1、英汉互译简明教程英汉互译简明教程Translation Techniques Generally speaking,the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and are to be applied in English-Chinese or Chinese-English translations include:1.Diction(遣词用字）2.Repetition（重译法）3.Amplification（增译法）4.Omission（减译法）5.Conversion（转换法）6.Inversion（词序调整法）7
2、.Negation（正说反译，反说正译法）8.Change of Voices（语态变换法）9.Division（分译法）10.Combination（合译法）4.1 DictionTeaching Contents:n Word MeaningConceptual MeaningStylistic MeaningLinguistic Meaning Pragmatic MeaningnChoice of Word MeaningsChoice of Word Meanings According to Their Parts of SpeechChoice of Word Meanings
3、According to Different Collocation.Choice of Meaning Shifts Between the Abstract and the Concrete.Choice of Affective Meanings.Choice of Contextual MeaningsSpecial Techniques Employed in Translating a word.Deduction（推演法）Transplant（移植法）Extension（引申法）Substitution（替换法）Explanation（释义法）Combination（合并法）Pi
4、ctographic（图形法）Transliteration（音译法）Zero-Translation（零翻译法）Transliteration+Explanation（音义结合法）Definition of amplificationnDiction is one of the basic translation techniques to express meaning by using the proper choice of words and phrases.It must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original.
5、nSpeaking of word meanings,there are conceptual meaning,stylistic meaning,linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning.Word MeaningsnConceptual Meaning:is the basic meaning and the main information carried by linguistic signs.e.g.No smoking（禁止吸烟）nStylistic Meaning:is communicated of the social circumsta
6、nce of language use.n Linguistic Meaning:is built on the relationships of the signs with each other in the same system.e.g.千山鸟飞绝，From hill to hill no bird in fight.万径人踪灭。From path to path no man in sight.nPragmatic Meaning:is the study of the“relation of signs to interpreters”.e.g.大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气
7、。They greet with each other with a“Hi”just to show their good neighbourly feelings.年夜饭 family reunion meal on the eve of the Spring Festival.There are different views on classification of levels of formality of words,and Martin Joos classifies this into five categories in his paper“Five Clocks”as fo
8、llows:nFrozen（拘谨）nFormal（正式）nConsultative（商议）nCasual（随意）nIntimate（亲密）nFor example:nn Linguistic TermsSample WordsFrozenQuaffFormalImbibeConsultativeDrinkCasualSwigIntimateGuzzleIn practice,words are actually classified into three categories as:ncolloquial（口语）n2)common（常用语）n3)formal(书面语）.nTake“wife”f
9、or instance:Colloquial:woman,old woman,better halfCommon:wifeFormal:consort,spouse,helpmate.Choice of Word MeaningnIn the practice of translation,what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the language to be translated into.Great care is called for in the translation of“famili
10、ar”English into Chinese,as their meaning vary with the change in collocation or context.nBy diction,generally speaking,the following are some commonly-used ways available to find an equivalent in the TL.nChoice of Word Meanings According to Their Parts of Speech.A word may have various meanings with
11、 different parts of speech.For example:他们省吃俭用，为的是替国家多积累资金。They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds for the country.(save food:“把食物放起来”)改译：They live frugally to accumulate more funds for the state.Note:不要进行字对字的死译。要考虑中英文的真正含义。nChoice of Word Meanings According to Different Collocation.The
12、same word with the same part of speech may have different meanings due to different collocations.For example:DelicateDelicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤Delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器Delicate upbringing 娇生惯养Delicate living 奢侈的生活Delicate health 虚弱的身体Delicate stomach 容易吃坏的胃Delicate vase 易碎的花瓶Delicate diplomatic question 微妙的
13、外交问题Delicate difference 讲不大清楚的差别Delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术nChoice of Meaning Shifts Between the Abstract and the Concrete.Sometimes it is necessary to put the word with concrete image into one with abstract meaning and vice versa.e.g.If you dare to play the fox with me,Ill shoot you at once
14、 你要是敢和我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。上海反映了中国的发展与现状。Shanghai mirrors the development and characters of China.nChoice of Affective Meanings.Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the writer towards the reader.e.g.The enemys scheme went bankrupt.敌人的阴谋破产了。This is our scheme for th
15、e terms work.这是我们这学期的工作计划。He is very much interested in politics.他对政治很有兴趣。Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics.玛丽总是靠耍手腕来达到她的目的。nChoice of Contextual Meanings.The same word has different meanings in different contexts or fields of discourse.Therefore,a translator should try to f
16、ind it contextual meaning in TL.For example:His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his moustache was thin and coarse.Version1:他的眼睛热情，凶猛又明亮，胡子又稀又粗。Version2:他的眼睛热情，锐利，炯炯有神，胡子稀疏粗硬 Special Techniques Employed in Translating a Word.n1.Deduction（推演法）（推演法）Deduction is to deduce the original meaning i
17、n the light of the explanation of an English dictionary.e.g.challenge-to question the lawfulness or rightness of(sth.or sb.)对.表示怀疑，质疑；对提出异议 n2.Transplant（移植法）（移植法）This is literal translation of the parts of a given English word.e.g.微型电脑 minicomputer 背包客backpacker 超女super girln3.Extension（引申法）（引申法）Th
18、is can be either from specific to general or from concrete to abstract,and vice versa.e.g.brain drain 脑排干-人才外流-人才流失n4.Substitution（替换法）（替换法）It is to replace the words of the original expression with synonyms or idioms in the target language according to different situations.e.g.It never rains but it
19、 pours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。n5.Explanation（释义法）（释义法）This technique is commonly used when there is no corresponding expression in the target language and all the above-mentioned techniques fail to make sense.e.g.swan song 绝唱，辞世之作，归天之作 n6.Combination（合并法）（合并法）This means to integrate more than one word into one e
20、xpression.e.g.lord and master 主人；multicolored 五颜六色n7.Pictographic（图形法）（图形法）By this technique words are translated according to their shapes.e.g.环形圈 O-ring；交叉支撑 X-bracen8.Transliteration（音译法）（音译法）e.g.Pentium 奔腾；黑客 hackern9.Zero-translation（零翻译法）（零翻译法）e.g.KTV 包房；BP机；CD唱盘；NBA；IQn10.Transliteration+Expl
21、anation（音义结合法）（音义结合法）e.g.tank 坦克;来复枪 rifle ballet 芭蕾；sardine 沙丁鱼 4.2 RepetitionTeaching Contents:nRepetition in E-C TranslationRepetition for ClarificationRepetition for EmphasisRepetition for Making the Translation More Vivid or Full of Aesthetic Value Repetition by Integrating Chinese Four-charact
22、er Phrases and Reduplicated WordsnRepetition in C-E TranslationRepetition as a Stylistic Device for Emphasis and Conveying the Same Force Contained in the Original.Variation or OmissionSubstitutionRepetitionnGenerally what is repeated in Chinese may in many cases be substituted,varied or omitted in
23、English.n4.2.1 Repetition in E-C Translation Repetition is,to some extent,a special case of amplification.nA.Repetition for Clarification a.Repetition of Nouns.Repetition of the Noun as Object Which Has More than One Modifiers.e.g.Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。We
24、have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。Repetition of the Noun after the Link Verb.e.g.He became an oil baron-all by himself.他成为一个石油大王一个白手起家的石油大王。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。Repetition of the Omitted Noun Before the Prepositional Phrases.e.g.The use
25、 of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law,in particular of the Geneva Convention.使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别是违反日内瓦公约 He broke all connections with his past,and with the old society in every way.他和他的过去断绝了一切联系，和旧社会的各个方面也断绝了一切联系。Repetition of the Noun as Antecedents.e.g.All of these arrangement
26、 were a prelude to the ball,the hostess ultimate prize.所有的这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.他发出了同情之声，这种同情是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。b.Repetition of Verbs.When a verb is followed by more than one object or predicative,it
27、s common to repeat this verb in Chinese.e.g.We shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way.只要我们学习努力，而且学习得法，我们就能克服学习中的困难。Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude and so does the density of the atmosphere.大气压力随高度增加而降低，大气密度也随着高度增加而降低。When a verb is fol
28、lowed by several objects,before which theres the same preposition or there is the omission of the same preposition.In such a case,its necessary to repeat the verb instead of repeating the same preposition.e.g.We talked of ourselves,of our prospects,of the journey.of the weather,of each otherof every
29、thing but our host and hostess.我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到教程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。He supplied his works not only with biographies,but with portraits of their supposed authors.他不仅在他的作品上提供作者传记，而且还提供假想作者的画像。c.Repetition of the Nouns in Chinese for the Pronouns in English.English pronouns are widely used to
30、avoid the repetition of nouns.In Chinese,however,prefers to repeat nouns instead of using pronouns inmany cases.e.g.Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗。Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside。上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡 了。Happy families also had their own troubles.
31、幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。d.Another case:there is no repetition in English,in order to achieve clarification,repetition of contents instead of forms is often adopted in Chinese.e.g.To him,the birds sang,the squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed.鸟儿向他歌唱，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿也为他开放。nB.Repetition for emphasis.nRepetition
32、of the Original Repeated Words or Antithesis ornParallel Structures for Retaining the Same Emphasis in Chinese.e.g.Neals had it all written out neatly 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。nRepetition of the Original Repeated Words by EmployingnSynonyms for Retaining the Same Emphasis in Chinese.e.g.“Oh,pleasure,pleasure!Wha
33、t else should bring one anywhere?”“哦，寻欢作乐呀！一个人出门，还为了别的吗？”（余光中 译）“It was the best of times,and it was the worst of times.It was the age ofwisdom,and it was the age of foolishness.It was the epoch of belief,and it was the epoch of incredulity.It was the season of light,and it was the season of darknes
34、s.It was the spring of hope,and it was the winter of despair.We had everything before us,and we had nothing before us.We were all going direct to Heaven,and we were all going direct the other way.”这是最好的时光,这也是最坏的时光;这是智慧的年代,这也是愚蠢的年代;这是信仰的时代，这也是怀疑的时代；这是光明的时节，这也是黑暗的时节；这是希望的春天；这也是绝望的冬天；我们面前万物皆有，我们面前也一无所有
35、；我们都在直登天堂，我们也都在直下地狱。C.Repetition for Making the Translation More Vivid or Full of Aesthetic Value.nRepetition by Chinese Four-character Phrases.e.g.His children,too,were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。The streets of New York were brilliant with moving
36、men.纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。nRepetition by Chinese Reduplicated Wordse.g.I had been completely honest in my replies,withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。Mother jawed and cried,but papa didnt say much.妈妈唠叨着，哭着，但是爸爸没有说什么。nRepetition of Synonymous Characters or Words.e.g.great contributions 丰功伟绩丰功伟绩 gr
37、atitude 感恩戴德感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩负义忘恩负义 prosperity 繁荣昌盛繁荣昌盛 arrogance 骄傲自大骄傲自大 careless 粗心大意粗心大意 in chaos 乌烟瘴气乌烟瘴气 street gossip 街谈巷议街谈巷议 rumor 流言蜚语流言蜚语 nRepetition by Integrating Chinese Four-character Phrases and Reduplicated Wordse.g.Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted ha
38、nd clapping greeted him.欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的，零零落落的，半心半意的掌声。The radio squeaks midnight.The cafes must be closing,the lastguests going home.Lovers stand before house doors unable to take leaveof each other.收音机传来“嘟嘟嘟”的午夜报时讯号。咖啡馆正在打烊，最后一批顾客在离店回家，出了店门的情侣们仍然卿卿我我，难分难舍。4.2.2 Repetition in C-E TranslationnRepetition
39、as a Stylistic Device for Emphasis and Conveying the Same Force Contained in the Originale.g.“事实就是事实。”“Fact is fact.”寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将息。I seek but seek in vain,I search and search again;I feel so sad,so drear,So lonely,without cheer.(许渊冲 译）nVariation or Omissione.g.科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰
40、巨的劳动。Science means honest,solid knowledge,not allowing an iota of falsehood,and it involves Herculean efforts and grueling toil.对待同志要满腔热忱，不能冷冷清清，漠不关心。We should be warm towards our comrades,not in ice cold and indifferent.nSubstitutione.g.有条件要上，没有条件，创造条件也要上！When conditions exist,go ahead;when they do
41、nt,create them and go ahead!他们为国家做的事比我们所做的多得多。They have done much more for the State than we have.4.3 AmplificationTeaching Contents:nAmplification in E-C TranslationAmplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the OriginalAmplification by Supplying Necessary ConnectivesAmplification by Supplying Wor
42、ds Indicating Plurals Amplification by Supplying Words of GeneralizationAmplification by Supplying Words Indicating TenseAmplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or CoherenceAmplification for logicAmplification by Supplying Some Necessary Words to Convey the Tone of the OriginalnAmplification in C-E T
43、ranslationAmplification by Supplying Pronouns or Nouns Amplification by Adding Necessary Articles Amplification by Adding Necessary ConnectivesAmplification by Adding Necessary PropositionsAmplification by Adding Necessary Background Words or Explanatory WordsAmplification by Supplying Some Necessar
44、y Words to Convey the Tone of the OriginalAmplificationnDefinition of amplificationBy amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work to make the version correct and clear,to make itappear more like the language translated into.nAmplification in E-C TranslationnAmplification
45、by Supplying Words Omitted in the Originale.g.He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of great occurrences,nor contests of strength.他不再梦见风涛，不再遇见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见搏斗和角力。Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust,or humidity.不要在过冷，过热，灰尘过重，湿度过大的情况下使用电脑。nAmplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives.e.g
46、.Heated，water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨，人人都已躲进了室内。The sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents.我一见到这个女孩，就想起她的父母。nAmplification by Supplying Words Indicating Pluralse.g.Fruit are grown in our province.我省种植各种水果。The lion is the ki
47、ng of animals.狮子是百兽之王。nAmplification by Supplying Words of Generalization（概括性（概括性增词）增词）e.g.You and I.你我两人。The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。nAmplification by Supplying Words Indicating Tense.e.g.I had known two great social system.那时以前，
48、我就经历过两大社会制度。He is staying indoors but is tempted to leave Tokyo.他现在待在家里，但是很想离开东京。nAmplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence.nAmplification by Supplying Nouns to Make an Abstract Concept Clear.Add nouns after nouns.e.g.We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water.我们绝不能忽视水的蒸发作用。The
49、re had been too much violence in that region.那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。Add nouns after verbs.e.g.First you borrow,then you beg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。He ate and drink,for he was exhausted.他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲劳不堪了。Add nouns before adjectives.e.g.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。Amplification by Supplying Wor
50、ds to Achieve Expressiveness.e.g.As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。And when he fell,semi-conscious,and the prowlers saw that their prey had vanished,they eased their frustration by kicking him unconscious.他倒在地上，迷迷糊糊，但那两个歹徒一发现自己的猎物不见了，便把他踢得 死去活来，不省人事，似乎这样做，他的失落感才减轻
