1、Respecting intellectual property and obeying academic ethics.Incorporating source material in your writing:quotation,paraphrase,summary.Documenting your sources:in-text citation and reference lists.I.Intellectual Property and EthicsWhen writing,you must respect the intellectual property of others an
2、d give complete credit to those whose information you use.Failing to acknowledge the ideas of others is unethical;publishing the ideas of others as your own is illegal.Therefore,you must document the sources of all ideas or expressions that are neither your own nor common knowledge.However,it is oft
3、en difficult to distinguish just what is common knowledge and what is not.Common knowledge refers to facts and ideas that are widely known and available from a number of sources.E.g.(1)Mars is the fourth planet from the sun.(common knowledge)(2)Mars has a sidereal period of revolution around the sun
4、 of 687 days at a mean distance of 227.8 million kilometers and a mean diameter of approximately 6,726 kilometers.(common knowledge)(3)There are living organisms on Mars.(uncommon,should be documented)II.Incorporating Source Material in Your WritingGenerally,there are three methods for reporting the
5、 results of your reading.Quotation:using the authors exact words Paraphrase:putting the ideas into your own words Summary:condensing the ideas into a shorter passage1.QuotationsQuotations are direct citations from the previous works of others or your own.Quotations are accurate,but they can be lengt
6、hy and difficult to understand.In general,you should only use direct citations when you cannot say the same thing more clearly or more concisely than the original,or when the original language is so distinctive that you would lose something in a paraphrase or a summary.Quotations are introduced and
7、closed with double quotation marks.For clarity,you should incorporate quotations into the text as much as possible.E.g.Stickle et al.reported that“the patients who received nifedipine were about half as likely to need an aortic-valve replacement as those who took digoxin over the next five years”(19
8、96).To indicate a quotation within a quotation,use single quotation marks:The Medical Quarterly reported that“Taylor found spirochete-like elements in skin-biopsy specimens of erythema chronicum migrans.”Use ellipses to indicate omitted material.If the omission occurs within a sentence,use three per
9、iods with a space before and after each period to indicate omitted material:Original Passage:The disaster of the space shuttle Columbia in 2003,which killed all seven astronauts on board,is regarded as one of the most disastrous space-traveling accidents in history.Elliptical Quotation:“The disaster
10、 of the space shuttle Columbia in 2003.is regarded as one of the most disastrous space-traveling accidents in history.”You can use brackets to clarify something in the original that might not be clear to the reader.For example,since the reader might not know what the pronoun“it”refers to in the foll
11、owing citation,the writer has added the reference in brackets:Taylor claims that,“if it exists,it may be much shorter lived in animals than in human beings.”You can also use brackets to show that an error in the text appears in the original.The most common way of indicating an error in a quotation w
12、hich is not the writers mistake is to place“sic”(Latin for“thus”or“so”)within brackets:“The epidemic is non-discriminating,as it effects both sexes and all ages.”If the quoted material is lengthy,you should set it off as an indented block.A general rule to follow is that if the quoted material runs,
13、you should indent the passage with single spacing between the lines.Do not enclose the passage in quotation marks but set it in.We think they(Chinese colleagues)need to continue along this line(teaching vocabulary)but we also think they should make additional efforts in a somewhat different directio
14、n.For example,they could take advantage of the current ESP courses to introduce rhetorical issues,such as audience,purpose,information selection,and page layout.When both instructors and students feel more comfortable,other rhetorical issues may be introduced.(Ding&Jablonski,2001,p.432)2.ParaphraseT
15、o paraphrase means to restate the ideas of others in a more easily understood form.Generally,a paraphrase is about the same length as the original,and is used when a writer wants to include many details from the original.E.g.Original Passage:The instability of the heavy elements relative to those of
16、 mass number around 60,as is shown by the binding energy curve,suggests the possibility of spontaneous decomposition of the heavy elements into fragments of approximately half size.Paraphrase:The binding energy curve shows that heavy elements are less stable than those of mass number around 60.This
17、suggests that the heavy elements can split up by themselves into parts of about half size.a long sentence with complex structures,including nominalization and too many modifiers.clearer and easier to understand instability possibility decompositionless stablecansplit up3.SummaryA summary also retell
18、s the idea of the original but is much briefer.It reflects the language and tone of the original,and is used when the writer does not want to include many details from the original.The following is an example of a summary:Original Passage:Laser light is very different from ordinary light.The light f
19、rom a flashlight,for example,is incoherent;that is,it travels in all directions.Laser light is coherent,which is to say that the outer edges of the beam are almost perfectly parallel to each other.A laser beam half-an-inch in diameter will diverge to become only three inches in diameter after travel
20、ing more than one mile.To look at it another way,that half-an-inch beam,if fired from the earth to the moon,would illuminate an area on the lunar surface only slightly greater than one mile in diameter.By focusing the laser beam through a lens system,even smaller areas of coverage can be achieved.La
21、ser light,in addition to being coherent,is also monochromatic.Ordinary light is polychromatic,which means it consists of all light frequencies ranging from infrared to ultraviolet.Laser light normally consists of only one frequency or at most a few frequencies.Summary:Laser light is different from o
22、rdinary light in that laser light is a coherent or parallel light which consists of only one color or one frequency.However,ordinary light is an incoherent light which consists of all colors or all frequencies.When writing summaries,you should make complex ideas more easily understandable by using m
23、ore familiar language.You need to rearrange the passage and delete the material that is not important to your writing.4.Guidelines for Incorporating Source Material Audience If your readers are experts,you will not have to define many terms or offer many paraphrases.A direct quotation may be necessa
24、ry.If your material is highly technical and your readers are novices,they will likely need summaries and paraphrases that they can understand.If readers are primarily interested in understanding the material generally rather than in details,you may use summaries more than paraphrases.If readers are
25、looking for information to help them make a decision,they will likely be looking for summaries that will help them make those decisions.If your readers are looking for detailed information,you should include a lot of details in your paraphrases.Quotations Faithfully reproduce every detail from the o
26、riginal.Integrate the quotation into the text so that the reader can follow the text easily.Quote only what is necessary;only what must be quoted.Paraphrasing and Summarizing Understand your audience clearly so that you maintain an appropriate level of diction and determine whether terms you are usi
27、ng from the source need to be defined.Avoid wordiness,needless repetition,and redundancy,which waste the readers time and interfere with the clear communication of ideas.If you are paraphrasing,convey the correct sense of the original by including all the details from the original.Do not leave out a
28、ny information which would significantly alter the message if omitted.If you are summarizing,accurately convey the sense of the original,but do not include many details from the original.III.Documenting Your SourcesAfter incorporating information in your writing,you must document the sources of all
29、quotations,paraphrases,and summaries.Documentation has three important functions:Firstly,it gives credit to those whose information you have used and failing to give complete credit is plagiarism.Secondly,it establishes authority and credibility of your work by displaying the scope and depth of your
30、 research.It shows readers where you found the information,how recent your information is,and who the writers are.Thirdly,it allows readers to examine your sources in detail.If readers want to know more about a specific reference,they can find that book or article according to your documentation.Bas
31、ically,there are three forms of documentation:footnotes,endnotes,and in-text citations.We will mainly discuss in this chapter,because they have become the standard form of documentation.1.In-Text Citations and Reference ListsAn in-text citation is a brief notation in the text that identifies the sou
32、rce and at the same time provides a cross-reference to the reference list at the end of the document.The reference list is a directory of information about all the sources used in the document.It provides an address for each reference in your paper.The reference list is generally arranged alphabetic
33、ally and includes the following basic publication information:For books:author(s),title,publisher,date,and place of publication.For periodicals:author(s),title of article,name of journal,date,issue or volume number,and inclusive pages.Points of Note:Different disciplines and journals may require sli
34、ghtly different methods of documentation.Therefore,you should always check the requirements of the organization or the journal for which you are writing,and then turn to the appropriate style manual for the details and examples.2.APA Style for In-Text CitationsOne of the popular styles for in-text c
35、itation is the (the American Psychological Association,1994).It uses the author-year method of citation,which includes the authors name and the year of publication in parentheses,separated by a comma:Digoxin has side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation(Taylor,1995).If you are incl
36、uding a direct quotation,give the page number of the source as well as the author and year.Note that each part of the reference is separated by commas,and the page reference begins with“p.”followed by a single space:Digoxin has“side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation”(Taylor,1995
37、,p.12).If you have just mentioned the author in the text,it is sufficient to just note the year of publication(and page if applicable):Taylor(1995,p.12)claims that digoxin has“side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation”.If you do not know the author of a work,use an abbreviated vers
38、ion of the title.Use double quotation marks around the title of an article,or italicize the title of the periodical or book:Digoxin has side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation(“Aortic Regurgitation,”1995).If you want to include some of your source information in the main part of
39、your sentence,insert only the author in the sentence.Avoid including either only the year or both the author and the year in the sentence:Awkward:In 1995,it was claimed that digoxin has side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation(Taylor).In 1995,Taylor claimed that digoxin has side e
40、ffects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation.Better:Taylor claimed that digoxin has side effects in treating patients with aortic regurgitation(1995).If there are fewer than six authors,cite all of them the first time,and only the first author plus“et al.”after that:First Occurrence:(Taylor
41、,Nicholson,Moore,&Clinton,1996)Succeeding Occurrences:(Taylor et al.,1996)If there are authors,name the first and add“”even for the first time to indicate that there are additional authors:(Smith et al.,1997)3.APA Style for Reference ListsThe basic publication information for book citations is sligh
42、tly different from that of periodical citations.Book Citations.The general form for book citations includes the following items in order.(1)Author:For all authors,place the last mane first,followed by a comma and initials.Put a comma after each author,with an ampersand(&)before the last authors name
43、.End the list of authors with a period.(2)Year of Publication:Place the year of publication in parentheses,and finish with a period.(3)Book Title:Italicize the title with only the first word and any proper names capitalized,and finish with a period.(4)Place of Publication:Include only the city,unles
44、s the city is not well known or unless the city could be confused with another location.Separate place and publisher with a colon.(5)Publisher:Give the name of the publisher in as brief a form as possible.Spell out names of associations and presses,but omit terms that are not needed to identify the
45、publisher,such as“Co.,”“Inc.,”and“Assoc.”Follow the name with a period.Book with One Author:Invert the authors name,use commas to separate surnames and initials,and finish each element with a period:Munby,J.(1978).Communicative syllabus design.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Book with More than
46、 One Author:Include all authors names,regardless of the number of authors.Use commas to separate authors,and use an ampersand(&)before the last author:Hargis,G.,Carey,M.,Hernandez,A.K.,Hughes,P.,Longo,D.,Rouiller,S.,&Wilde,E.(2004).Developing quality technical information.Upper Saddle River,NJ:Prent
47、ice Hall.Later Edition of a Book:Add the edition in parentheses after the title of the book:Pickett,N.A.,&Laster,A.A.(1996).Technical English.New York:Harper Collins.Edited Book:Add“Ed.”or“Eds.”in parentheses after the name(s)of the editor(s):Wang,L.M.(1993).Encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medic
48、ine.Beijing:Science Press.Article or Chapter in an Edited Book:Give the author(s)and title of the work you are citing first,and then provide information about the book that contains the work.In the following example,note that the editors name is given with first initials before the last name,the wor
49、d“In”is added before the name of the editors,and the actual page numbers of the work cited are included in parentheses:Wilkins,D.A.(1979).Grammatical,situational and notional syllabuses.In C.J.Brumfit&K.Johnson(Eds.),The communicative approach to language teaching(pp.82-90).Oxford:Oxford University
50、Press.Book with No Author or Editor:If there is no author or editor,list the book with the title.In the reference list,alphabetize books with no author or editor by the first significant word in the title:Effective technical writing.(2001).Miami:Nicholson Software.Periodical Citations.The general fo
