1、热力学在计算中的应用1.燃料电池电动势的计算燃料电池电动势的计算2.CVD制备制备AlN薄膜薄膜 一、燃料电池电动势的计算一、燃料电池电动势的计算固体氧化物燃料电池工作原理固体氧化物燃料电池工作原理电动势电动势22()()42ccOeO2()2()2()2224aaaOHH Oe,maxT pfGWnEF CathodeAnodedT=0,dp=022222ln4HOH OP PRTEFP22222HOH O,maxT pfGWnEFHT S 00TTTHHCpdT 00TTTCpSSdTT 不同温度下的开路电压计算Example of an BPG component0.6%51%14.2%
2、4.2%15.3%14.7%CO H2 CH4 CO2 N2 others BPG by Gasification of Rice Husk 22()()42ccOeO2()2()24aaOOe,maxT pfGWnEF CathodeAnodedT=0,dp=02()2(),lncaOT pOPGRTP 2()2()ln4caOOPRTEFP 422222CHOCOH O2222COOCO4223CHH OCOH42223CHCOCOH22222HOH O422224CHOCOH 设定温定压下,气体多化学反应体系的状态方程为F(n1,n2,ni,nk)=0 则体系的总自由能为ni为第i种物质
3、(mi)的摩尔数,i为其化学势1kiiGn 当体系为封闭体系时,则体系要遵守原子数守恒的限制,即 aji为i物质化学式中第j种元素的原子个数,bj是整个体系中第j种元素的总原子摩尔数)0(1ikijijinbna自由焓最小化方法来计算平衡组成 将复杂化学平衡计算作为受线性约束条件制约的某一目标函数的极值化问题来处理。具体采用拉各朗日待定乘子法。在定温、定压条件下对ni求导,且令它为零(极值条件),得1,0jmjjiiT P nGan10mijjia或mjkijijijibnanGF11)()()ln()lnii Tiii TTRTx PnRTPn根据化学势表达式式中 是纯物质i的生成自由焓 ,
4、于是得)(Ti()i TG()1ln()0 (1,2,3,)(1,2,3,)mii TjjiTnGRTPanikjm现在有k个含n1,n2,nk个未知数和m个含j未知数的关系式故方程式有定解。()11ln()00(1,2,3,)(1,2,3,)mii TjjiTmjiijnGRTPana nbikjm1,0jmjjiiT P nGan10mijjiaOrEquations Taylor expansion linear system of equations Newton iteration;700-1200K MATLAB H2(%)CO(%)CH4(%)CO2(%)H2O(%)N2(%)B
5、PG 10.709.751.0515.44063.06Humidified hydrogen 9700030Humidified methane 00970307008009001000110012000.000.050.100.15450550650750850H2OCOCO2H2C(graphite)CH4(oC)ContantTemperature(K)7008009001000110012000.91.01.11.21.31.4450550650750850(oC)BPG Humidified Methane Humidified Hydrogene.m.f.(V)Temperatur
6、e(K)7008009001000110012000.951.001.051.10450550650750850 BPG-I;H2 10.7%,CO 9.75%,CH4 1.05%,CO2 15.44%,N2 63.06%BPG-II;H2 9.5%,CO 13.5%,CH4 4.5%,CO2 18.0%,N2 54.5%e.m.f.(V)Temperature(K)(oC)7008009001000110012000.900.951.001.051.10450550650750850 0%H2O 3%H2O 5%H2O 10%H2O 15%H2O 20%H2Oe.m.f.(V)Tempera
7、ture(K)(oC)7008009001000110012000.70.80.91.01.11.21.3450550650750850DCODCOYSZYSZ(oC)Hydrogen and YSZ Hydrogen and DCO BPG and YSZ BPG and DCOe.m.f.(V)Temperature(K)7008009001000110012000.00.20.40.60.81.01.2450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 e.m.f.(V)Temperature(K)calculated e.m.f.experimental O
8、CV for cell a experimental OCV for cell b experimental OCV for cell c (oC)Open-circuit Voltages二、CVD法制备AlN薄膜3HBrAlN(s)NHAlBr33CVD制备装置影响因素系统压强系统压强系统温度系统温度NH3分压分压AlBr3分压分压载气流量载气流量可能的反应3HBrAlN(s)NHAlBr332HBrAlBrHAlBr23623BrAl2AlBr 23BrAlBrAlBr 2NH3=3H2+N2气相物种AlBr3NH3N2HBrBr2AlBrH2Al2Br6反应平衡方程式 3331NHAl
9、BrHBrPPPK 3HBrAlN(s)NHAlBr332322HAlBrAlBrHBrPPPPK 2HBrAlBrHAlBr2323362AlBrBrAlPPK 623BrAl2AlBr 324AlBrAlBrBrPPPK 23BrAlBrAlBr质量守恒2332P3P3PHVRTHBNH0NH00HrP2623326P3P3PVRTHBAlBr0AlBr00BrBrAlAlBrrPPPBrT310135.4983.1log03232NHHPP系统压强不变2622233BrBrAlHHBrAlBrNNHAlBrPPPPPPPPP总1.反应方程(反应方程(4)2.质量守恒(质量守恒(2)3.氨裂解(氨裂解(1)4.系统压强(系统压强(1)5.独立物种(独立物种(8)生长速率23302()10NAlBrAlBrAlNAlNAlNFluxPPMrRTSMAlN,分子量分子量S,衬底面积,假设消耗掉的,衬底面积,假设消耗掉的AlBr3全部用于全部用于AlN膜生长膜生长rAlN,生长速率,单位,生长速率,单位 m/min反应自由能温度AlBr3分压NH3分压系统压力生长速率