1、不定式在七个感官动词不定式在七个感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,find,notice,listen to,三个使役动词三个使役动词let,have,make等后作宾补时等后作宾补时,to要省略要省略不定式作主语To+V+VWhen(疑问副词疑问副词)+to+V+VFor Sb.+to+V(1)To persevere means victory.(2)When to start remains undecided.(3)For us to be red and expert is not only necessary but also possible.（注）不定式作主语，常
2、用（注）不定式作主语，常用it 做形式主语改写成下列句做形式主语改写成下列句型型 1.It is+N+to+V2.It takes sb.+some time+to+V3.It is+Adj.+for+to+V4.It is+Adj+of sb.+to+V(1)It is our duty to support their struggle for liberation.(2)It only took us a year to complete the project.It is hard for me to master English.（注）用于这一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：（注）用于这
3、一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,impossible,unnecessary,important,它们的共同特点是表示客它们的共同特点是表示客观情况，不能改写成观情况，不能改写成be of sb.+to+V(1)Its kind of you to think so much of us.(2)Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.（注）后跟（注）后跟of sb.的形容词的形容词:kind,good,nice,clever,silly,wrong,right,wise,unwise,f
4、oolish,stupid,lazy,careless,cunning,rude,honest,naughty,impolite,considerate 以上在动词不定式前的以上在动词不定式前的for sb.或或of sb都可看成它的逻辑主语。都可看成它的逻辑主语。不定式作表语表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用不定式作表语。不定式作表语。1.To+V+is+to+V(一是条件，一是结果一是条件，一是结果)2.Pron.(N)+is(seem)+to+V(包括不定式完成包括不定式完成式或被动态式或被动态)3.What clause+is+to+V
5、(表语说明主语内容表语说明主语内容)(1)To do two things at a time is to do neither.(2)She seemed to have heard about it already.The book seems to have been translated into many languages already.(3)What I would suggest is to start work at once.(注注)to be的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做成的事。语，表示一个想做而未做成
6、的事。He was to have given the first talk,but he came late.不定式作定语1.S+V+O（N）+to+V(主动态主动态)to+V(被动态被动态)to+V+Prep.in(on)which+to+V 2There is(are)+N+to+V(1)She has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.Do you have anything more to say?（主动，动宾）（主动，动宾）(2)Have you anything to taken to the city?（被动）（被动）(3)S
7、he has a lot of things to attend to(4)It was a bad season in which to have outings.(5)There is no time to lose(to be lost).（注）（注）1.不定式做定语和被修饰词之间：不定式做定语和被修饰词之间：（1）表示将来的动作表示将来的动作（2）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系与被修饰词之间有动宾关系（3）抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。（4）不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻辑上的动宾
8、关系辑上的动宾关系2.不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例句句1）。如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态。）。如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态。（见例句（见例句2）3.There is(are)的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式均可。均可。不定式作宾语.表表1S+V+TO+V在此句型中，要求不定式做宾语的动词有：在此句型中，要求
9、不定式做宾语的动词有：manage,try,ask,offer,agree,expect,promise,want,begin,desire,learn,arrange,hope,like,wish,decide,afford,pretend,(1)He offered to help us.(2)We must try to become one with the masses.(3)I did not expect to find you here.(4)He pretended not to see me.S+V+it+OC+to+V(1)The workers think it nec
10、essary to increase production.(2)Do you consider it impossible to get everything ready in time?表表3S+V+疑问代词疑问代词/疑问副词疑问副词+to+V要求要求when,how,whether,where,which,what,who(whom)等等+to+V做宾语的动词有：做宾语的动词有：know,tell,teach,explain,discuss,consider,discover,guess,observe,find out,understand,wonder I dont know wha
11、t to do.Where to go.Whom to ask.When to stop.How to get there Which one to buy Which one to buy Whether to laugh at or cry When I heard the words（注）在此句型中，（注）在此句型中，if 不能代替不能代替whether，疑问副词，疑问副词why 不能和不定式在一起做宾语用于该句型不能和不定式在一起做宾语用于该句型。Prep.But/except/besides+to+V/+V(1)He desired nothing but to succeed.(2
12、)He did nothing but cry.(3)Mary did nothing except clean the dishes(4)The windows were opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning.(5)That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer.（注）在这些介词前无实意动词（注）在这些介词前无实意动词 do，后跟不定式，后跟不定式如有实意动词如有实意动词 do，则跟动词原形，则跟动词原形cannot butcannot help but
13、 +Vcannot choose but(1)I can not but admire the rich content of the book.(2)I cannot help but laugh.(3)They could not choose but obey.不定式做宾补V+O+to+V 要求要求verb to+V作宾补的动词有：作宾补的动词有：Advise,cause,allow,ask,encourage,get,expect,force,wish,want,intend,invite,mean,permit,persuade,forbid,warn,tell,compel,rem
14、ind,teach,urge,hove,have,like,prefer.(1)They asked him to design a new workshop.(2)We cant allow the rain to spoil our day.(3)Id love them to come tonight.V+O+to be要求要求verb to be 作宾补的动词有：作宾补的动词有：consider,declare,find(=consider),prove,think,know,believe,imagine,judge,suppose,feel(1)We know/believe/ju
15、dge him to be reliable.(2)I should imagine/suppose him to be above 50.（注）（注）1.consider,declare,find,prove,think等动词等动词后的后的to be往往省略。如果不定式为完成式就不能省，往往省略。如果不定式为完成式就不能省，如：如：we consider heat(to be)a form of energy.We consider him to have been foolish.2.know后要求不定式作宾补的其他用法：后要求不定式作宾补的其他用法：have known+O+to+V或或
16、 Vhave never known+o+Vnever knew+O+V宾补为完成式或宾补为完成式或know转为被动态时，作宾补的不定式必须带转为被动态时，作宾补的不定式必须带to 1）I have known him(to)say this before.2)Ive never known him behave like this.3)I never knew him do anything without a very good reason.4)I have never known her to have failed.5)He has never been known to say t
17、his before.(passive voice)V+O+V要求不带要求不带to的动词做宾补的动词有的动词做宾补的动词有:have,make,let.,see,hear,feel,notice,observe,watch,listen to,look at1)Make foreign thing serve China.2)I didt hear anyone say anything about it.3)It is quite amusing to look at other people play chess.(注注)1）这种句子如变成被动语态，）这种句子如变成被动语态，to 不能不要
18、不能不要They were made to work day and night.1）help 后的宾补，可带后的宾补，可带to或不带或不带toMy brother often helps me(to)mend my bike.表表4 V+Prep.+O+to+V要求不定式作宾补的成语动词：要求不定式作宾补的成语动词：Call on,count on,rely on,depend on,care for,ask for,wait for,long for,prepare for,wish for1)You can count on us to give you full support.2)Y
19、ou cant rely on him to assist you.3)Shall we ask for Mary to come too?不定式做状语表表1 目的状语目的状语To+V,S+VS+V+O,to+V(so as to,in order to)1)To get the best results,use clean water.2)He went home to see his mother.3)I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.4)We go to school in order to get knowledge表表2
20、 原因状语原因状语be+Adj.+to+Vbe+P.P+to+VV+to+V本句型所示的不定式多是在表示感情的形容词，过去分词或动词之后，本句型所示的不定式多是在表示感情的形容词，过去分词或动词之后，它们是：它们是：glad,happy,sorry,sad,surprised,shocked,astonished,delighted,pleased,weep,cry,laugh,smile1)Im very glad to see you.She will be sorry to hear that.2)I was surprised to see her there.3)She wept t
21、o hear the news.表3结果状语1.Only+to+V2.Adj.(adv)+enough+(for+O)+to+V3.too+adj.(adv.)+to+V4.so+adj.+as+to+V1)He worked hard only to fall again.She hurried back only to find her mother dying in a hospital.2)He is old enough to retire.This room is large enough for us five to sleep in.3)Im too tired to work
22、 any more.Germs are too small to be seen with the naked eye.4)Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?表表4反射不定式作状语反射不定式作状语S+be+Adj.+to+V本句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式说本句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式说明作表语的形容词，成为形容词的状语。主动明作表语的形容词，成为形容词的状语。主动态具有被动含义，不定式不能改为被动态。在态具有被动含义，不定式不能改为被动态。在该句型中被使用的形容词只有：该句型中被使用的形容词只有：easy,ha
23、rd,difficult,dangerous,expensive,fit,possible,impossible,comfortable,dirty(1)This question is impossible to answer.(2)English is difficult to learn.(3)Cars can be dangerous to drive.(4)A lorry in good condition is easy to drive.(5)The room is comfortable to live in.1.He asked me to help him repair h
24、is radio,but I dont know _.A.to do it B.how to C.what to do it D.how to do2.His voice made me _ terrible.B.To feel B.feel C.feels D.felt3.My parents told me _ people when they are in trouble.C.never laugh at B.not to laugh at C.dont laugh at D.not laugh at4.Its bad manners _ rude to people.A.to be B
25、.are C.be D.to being5.Its interesting _ us to take part in the games.A.of B.to C.for D.at6.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.A not make B not to make C not making D do not make7.Ive worked with children before,so I know what _ in my new job.A.expected B.to ex
26、pect C to be expecting D expects8.Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning9.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having goneV-ing 形式作状语形式作状语,可表时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、可表时间、原因、
27、方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随或陪衬等含义让步、伴随或陪衬等含义,相当于一个对应的状语从句相当于一个对应的状语从句所表达的意思所表达的意思.Walking in the street,I came across an old friend.=When I was walking in the street,I came across an old friend.Being ill,he didnt go to school.=As he was ill,he didnt go to school.Laughing and talking,they went into the classroom.
28、（方式）（方式）If you use your head,you will find a way.Though weighing almost one hundred jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand.We were sitting by the window,talking about what happened yesterday.(伴随）伴随）解析1.当当v-ing形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作形式作状语时，若它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，需用发生在谓语动作之前，需用having done2.v-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须
29、和主形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主语保持一致；否则必须带有自己的逻辑主语语保持一致；否则必须带有自己的逻辑主语=Using your head,you will find a way.=Though it weighes 过去分词过去分词作状语作状语过去分词作状语，过去分词作状语，修饰谓语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示或情景，表示时间时间、条件条件、原因原因、让步让步、伴随情况伴随情况等。等。一般说来，这一结构的一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语逻辑主语是是主句的主语主句的主语。a、表示表示时间时间Seen from the space,the earth l
30、ooks blue.When it is seen from space,the earth looks blue.b、表示表示条件条件Kept in refrigerator,these vegetables will remain fresh.If they are kept in refrigerator,these vegetables will remain fresh.c、表示表示原因原因d、表示表示伴随情况伴随情况e e、表示、表示让步让步Deeply moved by the story,the children began to cry.As they were deeply
31、 moved,the children began to cry.She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.She walked out of the house,and was followed by her little daughter.Beaten by the enemy,he refused to let out the secret.Although he was beaten by the enemy,he refused to let out the secret.非谓语动词练习非谓语动词练习Can
32、 you spare me some time?Im afraid not.I have lots of letters _.A.doing with B.to do for C.to deal D.to deal withI cant understand _ at that poor child.A.you to laugh B.you laughingC.you laughD.why laughDont use words,expressions or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.02A.being knownB.ha
33、ving knownC.to be knownD.known_ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.02A.Exposed B.Having exposedC.Being exposedD.After being exposedThe discovery of new evidence led to _.03A.the thief having caughtB.B.catch the thiefC.the thief being caughtD.the thief to be caughtGenerally speak
34、ing,when _ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.03A.takingB.takenC.to takeD.to be taken_ more attention,the trees could have grown better.A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.GivingI would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A.to go B.to h
35、ave gone C.going D.having goneThere is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.03A.that,to be improvedB.which,to be improvedC.where,improvingD.when,improvingThe day we looked forward to _.A.come B.coming C.has come D.have comeThe disc,digitally _ in the stud
36、io,sounded fantastic at the party.04A.recorded B.recordingC.to be recordedD.having recordedShe set out soon after dark,home an hour later.Aarriving Bto arrive Chaving arrived Dand arrivedThe students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the find exam.Ais Bbeing Chave been Dto be_ into use i
37、n April 2000,the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.05A.Put B.PuttingC.Having put D.Being putHe is rather difficult to make friends with,but the friendship of his,_,is truer than any other.A.once gained B.when to gain C.after gained D.while gainingThe first
38、 textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.having been written B.to be written C.being written D.writtenThe visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having addedB.to addC.adding D.addedThe bell _ the
39、 end of the class rang,_ our heated discussion.01A.indicating,interruptingB.indicated,interruptingC.indicating,interruptedD.indicated,interruptedThe salesman scolded the girl caught _ and left her off.A.to have stolenB.to be stealingC.to steal D.stealingThe old man,_abroad for twenty years,is on the
40、 way back to his motherland.(04江苏卷江苏卷)A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having workedYou were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.Well,now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doingC.to have done D.having doneIs this the watch you wish _?A.to have repaired B.B.to repair it C.to have it r
41、epaired D.will be repairedThis is the problem _ at the next meeting.A.to discuss B.to be discussedC.discussed D.being discussed_ many times,but he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been told B.Though he had been toldC.He was told D.Having toldWith many troublesome problems,such as unemployment an
42、d crime _,the mayor seems to be at a loss.A.remained to solve B.remaining to be solved C.remained to be solved D.remaining to solveProfessor Smith is said _ another important discovery in chemistry.A.having made B.makingC.to have madeD.to make They used what they had _ for their daughter.A.to buy a
43、new dressB.buying a new clothesC.bought a new suitD.buy a new clothingThe little girl came,_ a cake with two _ candles on it.A.bringing;lit B.carrying;lightedC.brought;lit D.brought;lightedTechnology has made the delivery of information less difficult,thus _ information available to more people.A.to
44、 make B.madeC.making D.to have madeHis poor _ English prevented him _.A.spoken;from understandingB.spoken;from being understoodC.speaking;from understandingD.speaking;from being understoodWho are those people with the banners(标语标语)?A group _ itself the league for peace.A.calling B.call C.calledD.is calledYou were silly not your car.(04湖南卷湖南卷)A.to lock B.to have locked C.locking D.having locked When he came back,he found the bag he had _ over the seat was gone.A.left to hand B.left hanging C.left hung D.to leave hanging
