1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Eleven Eye and EarMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Introduction to the Eye and the Ear Part II Diseases Related to the Eye and the Ear Part III Celebrity and DiseasePart IV Medical Terminology Related to the Eye and the Ear 2Part V Fur
2、ther ThinkingPart IVideo:Introduction to the Eye and the Ear 3Part IIntroduction to the Eye and the Ear Video OneHow Your Eyes Make Sense of the World Video TwoHow the Ear Works Video OneVideo Two4Video OneHow Your Eyes Make Sense of the World 5Think and TalkThe visual system includes the eyes,the c
3、onnecting pathways through to the visual cortex and other parts of the brain.Light entering the eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea.It then passes through the pupil(controlled by the iris)and is further refracted by the lens.The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project
4、 an inverted image onto the retina.The eye ball,or the eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere,rather it is a two-piece unit,composed of an anterior segment and the posterior segment.Light energy enters the eye through the cornea,through the pupil and then through the lens.The lens shape is changed
5、for near focus(accommodation)and is controlled by the ciliary muscle.Reference6Task One:Blank Filling(1)perceive(2)pupil(3)iris(4)stretch(5)retina(6)density Watch and Do(7)peripheral(8)refocusing(9)Pixels(10)prompt(11)seamless 7Part I-Video One Task Two:Questions and Answers1.Our eyes are constantly
6、 refocusing on what we want to see,like a high-resolution spotlight.2.When stimulated,the rods and cones send signals to the optic nerve and back to the brain.3.The brain fills in those gaps created by the blinks.Watch and Do8Part I-Video OneTask Three:Summary We often compare our eyes to cameras,bu
7、t they actually work quite differently.Our peripheral vision is very low resolution.But we barely notice it because our eyes are constantly refocusing on what we want to see,like a high-resolution spotlight.Unlike a camera,our brain can actually“fill in”missing information.For example,our brain fill
8、s in those gaps created by the blinks.Watch and Do9Part I-Video OneVideo Two How the Ear Works 10Think and TalkThe peripheral hearing system consists of three parts which are the outer ear,the middle ear and the inner ear.The outer ear consists of the pinna,ear canal and eardrum.The middle ear is a
9、small,air-filled space containing three tiny bones called the malleus,incus and stapes but collectively called the ossicles.The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.It controls the pressure within the middle ear,making it equal with the air pressure outside the
10、body.The inner ear has both hearing and balance organs.The hearing part of the inner ear and is called the cochlea.Reference11Part I-Video TwoThink and TalkThe cochlea,which contains many thousands of sensory cells,is connected to the central hearing system by the hearing or auditory nerve.The cochl
11、ea is filled with special fluids which are important to the process of hearing.The part of the ear that assists in balance is known as the vestibular system,or the labyrinth,a maze-like structure in the inner ear made of bone and soft tissue.Within the labyrinth are structures known as semicircular
12、canals.The semicircular canals contain three fluid-filled ducts,which form loops arranged roughly at right angles to one another.They tell your brain when your head rotates.The central hearing system consists of the auditory nerve and an incredibly complex pathway through the brain stem and onward t
13、o the auditory cortex of the brain.Reference12Part I-Video TwoThink and Talk Sound waves,which are really vibrations in the air around us,are collected by the pinna on each side of our head and are funneled into the ear canals.These sound waves make the eardrum vibrate.The eardrum vibrations caused
14、by sound waves move the chain of tiny bones(the ossicles)in the middle ear transferring the sound vibrations into the cochlea of the inner ear.This happens because the last of the three bones in this chain,the stapes,sits in a membrane-covered window in the bony wall which separates the middle ear f
15、rom the cochlea of the inner ear.Reference13Part I-Video TwoThink and Talk As the stapes vibrates,it makes the fluids in the cochlea move in a wave-like manner,stimulating the microscopically small hair cells.The hair cells in the cochlea are tuned to respond to different sounds based on their pitch
16、 or frequency of sounds.High-pitched sounds will stimulate hair cells in the lower part of the cochlea and low-pitched sounds in the upper part of the cochlea.When each hair cell detects the pitch or frequency of sound to which its tuned to respond,it generates nerve impulses which travel instantane
17、ously along the auditory nerve.These nerve impulses follow a complicated pathway in the brainstem before arriving at the hearing centers of the brain,the auditory cortex.This is where the streams of nerve impulses are converted into meaningful sound.Reference14Part I-Video TwoTask One:Order Rearrang
18、ement8-6-9-1-10-3-4-11-7-5-2-12Watch and Do15Part I-Video Two Task Two:DescriptionThree sections of the ear:the outer ear,the middle ear,and the inner ear work together to function.The outer ear is made up of the pinna and the ear canal,and gather sounds from the environment to send into the middle
19、ear.The middle ear takes these sounds and turns them into vibrations.Sounds that come into the middle ear hit the eardrum,causing it to move.The Eustachian tube keeps the air pressure balanced on both sides.When the eardrum moves,it makes the three small bones called ossicles vibrate.The vibrations
20、are then sent to the inner ear.The inner ear receives vibrations and changes them into messages that go to the brain.Semicircular canals also use moving fluid to create nerve signals that help with balance.Watch and Do16Part I-Video TwoPart II Diseases Related to the Eye and the Ear 17Part IIDisease
21、s Related tothe Eye and the EarVideo OneWhat Is Dry EyeVideo TwoVertigo Treatment Video ThreeCauses of Tinnitus 18Video One What Is Dry Eye19Think and TalkDry eye disease is a common condition that occurs when your tears arent able to provide adequate lubrication for your eyes.Symptoms may include:a
22、 stinging,burning or scratchy sensation in your eyes;sensitivity to light;eye redness;blurred vision or eye fatigue,etc.Reference20Part II-Video OneThink and Talk Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film.For some people,the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear pr
23、oduction or increased tear evaporation.Common causes of decreased tear production include:aging;certain medical conditions including allergic eye disease,rheumatoid arthritis,lupus,thyroid disorders or vitamin A deficiency;corneal nerve desensitivity caused by contact lens use,nerve damage or that c
24、aused by laser eye surgery,etc.The oil film produced by small glands on the edge of your eyelids(meibomian glands)might become clogged.Common causes of increased tear evaporation include:blinking less often,which tends to occur with certain conditions,such as Parkinsons disease;eye allergies;wind,sm
25、oke or dry air;vitamin A deficiency,etc.Reference21Part II-Video OneTask One:True or False1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.FWatch and Do22Part II-Video OneTask Two:Blank Filling(1)irritated(2)sting(3)bloodshot(4)blinking(5)contribute to Watch and Do(6)age(7)Hormonal(8)genetics(9)evaluation(10)non-invasive 23Part I
26、I-Video One Video Two Vertigo Treatment24Think and Talk Vertigo is the sensation that you,or the environment around you,is moving or spinning.Attacks of vertigo can develop suddenly and last for a few seconds,or they may last much longer.Other symptoms associated with vertigo may include:loss of bal
27、ance,or unsteadiness to stand or walk;feeling sick or being sick;dizziness.Sometimes the feeling of nausea can even cause vomiting.There are specific treatments for some causes of vertigo.A series of simple head movements(known as the Epley manoeuvre)is used to treat.Medicines,such as prochlorperazi
28、ne and some antihistamines,can help in the early stages or most cases of vertigo.Many people with vertigo also benefit from vestibular rehabilitation training(VRT),which is a series of exercises for people with dizziness and balance problems.Reference25Part II-Video TwoTask One:Topic IdentificationT
29、he topics mentioned are:2,3,5.Watch and Do26Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers1.When she woke up in the morning,everything started spinning.The room goes like a spiral into space.She felt like she was flying off the bed.2.She made a little model with my hands,and figured out the new way
30、 called half somersault.3.You can always see a doctor and go in and have other maneuvers done.4.None of patients that received this maneuver had to return to the doctors again.Watch and Do27Part II-Video Two Task Three:DialogueDoctor=D,Patient=PD:Come in,please!P:Im having my vertigo again.It keeps
31、going back.How does the vertigo happen?D:So we have the cochlea which is the hearing part of the ear,and then we have the semicircular canals,the spinning sensors.What happens is the particles that are in the utricle can sometimes get into this opening.When you lie down in bed at night the particles
32、 can fall in by gravity and then when you sit up in the morning,they get all the way down here to the bottom of the ear.But when the particles build up to a big enough clump that they form a piston in the canal,then when you move your head,the particles move a sensor in this structure,and you feel t
33、hat is spinning.Watch and Do28Part II-Video Two Task Three:DialogueP:Yes,I do have the spinning all the time.D:Dont worry about that.We have a particular manoeuvre called half somersault to deal with it.P:Really?Are you going to do that for me?D:Well,Ill show you now,but later you can do it yourself
34、.Its quite easy to follow.P:Ok.That would be great.D:You start on your knees and tip your head straight up to look at the ceiling,and you hold that position for a few seconds.That helps start the particles moving.Then you put your head completely upside down,tucking your chin a little bit so your he
35、ad isnt perfectly vertical.P:OK.Watch and Do29Part II-Video Two Task Three:DialogueWatch and Do30Part II-Video TwoD:So during that time you turn your head towards your right elbow if youre going to treat the right ear.If youre treating the left ear you turn the head to face your left elbow.The side
36、that you get the dizziest when youre lying down and rolling over.So if you roll over to your right and that makes the spin,and you roll to your left and it goes away or its not as bad,then you have it in your right ear.In that position the particles will start to move,and you will feel the spinning.
37、You wait for all the spinning to stop or you can count to 30 and then very quickly raise your head to back level.So your head and your back are on the same level.But youre keeping your head turned at that 45-degree angle,then you again wait for the spinning to stop 15 to 30 seconds,and then you brin
38、g your head fully upright.So that you end up kneeling again and in that position the particles should leave the ear.Task Three:DialogueP:Right.Do I have to do that several times?D:Sometimes it takes four or five repetitions.The safest thing is to repeat it with 15 minute breaks between each attempt,
39、because that allows the particles to fully settle out away from the opening.P:Got it!Ill try it myself next time!Watch and Do31Part II-Video TwoVideo ThreeCauses of Tinnitus 32Think and TalkThe most common cause of tinnitus is damage and loss of the tiny sensory hair cells in the cochlea of the inne
40、r ear.Some medications such as aspirin,ibuprofen,certain antibiotics,and diuretics can be“ototoxic.”They cause damage to the inner ear,resulting in tinnitus.Other possible causes are:head and neck injuries;ear infections;eustachian tube(middle ear)problems;temporomandibular joint(TMJ)disorders;traum
41、atic brain injury;cardiovascular diseases;diabetes,etc.Reference33Part II-Video ThreeThink and TalkThe first step is to treat any underlying cause of tinnitus.This may involve:prompt care for an ear infection;discontinuing any ototoxic medications;treating any temporomandibular joint(TMJ)problems,wh
42、ich affect the joint between the jaw bone and the cheek bone.Sound therapy uses external noise to mask the individuals perception of tinnitus.Low-level background music,white noise,or specialized ear maskers can help.Tinnitus retraining therapy(TRT)involves retraining the auditory system to accept t
43、he abnormal sounds of tinnitus as natural rather than disruptive.Healthy lifestyles,such as exercise,healthy eating,good sleeping habits,avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol,recreational and social activities,and stress management and relaxation techniques can all help achieve optimum wellness.Ref
44、erence34Part II-Video ThreeTask One:Order Rearrangement4-6-1-3-5-2-7Watch and Do35Part II-Video ThreeTask Two:Error Correction1.Sound information is processed via a very specific brain area known as the auditory cortex.2.Due to this disruption,theres a reduction of activity in the keyboard areas aff
45、ected by hearing loss and the nerves that make up the area can start to fire spontaneously.3.If the ear no longer talks to the auditory center,then the nerve cells in the auditory center begin to chatter in an overactive and unregulated way.Watch and Do36Part II-Video ThreeTask Two:Error Correction4
46、.Modern imaging procedures enable us to see evidence of the abnormal neural synchrony within the auditory part of the brain.5.Brainwave measurements have shown that brain areas regulating attention,emotions and stress are also affected.Watch and Do37Part II-Video ThreeTask Three:RetellingSound infor
47、mation is processed via the auditory cortex.The auditory cortex is divided up into areas processing different pitches,just like a piano.Anything which causes us to lose our hearing can have the effect of disrupting this internal keyboard.Medication,loud noises or just the natural aging process are a
48、ll possible causes.Due to this disruption,theres a reduction of activity in the keyboard areas affected by hearing loss and the nerves start to fire together,which is called neural synchronization.If the ear no longer talks to the auditory center,then the nerve cells in the auditory center begin to
49、chatter in an overactive and unregulated way.Its this abnormal over activity which causes us to perceive the tinnitus signal.Watch and DoWatch and Do38Part II-Video ThreeTask Three:Retelling Brain areas are also affected.The faulty signals allow the tinnitus tone to invade into our consciousness.Thi
50、s interaction of brain areas influences the individual level of distress and anxiety experienced by each person.Watch and DoWatch and Do39Part II-Video ThreePart III Celebrity and Disease 40Part IIICelebrity and Disease Video OneThe Story of My LifeHelen KellerVideo TwoBiography of Ludwig van Beetho
