1、医学英语词汇概述 Brief Introduction to Medical Terminology,创伤骨科 韩巍,简介 医学词汇的来源 基本构词方法 读音规则,简介,语言大致有三要素: 语音、语法、词汇 从语音上看,医学英语与普通英语的读音规则、发音方法没有明显差别。 从语法上看,医学英语虽然有自己的一些特点,如大量使用被动语态、非谓语动词等，但仍属于普通英语的范畴，并没有形成独立的语法体系。,Public English,English Professional Medicine,Medical English,而就词汇而言,医学英语中大量出现专业词汇和术语（terminology ），
2、可占到全文的10%20%。 由于医学是一门复杂的科学,历史悠久,分支众多,所以其词汇量也就特别大,而且有着一些显著的特点。 一般来说，词形较复杂、长度较长的医学英语词汇都包含了一定的医学英语词根词缀。,在一本中等容量的字典里医学专业词汇有多少? 保守估计大约100,000个 而且在一个发展中的领域，这个数字还在迅速地扩大 memorization!,Learn Medical Terminology,New students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation.,pneumo
3、noultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,Ankylosing Spondylitis Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica Fibromyalgia Tenosynoritis Myeloradiculopathy Osteomalacia,Scoliosis Spondylolysis Chonechondrosternon Cavoequinovarus Enchondromatosis Osteomyelitis,各个领域造就的最长单词不一而论，大部分情况下公认最长的单词是： 共1934个字母的“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白质”
4、（一种含有267种氨基酸酶）的全称： MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleuc
5、ylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylglycylvalythreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylp
6、henylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylgl
7、ycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartyl
8、aspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylaspa
9、raginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylHistidylasparaginyliSol
10、eucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine（1934个字母）,学习和记忆医学专业词汇有一定的方法，也可以帮助“理性的”猜出不熟悉的词汇的意思 这样，需要记住的词汇限于 400到500 个左右(常用的)，但它们的组合是无限的,electrocardiogram,+ -gram 书写、图；记录,electro- 电的、电子的,+ card
11、io- 心脏,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,nju:mnultrmaikrskpiksilikvlkeinukuniusis 医硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病,pneumono- (of lung) ultra- (beyond) micro (very small) scopic- (of viewing or observing) silico- (of silicon) volcano coni- ( koni, of dust) osis-(forming the name of a disease),Everything solve
12、d?-Far from it!,医学词汇的来源,医学英语在其长期的发展过程中受到多种语言的影响,其词汇大约75%来源于Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语) : Anglo-Saxon (古英语): 医学英语中人体部分的名称主要来源于此，如 hand foot arm, eye, ear, chin, heart, bone etc. 这些词汇至今应用频率仍很高,Greek (希腊语):主要是大部分的医学复合词汇: dyspepsia 消化不良 pharyngeal 咽的,Latin (拉丁语):很多医学术语来源于此,如: mammal 哺乳动物 pectorals 胸肌 abdomina
13、l 腹部的 1895年,国际公认拉丁语为世界医药界国际用语，正规的处方或药名应该用拉丁语书写。,French (法语):对医学英语的影响比不上Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语)，位居第三，如： massage 按摩 goitre 甲状腺肿 Italian (意大利语):如： influenza 流行性感冒 malaria疟疾,Spanish (西班牙语):如： mosquito 蚊子 Japanese (日语):如： Ginseng 人参,Chinese？ 阴 yin 阳 yang 气功 qigong 拔火罐 (fire) cupping ,基本构词方法,three elements
14、used to make up a medical term: word roots Suffixes Prefixes,Word Roots (WR),The main part or foundation of the word is the root. Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body part Most medical terms have one or more word roots,Identify the word root in the following non-medical wo
15、rds: teacher, teaches, teaching (teach) speaking, speaker, speaks (speak) reader, reading, reads (read) Word roots in medical terminology are usually derived from Greek or Latin and usually refer to a body part.,Examples of Word Roods,Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an
16、“o” Usually indicates a body part,Combining Forms (CF),Combining Forms Examples,Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney oste/ + o = oste/o bone,Compound Word,Compound words can be formed when 2 or more word roots are used to buil
17、d the word. Sometimes word roots are words. Word root + word root = Compound word Chicken + Pox = Chickenpox Word root word root compound word Examples: underage, shorthand, download, brainstem,Compound Word,Compound word can also be formed from a combining form and a whole word. Therm/o + meter = T
18、herm/o/meter Combining form word compound word,Suffixes,A suffix is added to the end of a word root to modify its meaning. The suffix will usually tell what is happening to the root. A combining vowel is often used to connect a suffix to a root term. Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition,
19、disease, or part of speech Usually derived from Greek or Latin,Examples of Suffix,Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis joint puncture puncture of a joint throac/o -tomy Thoracotomy chest incision incision of the chest gastr/o -megaly Gastromegaly stomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach,Suffix: Si
20、ngular vs. Plural,Greek Singular Suffixes -on Spermatozoon, ganglion -ma Carcinoma, lipoma -sis Crisis, prognosis -nx Larynx, pharynx,Plural Suffixes -a Spermatozoa, ganglia -mata Carcinomata, lipomata -ses Crises, prognoses -ges Larynges, pharynges,Suffix: Singular vs. Plural,Latin Singular Suffixe
21、s -a Vertebra, conjunctiva -us Bacillus, bronchus -um Bacterium, ilium -is Testis,Plural Suffixes -ae Vertebrae, conjunctivae -i Bacilli, bronchi -a Bacteria, ilia -es Testes,Suffix: Singular vs. Plural,Latin Singular Suffixes -ex cortex -ix Appendix -ax thorax,Plural Suffixes -ices cortices -ices a
22、ppendices -aces thoraces,Prefixes,Word element located at the beginning of a word Changes the meaning of the word. It will usually tell something more specific about the word root. Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation,Examples of Prefix,A- mast -ia witho
23、ut breast condition hyper- therm -ia excessive heat condition intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating to,Word Analysis,HEMATOLOGY HEMAT/O/LOGY Root Suffix (blood) (Study of) Combining Vowel,When you analyze a medical term, begin at the end of the word. The ending of a word is called a suffix. All medic
24、al terms contain suffixes.,Word Analysis,HEMATOLOGY HEMAT/O/LOGY Root Suffix (blood) (Study of) Combining Vowel Root + combining vowel + suffix,Start at the suffix Logy = Study of Then go back to the beginning of the word. Hemat = blood Analysis (put it together) Study of blood,Word Analysis,BIOLOGI
25、ST BI/O/LOGIST Root Suffix (Life) (Specialist in) Combining Vowel Root + combining vowel + suffix,Start at the suffix Logist = specialist in (the study of) Go to the beginning Bi = life Analysis Specialist in (the study of) life,Word Analysis,ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM Root + CV + root
26、+ CV + suffix,Start at the suffix Gram = record Go the to beginning Electr = electricity Cardi = heart Analysis Record of the electricity in the heart,Word Analysis,Roots Cardi/o = heart Gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Dermat/o = skin Suffix -logy = study of -logist = specialist -gram = record -ac
27、 = pertaining to -itis = inflammation,CARDIOLOGY CARDI/O/LOGY Study of the heart CARDIOLOGIST CARDI/O/LOGIST Specialist in the heart HEMATOLOGIST HEMAT/O/LOGIST Specialist in blood,Word Analysis,Roots Cardi/o = heart Gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Dermat/o = skin Suffix -logy = study of -logist =
28、 specialist -gram = record -ac = pertaining to -itis = inflammation,CARDIAC CARDI/AC Pertaining to the heart Whats different? The combining vowel is dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel.,Word Analysis,Roots Cardi/o = heart Gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Dermat/o = skin Suffix -logy = study
29、 of -logist = specialist -gram = record -ac = pertaining to -itis = inflammation,DERMATITIS DERMAT/ITIS Inflammation of the skin,Word Analysis,Roots Cardi/o = heart Gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Dermat/o = skin Suffix -logy = study of -logist = specialist -gram = record -ac = pertaining to -itis
30、 = inflammation,GASTRITIS GASTR/ITIS Inflammation of the stomach,Word Analysis,Roots Cardi/o = heart Gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Enter/o = intestines Suffix -logy = study of -logist = specialist -gram = record -ac = pertaining to -itis = inflammation,GASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY Study
31、 of the stomach and intestines Between roots the combining vowel is not dropped, even if the second root begins with a vowel.,Word Analysis,Roots Electr/o = electicity Encephal/o = brain Gastr/o = stomach Suffix -logy = study of -logist = specialist -gram = record -ac = pertaining to -itis = inflamm
32、ation,ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM Record of the electricity in the brain,Word Analysis,Prefix Brady = slow Tachy = fast Root Cardi/o = heart Suffix -ia = condition / disease,BRADYCARDIA BRADY/CARD/IA Condition of a slow heart,Word Analysis,Prefix Brady = slow Tachy = fast Root Card
33、i/o = heart Suffix -ia = condition / disease,TACHYCARDIA TACHY/CARD/IA Condition of a fast heart,Word Analysis - Review,Root = gives the essential meaning of the term Suffix = the word ending Prefix = a small part added to the beginning of a term Combining vowel = connects roots to suffixes and root
34、s to other roots Combining form = combination of the root and a combining vowel,Word Analysis - Rules,Read the meaning of medical words from the suffix, then to the beginning of the word and across Drop the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel Keep the combining vowel between roo
35、ts, even if the root begins with a vowel,读音规则,医学英语术语的读音要用英语语音,避免用拉丁语音。普通英语的发音规则有不少可适用于医学英语术语，但拉丁语的读音规则对它有很大的影响。,1、医学术语重音的一般规律 （1）遵循拉丁语词汇的重读体系， 重音永不在最后一个音节。,重音！ Sacrum？ Patient？,（2）如果倒数第二个音节是长音，重读在该音节上。 Acidosis 酸中毒 Laryngotracheobronchitis 喉气管支气管炎,（3）如果倒数第二个音节是短音，重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上。 如 Oviduct 输卵管,（4）有时倒
36、数第二个音节变短，有维持词根重音的现象。,倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟两个辅音，大多数情况下，其元音读短音，重音在该音节上。 如bronchismus 支气管痉挛,(4)复合词的读音规则:如果复合词后面有影响重音位置的后缀或词尾,依最末一个词(根)的重音位置;其余的复合词重音依照前一个词. 如 cytobiology 细胞生物学 bronchoscope 支气管镜,2、元音字母读音规则 重读元音：在重读音节中的元音，发音清楚、显著，读音强。 非重读元音：在非重读音节的元音，发音含糊、晦涩。 强调：对重读元音 必须正确发音。而非重读音节中的不同元音之间的发音差别很小，有时即使读错也无妨。,（1）在
37、重读闭音节中，元音字母一律读它的短音。但也有例外，如gross。 （2）在重读开音节中元音读长音 （3）两个元音在一起，前面一个元音重读时，则此重读元音读长音。 （4）元音字母在结尾时，无论重读，都读长音，以a，e结尾的例外，如zona。 （5）有的双重元音，按字母组合规则读一个音.如ae/oe,eu,ei,ai,3、辅音字母的读音规则 （1）c 在e, ae , oe , i或y之前 读软音s，在a , o , u或oi之前读 硬音k。,（2）g在e,ae,oe,i,y前读dg,在a,o,u,oi前读g。 （3）双辅音ps,pt,ct,cn,gn,mn作为单词开头，第一个辅音不发音 （4）c
38、h多数情况下发k,Thank you for attention,Mathematical Formulas and Equation,(4 + 7 - 5.886) 2 = -9.462 This formula is generally read as: four plus seven and five-eighths minus five point eighty-eight multiplied by six, all divided by two and a half, equals minus nine point four six two. Mathematical Symbols,
