for.me.” Except for some stumbles,Ch
10、ris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.,A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would ex
11、cuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confiden
12、t enough to say,I dont know,but I want to know.”,Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just l
13、earning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves. “Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,” Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.” 【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了纽约州帕奇格的迦南小学二年级教师Thomas Whaley在班里开展“总统竞
14、选演讲”项目,以帮助学生树立自信。,24.What made Chris nervous? B A.Telling a story. B.Making a speech. C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question. 解析:细节理解题。根据第一段及第二段第一句“But hes nervous.”可知,尽管Chris是班上爱开玩笑的人,但在全班同学面前公开演讲他还是感到紧张。故选B项。,25.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A A.Improper pauses
15、. B.Bad manners. C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes. 解析:词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“.Vote for.me.Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.”可知,除了演讲过程中的一些不恰当的停顿(Improper pauses)之外,Chris还是完成得相当不错。故选A项。,26.We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to A . A.help students see their own strengths
16、 B.assess students public speaking skills C.prepare students for their future jobs D.inspire students love for politics 解析:推理判断题。根据第五段及第六段中的“.is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可以推知,Whaley之所以在班里开展“总统竞选演讲”项目,目的是帮助学生看到自己的长处,找到自信。故选A项。,27.Which of the follo
17、wing best describes Whaley as a teacher? C A.Humorous. B.Ambitious. C.Caring. D.Demanding. 解析:推理判断题。纵观全文,尤其是第二段中的“His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.”可以看出,Chris演讲时,Whaley在身旁默默地鼓励他;当初学语言时,Whaley允许学生犯错,让学生有勇气面对自身的不足之处,且渴望去探索,并鼓励走进教室的不自信的学生们夸赞自己的好品质。由此推知, 作为教师,Whaley对于学生关怀备至(Ca
18、ring)。故选C项。,B (2019全国卷,B) For Western designers,China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative. “Its no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers,”says Amanda Hill,chief creative officer at A+E Networks,a global media company and home
19、to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.,Earlier this year,the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art,with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how
20、 China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition had record attendance,showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.,“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over th
21、e world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashionthey are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on
22、 Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobsand beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill.,For Hill,it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese,so are the models,and so are the consumers,”she says.“China is no longer just
23、another market;in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today,you are talking about Chinaits influences,its direction,its breathtaking clothes,and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.” 【语篇导读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时
24、尚和设计发展的引领作用。,24.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York? B A.It promoted the sales of artworks. B.It attracted a large number of visitors. C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models. 解析:推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“The exhibition had record attendance,showing that the
25、re is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知,这次展览出席的人数创了纪录,由此表明吸引了很多游客。故B项正确。,25.What does Hill say about Chinese women? A A.They are setting the fashion. B.They start many fashion campaigns. C.They admire super models. D.They do business all over the world. 解析:细节理解题。根据第四段中Hill说的话“.which means Chin
26、ese women are not just consumers of fashion they are central to its movement.(这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者她们是时尚运动的核心。)”可知,A项正确。,26.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean? D A.learning from B.looking down on C.working with D.competing against 解析:词义猜测题。画线短语的前面提到“当代一些最优秀的时装设计师本身就是中国人”,接着列举了
27、“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu”三个例子,再结合下文的句意“在设计和销售方面都击败了他们”可知,该短语的意思应是“与竞争”。故选D项。,27.What can be a suitable title for the text? D A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the World B.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York C.Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics D.Chinese Culture Fueling
28、 International Fashion Trends 解析:主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第三段和最后一段的最后一句可知,本文主要讲述了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响,展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。故D项“中国文化推动国际时尚潮流”最适合作为本文的标题。,C (2018全国卷,C) Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun,according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday. While the decline over the past
29、decade is steep for teen readers,some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives,and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading. According to the reports key findings,“the proportion(比例) who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent
30、of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”,The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children,ages 2-8,remain largely the same.But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined,from closer to an hour or
31、 more to closer to a half hour per session. When it comes to technology and reading,the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading.It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading,mainly due to concerns about incr
32、eased screen time. The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently,compared to infrequent readers,have more books in the home,more books p
33、urchased for them,parents who read more often,and parents who set aside time for them to read.,As the end of school approaches,and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead,parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bo
34、okstore.,28.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about? A A.Childrens reading habits. B.Quality of childrens books. C.Childrens after-class activities. D.Parent-child relationships.,解析:推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun.”可知,青少年与年幼的孩子们读书的兴趣大大减少,这正是孩子们的
35、阅读习惯问题,故选A项。B项“儿童书籍的质量”,C项“孩子们的课后活动”,D项“亲子关系”,均与题意不符。,29.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”? B A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3. C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5.,解析:细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容可知,几乎没有阅读兴趣的比例,从1984年8%的13岁孩子和9%的17岁孩子分别上升到了今天的22%和27%。因此,第三
36、段的内容是“children are reading a lot less for fun”最好的佐证。故选B项。,30.Why do many parents limit electronic reading? C A.E-books are of poor quality. B.It could be a waste of time. C.It may harm childrens health. D.E-readers are expensive.,解析:细节理解题。根据文章第五段最后一句中的“mainly due to concerns about increased screen t
37、ime”可知,许多家长限制孩子们电子阅读的时间,主要是因为担心孩子们看屏幕的时间增加,不利于孩子们的健康,故选C项。,31.How should parents encourage their children to read more? A A.Act as role models for them. B.Ask them to write book reports. C.Set up reading groups for them. D.Talk with their reading class teachers.,解析:细节理解题。根据文章第六段第一句中的“parents serving
38、 as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading”可知,父母是孩子阅读时的榜样和重要的指导者,故选A项。,D (2017全国卷,B) I first met Paul Newman in 1968,when George Roy Hill,the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,introduced us in New York City.When the studio didnt want me for the film it wan
39、ted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me.I dont know how many people would have done that;they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.,The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that althou
40、gh there was an age difference,we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors:humorous,aggressive, and making fun of each
41、 other but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core (核心)of our relationship off the screen.,We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously
42、 ill,and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly,but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago.Hed been in and out of the hospital.He and I both kne
43、w what the deal was,and we didnt talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.,【语篇导读】作者通过回忆自己与好友的初次见面,两人友谊的发展,相同的性格,以及共同的信仰,来纪念这位好朋友。,24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first? A.Paul Newman wanted it. B.The studio powers didnt like his agent. C.
44、He wasnt famous enough. D.The director recommended someone else.,C,解析:细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul.”可知,工作室不想把那个角色给作者的原因是他不出名,故C项正确。,25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A.They were of the same age. B.They work
45、ed in the same theater. C.They were both good actors. D.They had similar characteristics.,D,解析:细节理解题。根据第二段尤其是第三、四句“Both of us had the qualities and virtuesThose were also at the core of our relationship off the screen.”可知,作者和Paul有着相似的品质和美德,因而他们之间的友谊持久。故D项正确。,26.What does the underlined word “that” i
46、n paragraph 3 refer to? A.Their belief. B.Their care for children. C.Their success. D.Their support for each other.,A,解析:词义猜测题。本段讲的是他们共同的信仰。开头说“We shared the belief that.”,这里又说“but sharing that brought us together”,画线词that就是指他们共同的信仰(belief)。故A项正确。,27.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?
47、A.To show his love of films. B.To remember a friend. C.To introduce a new movie. D.To share his acting experience.,B,解析:推理判断题。作者在开始讲述自己第一次见到 Paul Newman的情景,后面叙述两人的友谊,相同的性格,共同的信仰。最后一段提到最后一次见他。作者写作的目的就是怀念一位朋友,因此B项正确。,E (2017全国卷) Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while youre trying
48、 to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things.Lets take a look at them now. 37 .Tell the person youre sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time. When people try to interrupt you,have set hours planned and let t
49、hem know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. 38 .It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.,When you need to talk to someone,dont do it in your own office. 39 ,its much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are. If you have a door to your office,make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and its not an important matter,excuse yourself and let the person know you
