1、B5 U1 Science and ScientistsWords and expressions 2once and for all 最终地最终地;彻底地彻底地同义词：同义词：completely/entirely/totally 1)我们得彻底解决这个难题。We have to tackle the difficult problem once and for all.solid adj.可靠的可靠的,固体的固体的,坚实的坚实的&n.C固体固体liquid adj.液体的液体的,液态的液态的&n.液体液体gas n 气体气体1)固体材料solid materials2)打下坚实的基础lay
2、 a solid foundation 3)There is _(可靠的证据)to show he wasnt there when the crime took place.solid evidencecast v.投掷投掷;投射投射(光光/影子影子);向向投以投以(视线视线/笑容笑容)cast down 降低/使向下;使沮丧同词根词forecast/broadcast1)The little boy cast his line into the stream,catching a fish soon.2)The moon cast a bright light over the garde
3、n.3)The flames cast dancing shadows on the walls.4)He cast her an admiring glance.5)She blushed,casting her eyes down.6)He was cast down by the sad news.cast-castcast ones attention 集中注意力 cast back 追溯,回想 cast over 一直思考 cast a blame 归咎于(某人)cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴,明珠暗投 cast the leading part to s
4、b 选派某人担任主角 cast sth behind ones back 把某事忘掉;置之脑后within a stones cast of 离不到一箭之地shadow n.C影子；阴影影子；阴影/阴暗处；阴暗处；坏影响；坏影响；黑眼圈黑眼圈 v.投阴影于投阴影于.cast a shadow on.在某处投下/留下影子;给.蒙上阴影.in the shadow of 在附近/阴影下 in the shadow(s)在阴暗处eye shadow 眼影，眼睑膏shade n.荫；阴凉处荫；阴凉处(指树等物体遮挡阳光形成的阴凉之地，无一定的轮廓指树等物体遮挡阳光形成的阴凉之地，无一定的轮廓)vt.遮
5、住光线遮住光线 in the shade 在荫凉处在荫凉处 shade into 渐渐变为，逐渐变为渐渐变为，逐渐变为1)An unhappy childhood would cast a shadow on ones whole life.2)她看上去脸色苍白,眼睛下方有很深的黑眼圈。(with的复合结构）She looked pale,with deep shadows under her eyes.1)Be a rainbow in somebody elses cloud.(成为别人云朵里的一道彩虹)rainbow n.彩虹彩虹at the end of the rainbow 在可望
6、而不可及的地方在可望而不可及的地方chase rainbows/a rainbow 做白日梦，幻想做白日梦，幻想rainfall 降雨 rainstorm暴风雨 raindrop雨滴rainproof雨衣 rainforest热带雨林 rainspout排水口rainmaker降雨巫师、人工雨实验者 rain 雨水+bow n.弓形物，弓pour v.倒出倒出;倾泻倾泻;斟斟(饮料饮料)pour out 倒出；倾吐/诉说(思想/感情/经历)pour down 流下；(雨)倾盆而下；pour into/in 涌进1)She poured _ all her troubles to him.2)T
7、he rain continued to pour _.3)Light was pouring _ the courtyard.4)他是那样焦急，泪水顺着他的面颊簌簌地落下。He was so anxious that tears poured/streamed/trickled/ran/rolled down his cheeks.outdowninto/inburst into tears/burst out cryingbe in tears/be close to tears/have tears in ones eyestears well up in ones eyes weep/
8、cry/sobtears pour/roll/run/stream down ones cheekconcrete adj.混凝土制的混凝土制的;确实的确实的;具体的具体的&n.U混凝土混凝土concretely adv.具体地具体地（反 abstractly抽象地，理论上地）结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract.1)The floor is made of concrete.2)混凝土会像岩石一样坚固。The concrete will be as sol
9、id as a rock.3)确凿的证据concrete evidence/substantial proof4）这具体的我也说不上来。I cant tell you anything concrete.lack of concrete evidence 缺少具体的证据 plasma n.血浆血浆 助记：希腊词根plas表示to spread,与日耳曼词源flat同源，因为向四处扩散后会形成一个平面，比如熟悉的plastic 展开+ic（形容词后缀）可塑的；塑料 blood plasma 血浆；血清；血桨血浆；血清；血桨aerospace n.航空航天工业航空航天工业aer,aero,aeri
10、=airaer,aero,aeri=air表示表示“空气，充气空气，充气”等等 aerologyaerology气象学，大气学（气象学，大气学（aero+ologyaero+ology学科学科空气学空气学大气学）大气学）aerospaceaerospace（大气层内外）空间（大气层内外）空间（aero+spaceaero+space空间）空间）aerosphereaerosphere大气层（大气层（aero+sphereaero+sphere球形球形球形空气球形空气大气层）大气层）aeroviewaeroview鸟瞰图（鸟瞰图（aero+viewaero+view看看在空气中看在空气中看鸟瞰）
11、鸟瞰）aviation n.航空制造业；航空航空制造业；航空avi 鸟鸟+ation 行为，过程，状态，结果行为，过程，状态，结果 像鸟在空中飞像鸟在空中飞 飞行飞行avi 鸟鸟+ator 表人表人 像鸟一样飞翔的人像鸟一样飞翔的人 飞行员飞行员aviator n.飞行员飞行员 aviculture n.养鸟业养鸟业patriot n.C爱国者爱国者patriotic adj.爱国的爱国的patriotically adv.爱国地爱国地/忧国地忧国地patriotism n.爱国主义；爱国精神爱国主义；爱国精神basic-basicallyeconomic-economicallyscient
12、ific-scientificallyenergetic-energeticallyautomatic-automaticallydramatic-dramaticallyacademic-academicallymagic-magically除public外-publiclymechanical adj.机械的；发动机的机械的；发动机的 源于拉丁语源于拉丁语machina 机器，引擎，装置，设施，诡计机器，引擎，装置，设施，诡计 mechanic n.机械师mechanism n.机械装置;机件;方法;机制;机制，构造;mechanist n.机械学者，机械论者 mechanician n.
13、机械工，机械技师，机械学者 break out (战争/火灾/疾病)爆发/突然开始(不及物)break down（机器或车辆）出故障；垮掉；失败；消除；分解break in 非法闯入；打断（谈话）/插嘴break into 强行闯入；突然开始（笑/唱/鼓掌等）break up 破碎；分手；解散；拆开break away from 脱离；挣脱1)Her health broke _under the pressure of work.2)They had escaped to America shortly before war broke _.3)You must break _ such a
14、 bad habit.4)We had our car broken _ last week.5)Police had to break _ the crowd to maintain order of the meeting.6)他突然露出笑容，说道：“我给你买了样东西。”（非谓语）break-broke-brokendown outaway frominto/inupBreaking into a smile,he said,“I bought you something.”defend v.保卫保卫;防守防守;辩解辩解(近义词：近义词：guard,protect)defend A fro
15、m/against B保护A以免受B；in defence of保护；为辩护defence/defense n.防御防御;国防国防defensive adj.防御的防御的1)All mothers will try their best to defend their children _damage.2)The leaders speech _ defence of the policy didnt carry much conviction.3)我们应该向保卫祖国而牺牲了的军人表示敬意。We should pay respects to soldiers who died in defen
16、ce of our country.from/againstinjet n.喷气式飞机喷气式飞机 jet plane 喷气式飞机 in a jet 滔滔不绝 The accident happened as the jet was about to take off.喷气式飞机正要起飞时出了事故。The water jetted out.一股水喷涌而出。He left on the jet plane.他坐飞机离开了。missile n.导弹导弹firelauncha missile 发射导弹assistant n.助理助理;助手助手assist v.帮助帮助assist sb.with st
17、h.帮助某人做某事 =assist sb.to do sth.=assist sb.in doing sth.assistance n.帮助帮助1)The teacher assists the children _ their tasks.=The teacher assists the children _(finish)their tasks.=The teacher assists the children in finishing their tasks.withto finishassistant n.助理助理;助手助手assist v.帮助帮助assist sb.with sth
18、.帮助某人做某事 =assist sb.to do sth.=assist sb.in doing sth.assistance n.帮助帮助with the assistance of/under ones assistance 在的帮助下come/go to ones assistance 来/去帮助某人2)他只能靠拐杖走路。He can walk only with the assistance of stick.3)尽管他喊叫，却没有人来帮助他。(despite)Despite his cries,no one came to his assistance.1)一位有经验的工程师负责这
19、项工程。An experienced engineer is _the project.=An experienced engineer takes charge of the project.=The project is in the charge of an experienced engineer.in charge ofcharge n.费用；费用；主管；主管；指控；电量指控；电量sb.take charge of 某人负责 sb.be in charge of 某人负责.sth.be in the charge of sb.某物由某人负责 v.收费；指控；充电收费；指控；充电(动作
20、)(状态)charge n.费用；费用；主管；主管；指控；电量指控；电量sb.take charge of 某人负责 sb.be in charge of 某人负责.sth.be in the charge of sb.某物由某人负责free of charge 免费 v.收费；指控；充电收费；指控；充电charge sb.for sth.为某物向某人收取费用charge sb.with(doing)sth.控告某人（做）某事2)The restaurant charged us$40 _ the wine.3)Gibbons _(charge)with murder last week.(动
21、作)(状态)forwas chargedleadership n.领导地位；领导才能领导地位；领导才能(ship做词缀表示身份、地位、做词缀表示身份、地位、资格资格membership；事物之间的某种关系；事物之间的某种关系friednship；扮演某角色需要的能力、；扮演某角色需要的能力、技巧技巧leadership)leader n.领袖；领导者领袖；领导者lead v.带路；领导带路；领导/带领带领 n.铅铅leading adj.领导的；主要的领导的；主要的lead to 导致；造成；通向导致；造成；通向lead a.life 过着过着.生活生活1)在某人的领导下under the l
22、eadership of sb./under ones leadership2)他牵着Dickon的手把他领进屋。He took Dickon by the hand to lead him into the house.3)他显示出领导才能。He shows quality of leadership.他显示出领导才能。trace v.追溯追溯;追踪追踪;查出查出&n.C&U痕迹痕迹;遗迹遗迹;踪迹踪迹trace back to 追溯到 track n.足迹;踪迹;轨道;&v.追踪;跟踪 show trace 显现痕迹 sink without trace 消失得无影无踪 follow tr
23、ace 追踪 hide trace 掩盖痕迹 leave trace 留下痕迹1)不着痕迹地。without trace/without a trace of sth 没有一丝的痕迹 She speaks English without a trace of Chinese accent.她讲英语不带一点儿汉语口音。2)她唇边掠过一丝微笑。A trace of a smile played across her lips.3)Through reading,I can trace back to ancient Egypt,the cradle of human civilization.4)
24、我最初到那里是为了寻根，探访我妈妈的故乡。（非谓语）I first went there to trace my root,visiting my mums hometown.=date back to outstanding adj.优秀的优秀的;杰出的杰出的;明显的明显的近义词：近义词：excellent;brilliant;marked stand out 突出；站出来；杰出 an area of outstanding natural beauty自然景色美不胜收的地方1)出色表现/杰出的成就outstanding performance/achievement 2)Just be y
25、ourself,you have the shinning point and that makes you outstanding.做自己，你有闪光点，那才是让你出众的地方。gifted adj.有天赋的有天赋的;有天才的有天才的;天资聪颖的天资聪颖的be gifted/talented in/at sth.在方面有天赋be gifted with sth.=be born with 具有(令人愉快的特质)gift n.C礼物礼物;天赋天赋have a gift/talent for sth.在方面有天赋show a talent for 显示出天赋1)He was gifted/talen
26、ted _ music.=He has a gift/talent for music.2)Man is the only creature that is gifted _ speech.3)He was gifted with a superb voice.仿写：他有迷人的微笑。He was gifted with a charming smile.4)对文学极有天赋，他赢得了今年的诺贝尔文学奖。(非谓语)Gifted in literature,he won the Nobel Prize in literature this year.talentedin/attalentwithab
27、stract adj.抽象的；抽象的；n.（文献等的）摘要（文献等的）摘要助 记：abstract=abs(分离)+tract(拖)从中拖出来，分离出抽象abstractly adv.抽象地抽象地 (反反)concretely 同根词：attractv.吸引；引起注意助 记：attract=at(=ad，去，趋向)+tract(拖)拖过去吸引attractive adj.吸引人的；有吸引力的attraction n.有吸引力的事物；吸引abstract knowledge/principles 理论知识理论知识/抽象原理抽象原理steady adj.稳定的稳定的;平稳的平稳的;稳步的稳步的st
28、eadily adv.稳定地稳定地;坚定地坚定地;坚固地坚固地1)Ready,steady,go!各就各位,预备,跑！2)steady state定态；恒稳态3)稳定的收入steady income 4)The cost of everything from housing to education has risen_ in recent decades.steadily be steady in ones purpose意志坚定 be steady in ones principle 坚持原则steady aim 稳定的目标 steady income 固定收入 steady job 固定
29、的工作 come down with.患患(病病);染上染上(小病小病)come about 发生发生come across 邂逅；被理解邂逅；被理解come out 出现出现;盛开盛开;出版出版come to 合计；达到合计；达到come up 走近；发生；被提及走近；发生；被提及come up with 提出提出/想出想出come into being 形成形成1)他染上一种疾病。He came down with a disease.2)天空放晴，太阳出来了。The sky cleared and the sun came out.Sales in our company _ due t
30、o the outbreak of the e-came-comesuffer from.患患(病病)came downcome down with.患患(病病);染上染上(小病小病)come about 发生发生come across 邂逅；被理解邂逅；被理解come out 出现出现;盛开盛开;出版出版come to 合计；达到合计；达到come up 走近；发生；被提及走近；发生；被提及come up with 提出提出/想出想出come into being 形成形成come over 来访；拜访来访；拜访3)那就是你能想出的最好借口吗？（定语从句）Is that the best e
31、xcuse(that)you can come up with?4）I wonder how it _ that she is two hours late on such a short ship.5）I _ Mary while wandering downtown yesterday.came-comesuffer from.患患(病病)come aboutcame across语段填空6)(当谈及)English learning,I have the following practical suggestions to share.Firstly,when you (遇见)unfam
32、iliar words,dont always refer to the dictionary.Furthermore,when teachers questions(被提及)in class,you should try to (想出)answers.Lastly,if you fail,you must say to yourself,“(加油)!(应用文写作之建议信)When it comes tocome upcome up withCome oncome acrossastronomer n.C天文学家天文学家astronomy n.天文学天文学astronomical adj.天文
33、学的；极巨大的天文学的；极巨大的telescope n.望远镜mircoscope n.显微镜 scope:.镜（观察仪器）furthermore moreover besideswhat is more in addition 1)除了聪明之外，他还很勇敢，敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他的意志还非常坚定。Besides being brilliant,he was brave and he dared to say what others were afraid to say and to dream of what others were afraid to dream a
34、bout.Futhermore,he was quite determined.adv.介词短语介词短语此外此外/而且而且prep.除除.之外之外(还还).brilliant adj.聪颖的聪颖的;绝妙的绝妙的;明亮的明亮的brilliantly adv.光彩夺目地光彩夺目地;出色地出色地;精彩地精彩地;高明地高明地同义词：同义词：bright/clever/smart/intelligentabove all 最重要的是最重要的是;尤其是尤其是after all 毕竟；终究毕竟；终究all in all 总的说来总的说来/总之总之in all 合计；总共合计；总共not.at all 一点也
35、不一点也不/根本不根本不first of all 首先；第一首先；第一 1)All in all,you should not have scolded the boy at all,for he is a child after all.Above all,he made only two mistakes in all.2)A:Your boy broke my window.B:Dont scold him._,hes just a child.3)He is honest.He doesnt like making up an excuse for his failure _.4)_,
36、you should know what profession suits you.After all at all（强调顺序）（强调顺序）（强调重要性）（强调重要性）=in short=in a wordAll in allabove all 最重要的是最重要的是;尤其是尤其是after all 毕竟；终究毕竟；终究all in all 总的说来总的说来/总之总之in all 合计；总共合计；总共not.at all 一点也不一点也不/根本不根本不first of all 首先；第一首先；第一 4)There are several reasons why school uniforms a
37、re a good idea._,uniforms can reduce the psychological comparisons.In addition,uniforms is beneficial to saving studentsmoney and time.5)In my opinion，you must be smart，confident，and，_，honest.（强调顺序）（强调顺序）（强调重要性）（强调重要性）=in short=in a wordFirst if allabove allfault n.C&U弱点弱点;过错过错find fault with 挑的错，找的
38、茬be at fault 有过错；应当负责faulty adj.不完美的；有缺陷的不完美的；有缺陷的faultless adj.完美的，无缺点的完美的，无缺点的1)Life can be great when you are not busy_(find)fault with it.2)He is such a stubborn person that he never accepts that he has been at fault.3)If my memory was not_ fault,it was Thursday.4)不要老是挑别人的错，先反思一下自己。Dont always_
39、others,reflecting on yourself first.5)Its the boys fault that the window was broken.findingWell,its all my fault.Okay?Its ones fault for(doing)sth.(做)某事是某人的过失Its ones fault that 是某人的过错同义词：同义词：error/mistake 错误错误 shortcoming/weakness 弱点弱点atfind fault withshift n.C改变改变;转换转换;轮班轮班&v.转移转移;挪动挪动;转向转向1)the w
40、ork shift 轮岗，轮班；the day/night shift白/夜班2)Joe听着，不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。（非谓语作状语）Joe listened,_ uncomfortably from one foot to another.a shift of crops 庄稼的轮作庄稼的轮作The wind has shifted to the north.风已转成了北风。shiftingvivid adj.生动的生动的;鲜明的鲜明的;丰富的丰富的vividly adv.生动地生动地1)有丰富的想象力have a vivid imagination2)周三晚上，我做了个十分逼真的梦，让我很不安。（定语从句）On Wednesday night I had a very vivid dream which really upset me.3）我对我们第一次相见的那天记忆犹新。I_ remember the day we first met.vivid memories 清晰的记忆a vivid description 生动的描述vividlyRevisionRevision
