1、Objectives and Outcomes Learn how to apply a job which includes:1.Writing a resume 2.Writing a letter of application3.Preparing for an interview 4.Knowing what to do after an interviewOverviewCompetition in the job market is becoming progressively intense.It is not easy to get the job you desire in
2、such an increasingly competitive job market.When applying for a job,you should know the basics of job application.These are the necessary steps of how to secure your desired job.I.ResumesA resume is a concisely worded,brief introduction of your qualifications.It helps a prospective employer determin
3、e whether you should be interviewed.To pass the initial screening,your resume must be immediately effective.Below are tips on how to make a resume that will get you noticed and give you the best chance of securing an interview.1.Elements of a ResumeThe information elements included in a resume are g
4、enerally be categorized into essential elements and optional elements,which are listed in the following figures:NameUse your full,formal name.Do not use a nickname.Address and telephone numberIf you are still a student when you apply for a job,two addresses may be supplied:A temporary one on campus(
5、with date until which it is valid)A more permanent one(either your parents house or your new lodgings)E EducationArrange your education in the order from the latest to the earliest.List your high school and college degrees,the dates and institutions they were conferred(or on which you expect it to b
6、e conferred),as well as your academic major and minor.列出你的高中和大学的学位以及获得学位的时间和授予的单位（或是注明你预期获得学位的日期），还要列出你的专业和副修科目。Identify the information that you feel would be helpful,such as grade point data,honors,awards,scholarships,and organizational memberships.列出你认为有用的信息，如分数、优等成绩、奖励、奖学金、会员资格。Identify and expl
7、ain upper-level course work,specialized study,independent study,internships,or practicum experiences if they are recent and relate to the position you are seeking.说明高年级课程论文或作业、专科学习、自学科目、实习经历，如果这些内容是你近来所做并与你所应聘职位相关的话。E ExperienceRecord significant experiences that relate to your objective and try to
8、leave different impressions on employers.Identify your paid work history by including summer employment,part-time positions heldduring college,and any full-time positions and volunteer work.List the name of the company or organization,your position,dates employed,responsibilities,and accomplishments
9、.列出公司或组织名称、你的职位、任职时间、职责与成绩。Include any academic projects,or part or full-time positions.包括任何学术研究项目，或兼职或全职工作职位。Figure 1 Elements of a ResumeFigure 2 Optional Elements of a ResumeEmployment objectiveBoth your immediate and your long-term objectives concerning the employment.你应聘该职位的近期和远期目标。Skills and q
10、ualificationsSummary of your abilities,knowledge,and attributes 特点 which are relevant to your objective,such as computer programs or foreign languages you know.Activities and interestsYour involvement in various communities or school organizations and interests,givinghighlights on any activities and
11、 interests that are closely related to your career goals or the needs of the employer.ReferencesList of the people who may be contacted for further information(including their titles,addresses,and telephone numbers).Two to three previous employers,academic personnel who know your professional streng
12、ths.Always secure permission from individuals beforeusing them as references.在使用某人作为推荐人之前一定要首先征得这个人的许可。Additional categories or headings can be used to highlight your background and qualifications,such as awards,distinctions,honors,professional affiliations,publications,military service,travel exper
13、ience,or other areas relevant to the position or intended use of the resume.Personal information irrelevant to the job can be excluded,if it is not required.2.Types of Resumes There are two basic types of resumes:(1)Chronological Resumes 按照时间顺序排列的简历(2)Functional Resumes 实用型简历(1)Chronological Resumes
14、 The chronological resume presents information in descending chronological order(from the latest events to the earliest)under headings.按照年月顺序排列的简历按递减的时间顺次提供信息（从最近的时间到最早的时间）Suitable for recent graduates or those new to a field.The chronological resume usually includes information in the following ord
15、er:Name Address and telephone number Objective(optional)Education Work experience Skills,interests,activitiesFigure 3 Chronological ResumePros&Cons If your education and experience show a steady progression toward the job you seek,the chronological resume depicts that progression well.Its major disa
16、dvantage is that your special capabilities or accomplishments may be lost in the chronological details.Also,if you have gaps in your employment or educational history,they show up clearly.(2)Functional Resumes The functional resume highlights competencies or abilities applicable to a number of situa
17、tions.This form may work best for applicants with substantial experience.Figure 4 Functional ResumePros&Cons Extracurricular experiences are particularly highlighted in a functional resume.It does not demonstrate a steady progression of work and education as clearly as a chronological resume.Your sp
18、ecial capabilities or accomplishments may be lost in the chronological details.Also,if you have gaps in your employment or educational history,they show up clearly.3.Guidelines for Resumes(1)Do not include either too much or too little information.(2)Be honest about your accomplishments.Your resume
19、should be able to withstand close scrutiny.(3)Avoid wordiness and endeavor to be concise.Fit your resume on one page.Avoid the pronouns“I”,“me”,and“my”.(4)Use verb phrases instead of lengthy sentences,and start such phrases with action verbs in the past tense.E.G.:Graduated from the University of No
20、rth Carolina with honors.以优等成绩毕业于Surveyed local businesses to gather data for marketing strategy.调查区域性交易以便为市场战略收集数据Designed and created in-store displays of womens wear.设计与创作店内女装陈列 (5)Make the layout of your resume easy to scan.Highlight the important parts with capitalization,boldface,italics,and d
21、ifferent typefaces.(6)Ensure that there are no technical errors in the resume.Proofread your final draft word by word and line by line to check for errors.(7)Type your resume and print it on high-quality bond paper.II.Letters of ApplicationThe letter of application is an introduction of yourself and
22、 serves as the front page of your resume.Thus it is also called a cover letter.The immediate purpose of this letter is to arouse the readers interest in your resume.A well-written letter of application can effectively help you leavea good first impression on the reader.1.Elements of a Letter of Appl
23、icationThe body of a letter of application is usually composed of three parts.The information elements included in each part are listed in Figure 5.Figure 5 Elements of a Letter of ApplicationPart One(one paragraph)Explain why you are applying.Mention how you learned of the opening or the organizati
24、on.Name the position,field,or general area in which you are interested.Part Two(two or three paragraphs)Demonstrate why you are qualified for the job with a brief summary that emphasizes your strongest educational,professional,or technical qualifications.Highlight specific achievements,related exper
25、ience or specialized training that would be of particular interest to your prospective employer,but do not repeat your entire resume.Refer the reader to the enclosed resume or application form.Prove that you know something about the company or its business.Explain why you want to work for this emplo
26、yer and indicate what you can do for them.Part Three(one paragraph)Express your interest in an interview.Indicate special considerations for the interview arrangement.Figure 6 Letter of Application2.Guidelines for a Letter of Application A poorly written letter will most likely result in your not be
27、ing called for an interview.The following general guidelines will help you prepare an effective letter of application.Be specific with addressees.A letter of application should be addressed to a specific person not“Dear Personnel Officer”.If you are not sure whether a woman is Mrs.or Miss,use Ms.Avo
28、id a generic letter of application.The contents of a letter of application should be customized to fit the specific position in the specific organization you are applying for.Make your letter of application brief.The entire letter should be written on no more than one page.You should concentrate on
29、explaining why you think you are qualified for the job and what you can do for the employer.Ensure that there are no technical errors in the letter.Type or print your letter of application.An application cannot be handwritten,as it will make employers doubt your professional qualifications.III.Inter
30、viewsAn interview is a formal meeting in person arranged by the employer for the assessment of the qualifications of an applicant.Interviews usually include a brief period during which the interviewer talks about the job and the company,followed by a series of questions from the interviewer,and then
31、 followed by a period for the interviewee to ask any questions.Attending an interview is challenging,and you should pay attention to three aspects:1.Your Appearance 2.Verbal Communication3.Nonverbal Communication1.Your Appearance 仪表仪表Most corporations value a neat and professional approach to work a
32、nd attire.The following lists provide tips on how to look your best for an interview.Mens Interview Attire Solid colored,conservative suit:a navy blue suit.纯色保守型套装 Coordinated shirt:a white shirt with a spread collar and long sleeves,laundered and ironed.洗熨干净的白色长袖翻领衬衫。Conservative tie:the tip of the
33、 tie should come to the top or center of the belt buckle.The back of the tie should go through the label so that the ends stay together.保守型领带：领带尖端达皮带扣，领带末端不要露出来。Decent belt:no signs of wear,weight gain,or weight loss.体面的腰带：不要现出磨损、体重加重或减轻的带扣痕迹。Dark socks:lightweight navy or black over-the-calf socks.
34、蓝色或黑色高过脚踝的轻便袜子。Professional shoes:well-shined and recently heeled.擦亮的和鞋跟不显磨损的。Very limited jewelry:no more than one ring on each hand,and no other jewelryno tie tack 领带夹,no bracelet,no necklace少带饰物.Professional hairstyle:neat and trimmed above the ears.No fragranceno aftershave 须后水,no perfume,no col
35、ogne,no strong-smelling deodorantbecause what smells lovely to you might smell awful to the interviewer.Neatly trimmed nails:cut short,filed and clean.Portfolio or briefcase.Womens Interview AttireSolid colored,conservative suit:navy,gray,or dark maroon conservative suits海军蓝、灰色或深褐色保守型套装.Coordinated
36、blouse 协调的女衬衫:a long-sleeved,high-necked blouse in a complimentary solid color长袖、高领、表示恭敬的纯色衬衫white or cream,or a pastel color;not red or fuchsia.白色、奶油色或柔和色，不要红色或紫红色。Skirt:covering the knee when you are seated during the interview.Modest shoes:medium-heel leather pumps(no open toes or backs).中跟轻便皮鞋（不
37、露脚趾或脚后跟）。Limited jewelry:simple earrings,not dangling;a pin or a necklace;a watch;no more than one ring per hand;no more than one bracelet.适度的首饰：不带坠的简便耳环；一个胸针或项链；一个手表；每只手上指环不多于一个；手镯部多于一个。Professional hairstyle:neat and usually shortnot teased,not bouffant,not bleached.职业发型：整洁，通常为短发；不要为使头发显得蓬松隆起而逆梳，不
38、要鼓胀，不要漂染使变成淡色。Tan or light hosiery:always wear stockings or pantyhose,even in the summer.棕色或浅色袜子：总是穿长袜或连裤袜，即使是在夏天。Minimal make-up and perfume:only simple and soft makeup;no fragranceno perfume,no cologne,no strong-smelling deodorantbecause what smells lovely to you might smell awful to the interview
39、er.少用化妆品和香水：只画简妆或淡妆，不用香水、古龙水或任何气味强烈的除臭剂。Manicured nails:light or clear polish.修剪的指甲：使用浅色或透明指甲油。Portfolio or briefcase.文件夹或公文包。2.Verbal Communication语言交流语言交流The interview is mainly conducted by asking and answering questions that generally focused on the answers to three questions：Can you do the job?
40、你是否胜任该工作？Are you willing to do the job?你是否乐于做该工作？Are you compatible with the company?你是否适合该公司？Figure 7 lists the questions commonly asked in a job interview and their possible answers.Figure 7 Interview Questions and Possible AnswersQuestionsPossible AnswersWhat is important to youin a job?Mention s
41、pecific rewards other than income,for example:challenge,the feeling ofaccomplishment,and knowing that you have made a contribution.Why do you want to work for this organization?Cite the reputation of the organization,the opportunities it offers,and the working conditions.Stress that you want to work
42、 for this organization,not just any organization.Why should we employ you?Point out your academic preparation,job skills,and enthusiasm about working for thefirm.Mention your performance 成绩 in school or previous employment as evidence of your ability to learn and to become productive quickly.If the
43、job involves management responsibilities,refer to past activities as proof ofyour ability to get along with others and to work as part of a team.If we hire you,how longwill you stay with us?Answer by saying along these lines:“As long as my position here allows me to learnand to advance at a pace wit
44、h my abilities.”只要这里的职位能够使我以自己能力的速度得到学习和发展。What are your greatest strengths?Respond in a way similar to one of the following:I can see what needs to be done and do it.Im willing to make decisions.I work well with others.I can organize my time efficiently.What is your greatest weakness?Identify one o
45、r two,such as the following:I tend to drive myself too hard.我倾向于驱使自己过分努力。I expect others to perform beyond their capacities.我希望他人超能力工作。I like to see a job done quickly,and Im critical if it isnt.我喜欢看到快速完成工作，对于做不到的我会给予批评。Note these weaknesses could also be regarded as desirable qualities.The trick wi
46、th this question is to describe a weakness so that it could also be considered a virtue.这些弱点也可以看成是可取的性格。该问题的诀窍在于以这样的方式描述自己的缺点，使它也可以被看作优点。What type of position are you interested in?Job titles and responsibilities vary from firm to firm.So state your skills instead,such as“Im good at number work 计算”,
47、and the positions that require these skills,such as“accountant or cashier”.会计或出纳工作Tell me something about yourself.Say youll be happy to talk about yourself,and ask what the interviewer wants to know.If this point is clarified,respond.If not,tell why you feel your skills will contribute to the job a
48、nd the organization.This question gives you a great opportunity to sell yourself.Do you have any questions about theorganization or the job?Employers like a candidate who is interested in the organization.So this is a perfect time to convey your interest and enthusiasm.What didnt you like about prev
49、ious jobsyouve held?Discuss the things you didnt like,but avoid making slighting reference to any of your former employers.Are there any weaknesses in your education orexperience?Check your weaknesses before the interview.Practice discussing them in a positive light.从积极的方面谈论你的弱点。Youll find that they
50、 are less important when discussed along with all the positive things you have to offer.What are your salary expectations?If you are asked this at the outset,its best to say,“Why dont we discuss salary afteryou decide whether Im right for the job?”If the interviewer asks this after showing real inte
