1、第四章 WTO贸易政策审查机制WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism一、概述一、概述z审查各国的贸易政策是WTO重要职能之一。WTO贸易政策审查机制(TPRM)是由WTO文件贸易政策审查机制(Trade Policy Review Mechanism,TPRM)确立的。贸易政策审查机制内容分目标、国内透明度、审查程序、报告、与GATT 1994和GATS的收支条款的关系、对机制的评价及国际贸易环境发展的总评价等7部分。zWTO贸易政策审查是提高贸易政策审查是提高WTO各成员各成员贸易政策法规透明度重要手段。但须说贸易政策法规透明度重要手段。但须说明的是这种审查不是适
2、用明的是这种审查不是适用WTO争端解争端解决机制的基础，也并不因此要求成员作决机制的基础，也并不因此要求成员作出新的政策上的承诺。另一方面，出新的政策上的承诺。另一方面，WTO也鼓励也鼓励WTO成员增强其在有关贸成员增强其在有关贸易政策国内决策方面的透明度。当然这易政策国内决策方面的透明度。当然这必须建立在自愿的基础上（必须建立在自愿的基础上（on a voluntary basis）并且由各成员国根据）并且由各成员国根据其法律和政治制度自主决定是否这样做其法律和政治制度自主决定是否这样做。二、二、WTOWTO“贸易政策审查贸易政策审查”的含的含义义zWTO“贸易政策审查”是由WTO贸易政策审
3、查机构（TPRB）对每个成员的贸易政策、做法及其对多边贸易体制的影响进行的审查和评估，以确保WTO多边贸易规则及各成员的承诺得到更好的遵守,增加各成员贸易政策和做法的透明度，并加强成员彼此之间的理解。1.1.Reviewing and assessingReviewing and assessingthe Membersthe Members trade policies,trade policies,practices;practices;2.Corresponding impact onCorresponding impact onmultilateral tradingmultilate
4、ral tradingsystems.systems.重要的二项审查内容重要的二项审查内容三.审查频率（Review Frequency）1 1、一般规则、一般规则(General rules)zThe trade policies and practices of all Members will be subject to periodic review.The frequency of reviews is decided by a Members share of world trade in a recent representative period.The first four
5、trading entities so identified(for example,the United States,European Union,China and Japan,i.e.the so-called“four-horse carriages”in the present world trade)are subject to review every two years.The next 16 trading entities will be reviewed every four years.Other Members will be reviewed every six
6、years.Nevertheless,a longer interval will be fixed for least-developed country Members.所有WTO成员的贸易政策和做法将被定期审查。这种审查的频率主要决定于各成员在最近代表期内占世界贸易的份额。以此确定的前四个贸易实体（如美国、中国、欧盟和日本，即当前世界贸易中的“四驾马车”）每两年审查一次，随后的16个成员每四年审查一次，其他成员国每六年审查一次，但是对最不发达成员国的审查间隔期将更长。zIn addition,if changes in a Members trade policies or practi
7、ces have a significant impact on its trading partners,the TPRB may bring forward its next review of the related policies or practices of this Member.z 另外，如果一个成员的贸易政策和做法的变化对其贸易伙伴有重大的影响，TPRB可提前进行新的审查。2 2、针对中国的特殊安排、针对中国的特殊安排在我国在我国加入议定书加入议定书中规定：中规定：zThe review of the implementation by China The review o
8、f the implementation by China of the WTO rules and the provisions of the of the WTO rules and the provisions of the Protocol on the Accession of the PRC will Protocol on the Accession of the PRC will take place after accession in each year take place after accession in each year for eight years.Ther
9、e will be a final for eight years.There will be a final review in year 10 or at an earlier date review in year 10 or at an earlier date decided by the General Council.decided by the General Council.z对中国实施对中国实施WTO规则和规则和中国加入议定书中国加入议定书中中规定的审查将在中国加入规定的审查将在中国加入WTO后的后的8年内每年都年内每年都要进行。在加入后的第要进行。在加入后的第10年进行最
10、后的审查，或年进行最后的审查，或由总理事会决定提前进行这种最后的审查。由总理事会决定提前进行这种最后的审查。四、贸易政策审查需准备的文件 Secretariat report Government report Revisions of the above documents may be issued approximately 2weeks after the meeting.Chairpersons concluding remarks Minutes of the meeting are available approximately 6 weeks after the meeting
11、.zQuestions and answers by WTO Members are available approximately 6 weeks after the meeting.五、审查程序五、审查程序zWTO贸易政策审查程序主要包括以下五个步骤：z 1.The TPRB meetings will concentrate on discussing the Members trade policies and practices.z 2.The TPRB will establish a programme of reviews for each year in consultati
12、on with the Members directly concerned.z 3.The TPRB shall base its work on a full report describing the trade policies and practices supplied by the Member or Members under review.z 4.The reports by the Member under review and by the Secretariat,together with the minutes of the respective meeting of
13、 the TPRB,will be published promptly after the review.z 5.These documents above-said will be forwarded to the Ministerial Conference.1、TPRB会议将集中讨论各成员的有关贸易政策和惯例。z2 、TPRB为审查制定计划。z3 、TPRB根据成员提交的一份完整的报告和秘书处根据有关信息或有关成员的报告起草的的一份新的报告进行工作z4 、成员提交的报告及TPRB每次会议纪要在实施贸易政策审查后都应立即公布。z5、上述这些文件将被提交给部长会议。六、贸易政策审议中的通报
14、制度六、贸易政策审议中的通报制度zIn order to achieve the fullest possible degree of transparency,WTO requires each Member report fully and regularly to the TPRB the trade policies and practices pursued by the Member or Members concerned and,between reviews,provide brief reports on any significant changes in their t
15、rade policies.z为了保证各国贸易政策最大程度的透明度，WTO要求每个成员定期地向TPRB全面报告其或其他成员所实行的贸易政策和做法、其年度统计信息，并提供有关在审查期间贸易政策作重大调整的简要报告。Reporting ProvisionszThe Members should report fully and regularly to the TPRB the trade policies and practiceszProviding brief reports on any significant policy changes.第二节第二节 WTOWTO对中国的贸易政策审查对
16、中国的贸易政策审查Trade Policy Review of China Under the WTO TPRMz自中国2001年12月11日加入WTO以来，WTO利用其贸易政策审查机制对中国的贸易政策和措施及其对多边贸易体制的影响进行了多次审查。前四次审查的时间第一次：2006年4月19日至21日；z第二次：2008年5月21 至23日；z第三次：2010年5月 31日至6月2日；z第四次：2012年6月12 日至14日。一种现象事实上WTO对中国的贸易审查频率是每两年审查一次，尽管中国在2011年已成为世界第二大出口国和第三大进口国。一、与对中国贸易政策审查有关的文一、与对中国贸易政策审查
17、有关的文件件 1、WTO秘书处报告。该报告包括：z（1）目录与概述z（2）贸易与投资体制z（3）贸易政策和措施z（4）分部门贸易政策z（5）附表2、被审查国提交的政府报告；3、主席总结报告；4、会议记录。该文件在审查会议结束大约第6周后会被发布。5、WTO成员问与答的文件。这份文件也是在审查会议结束大约第6周后会被发布。二、贸易政策审查主席报告的主要内二、贸易政策审查主席报告的主要内容容(Major Contents of Chairman Report on Trade Policy Review of China)z（一）概述自上一次贸易政策审查以来中国经济贸易发展状况（MajorEcon
18、omic and Trade Situations in China）（二）有关WTO成员所提出的主要问题（Certain Issues Submitted by Other Members）三、对中国贸易政策的审查举例三、对中国贸易政策的审查举例A Review of Chinas AD Regulation(G/ADP/M/22)zTime:October 2002zArticle 55:Anti-circumventionzArticle 56:Trading RetaliationzThe US:How China intended to identify and address ev
19、asion of anti-dumping measures.Article 55,56 of AD RegulationzMOFCOM may take appropriate measures to prevent the circumvention of AD measures.(Art.55)zWhere a country discriminatorily imposes AD measures on the exports from the PRC,China may,on the basis of the actual situations,take corresponding
20、measures against that country.(Art.56)Article 32 of the Safeguard Regulations 2002 Where a country(region)discriminatorily applies safeguard measures on the exports from the Peoples Republic of China,the Peoples Republic of China may,based on the actual situations,adopt corresponding measures toward
21、 that country(region).Chinas General ReplyzThe delegate of China noted that every country has a different legal culture.It is Chinese tradition for the legislative body just to set forth the general principles and the guidelines for carrying out of administrative action,and to leave room for the imp
22、lementing authority to formulate detailed rules to accommodate changing circumstances.Reply to Article 32 of the SG Regulationz“I would like to make it clear here that firstly,China has not yet applied Article 32 of the Regulations on Safeguards and therefore has not taken any corresponding measures
23、;secondly,being a Wto Member,China will first resort to the dispute settlement provisions provided in the Safeguard Agreement and the dispute settlement provisions under Annex ii of the Wto Agreement before taking the corresponding measures if the other party is also a Wto Member;thirdly,if any reba
24、lancing measures would be taken,China will abide by the provisions of Article 8 of the Safeguard Agreement.”zAlthough this Article provides the possibility of remedial measures when circumvention takes place,the delegate of China made it clear that,to date,China had not invoked this Article and had
25、not taken any anti-circumvention measures.However,.This issue has been under discussion for a long time in the WTO,and was also a subject of the Negotiating Group on Rules,as well as the Committee.Once any new disciplines were agreed,China shall fully implement them.Chinas Specific Reply-ACSouth Kor
26、eas Reflectionz“Korea was very much encouraged that anti-circumvention will be implemented only after there are unified rules arrived at through negotiation.”Article 7 of FTL 2004z“In the event that any country or region applies prohibitive,restrictive or other like measures on a discriminatory basi
27、s against the Peoples Republic of China in respect of trade,the Peoples Republic of China may,as the case may be,take counter-measures against the country or region in question.”Article 47 of FTL 2004(add.)“Where any country or region that enters into or participates in economic and trade treaties o
28、r agreements with the Peoples Republic of China deprives the Peoples Republic of China of or impairs her interests under such treaties or agreements,or hinders realization of the object of such treaties or agreements,the Peoples Republic of China has the right to request the relevant country or regi
29、on to take appropriate remedies and has the right to suspend or terminate its performance of relevant obligations in compliance with relevant treaties and agreements.”PRESS RELEASE:PRESS/TPRB/26219 and 21 April 2006TRADE POLICY REVIEW:CHINATitle:Economic reform has produced impressive results but im
30、portant challenges remainzChinas gradual economic reforms have opened the economy to international trade and investment and have made it one of the fastest growing in the world,with a nearly nine-fold increase in GDP per capita since 1978,according to a WTO Secretariat report on the trade policies a
31、nd practices of China.Documents Secretariat report Contents and summary observations(16pages,194KB)Economic environment(28pages,829KB)Trade and investment regimes(31pages,327KB)Trade policies and practices by measure(101pages,1238KB)Trade policies by sector(94pages,910KB)Appendix tables(49pages,1968
32、KB)Government report(21pages,145KB)Chairpersons concluding remarks Minutes of the meetingzQuestions and answers by WTO Members本章小结本章小结z审查各成员国的贸易政策是审查各成员国的贸易政策是WTO的一的一项重要职能。项重要职能。WTO审查机制所审查的审查机制所审查的是是“每个成员所有的贸易政策、惯例每个成员所有的贸易政策、惯例及其对多边贸易体制的影响及其对多边贸易体制的影响”。各成。各成员国贸易政策的公开、透明，符合员国贸易政策的公开、透明，符合WTO规范是规范是WTO贸易政策审查机制贸易政策审查机制所要求的。所要求的。
