1、1.congratulate vt.我我祝贺他们赢得了比赛。祝贺他们赢得了比赛。I congratulated them all on their winning the match.You can congratulate yourself on having done an excellent job.你应该你应该为为自己出色的工作自己出色的工作感到自豪感到自豪/高兴高兴。He congratulated himself on having survived the air-crash.他他庆幸庆幸自己在空难中幸免于死。自己在空难中幸免于死。congratulation un.the ac
2、t of congratulating sb.s pl.the words that congratulate sb.a letter of congratulation 贺信贺信offer/send your congratulation to sb.(on sth.)（因为某事）因为某事）向某人表示向某人表示祝贺祝贺Congratulations on your exam results!祝贺你考出好成绩祝贺你考出好成绩！-Were getting married!-Congratulations!2.assume vt.（1）to think that sth.is true but w
3、ithout proof假定、假设；以为、认为假定、假设；以为、认为 sb.assume that It is assumed that 人们认为人们认为 assume sb./sth.to be 以为某人以为某人/物是物是 Lets assume that everyone invited will come.It is generally assumed that stress is one of the causes of depression.I assumed him to be a native speaker of English.Dont always assume the w
4、orst!（2）take on a certain form,attribute,or aspect呈现呈现（外观、样子）（外观、样子），具有，显露，具有，显露（某种特质）（某种特质）In times of the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic,international cooperation assumes considerable importance.In the story the god assumes the form of an eagle.在在这个故事中神以鹰的形象出现。这个故事中神以鹰的形象出现。（3）to take or begin to h
5、ave power or responsibility掌管掌管，夺取；夺取；承担承担（责任）；就（职（责任）；就（职）The Chinese enterprises will assume more social responsibilities.assumption n.C 假定，假设假定，假设 No one challenged the basic assumptions of the new theory.assumed adj.假装的，假装的，假定假定 an assumed name 一个假名字一个假名字Phrasesmake an assumption 作出假设，假定作出假设，假定
6、on the assumption that 假定假定assume office/power 就职就职，掌权，掌权assume responsibility(for)(为为)承担责任承担责任assume a role (of)担任担任职务职务assume control of the city 控制控制 assume a look of surprise/an air of concern 装装出吃惊的出吃惊的神色神色/关心关心的样子的样子 assume/assuming(that)假设假设/假如假如Assume/Assuming that he is still alive,how old
7、would he now?假定假定他还活着，他现在该多大年纪了他还活着，他现在该多大年纪了？3.tend v.vi.to be likely to do sth.or to happen in a particular way 往往会往往会;趋向趋向 tend to do Women tend to live longer than men.His views tended towards the extreme.vt./vi.care for sb./sth.照料，照看照料，照看 tend(to)sb./sth.Doctors and nurses tended(to)the .tenden
8、cy If sb/sth has a particular tendency,they are likely to behave or act in a particular way 趋势，倾向；天分趋势，倾向；天分 to/towards sth.7have a tendency to do sth 有有.的的倾向倾向,往往，常常往往，常常 There is a tendency for sb/sth to do sth 某人倾向某人倾向于做于做某事，某物某事，某物有有的趋势的趋势Jane很好，就是爱唠叨。很好，就是爱唠叨。Jane is nice but she has a tendency
9、 to talk too much.他天生很悲观。他天生很悲观。He has a tendency towards pessimism.There is a growing tendency for women to have children later in life.越来越越来越多的女性倾向于晚育。多的女性倾向于晚育。tendency,trend trend指事物发展指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势总的方向、倾向或趋势，它指的是整个，它指的是整个社会社会或或者比较者比较大群体大群体的一种趋势或者潮流。的一种趋势或者潮流。The current trend is towards inform
10、al/casual clothing.目前目前的趋势是穿着比较随便。的趋势是穿着比较随便。tendency指指固有或习得的倾向性固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰，强调没有外来的影响或干扰，一般指的是一般指的是个人个人有某种倾向性或者某种趋势。有某种倾向性或者某种趋势。He had a tendency to shrink up whenever attention was focused on him.当当别人注意他时，他就会退缩一旁。别人注意他时，他就会退缩一旁。4.immune adj.un.immunityThis blood test will show whether o
11、r not you are immune to the disease.这个这个血检会显示你是否血检会显示你是否对对这种疾病这种疾病具有免疫力具有免疫力。The patients immune system would reject the transplanted organ as a foreign object.病人病人的免疫系统会对移植器官产生异质排斥反应。的免疫系统会对移植器官产生异质排斥反应。Youll eventually become immune to criticism.你你终究会终究会不在乎不在乎批评。批评。（不（不受受的影响）的影响）No one is immune f
12、rom scandal.谁谁都难免会有丑闻。都难免会有丑闻。（免除（免除的，可免于的）的，可免于的）5.routine n.1）C/U fixed and regular way of doing things惯例惯例,常规常规,例行公事例行公事She found it difficult to establish a new routine after retirement.Make exercise a part of your daily routine.do sth.as a matter of routine 按按常规常规办事，定期办事，定期We clean and repair t
13、he machines as a matter of routine.2）C舞蹈舞蹈等表演的成套动作等表演的成套动作go through a dance routine 做一做一套舞蹈动作套舞蹈动作3）U 生活乏味，无聊生活乏味，无聊She needed a break from routine.她需要摆脱一下刻板的生活。她需要摆脱一下刻板的生活。adj.usual,habitual,regular 常规的，例行的常规的，例行的；boring 乏味乏味的的the routine procedure/enquiries/check例行例行手续手续/例行询问例行询问/常规常规检查检查a routi
14、ne job 平淡乏味的平淡乏味的工作工作Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building.来访者在进入大楼时要接受例行检查。来访者在进入大楼时要接受例行检查。6.stretch v.1）使变大）使变大/变松变松 make bigger/looserThis sweater has stretched.这这件毛衣给撑得变形了。件毛衣给撑得变形了。2）伸展，舒展）伸展，舒展身体身体；伸出；伸出，伸长（胳膊、腿，伸长（胳膊、腿）He yawned and stretched.他打了个呵欠，伸了伸懒腰他打了个呵欠，伸了伸懒腰。I st
15、opped at the square and got out to stretch my legs.（久坐之后）活动活动腿脚（久坐之后）活动活动腿脚I stretched out a hand and picked up the book.3）V+adv./prep.extend；to spread over an area of land（地（地域）延伸；绵延域）延伸；绵延Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see.放眼放眼望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。The procession stretched for
16、 several miles.游行队伍长达数英里。游行队伍长达数英里。3）V+adv./prep.to continue over a period of time（时间）延（时间）延续续The towns history stretches back to before 1500 AD.该城的历史可以上溯到公元该城的历史可以上溯到公元1500年以前年以前。a working day that stretches from nine in the morning to nine at night.stretch cn.肢体的伸展，伸展动作；一片地域肢体的伸展，伸展动作；一片地域/水域；一段时间
17、水域；一段时间Its a very dangerous stretch of road.这是这是一段一段非常危险的路非常危险的路。a stretch of three weeks without rainHe was fluent in French,having spent stretches of time in Southern France.他曾在法国南部呆过他曾在法国南部呆过一段时间一段时间，法语流利。，法语流利。Everyone would be working at full stretch.每个人都将每个人都将全力以赴全力以赴/竭尽所能竭尽所能。He stretched(him
18、self)out on the sofa and fell asleep.bend/stretch the rules 根据具体情况改变规则，破例，通融根据具体情况改变规则，破例，通融躺下（通常为休息或睡觉）躺下（通常为休息或睡觉）7.rangen.C,usu S the limits between which something varies范围，幅度范围，幅度age/price/temperature rangeIts difficult to find a house in our price range(=that we can afford).within the range of
19、out of/beyond the range ofC,usu Sa variety of things of a particular type 一系列一系列students from a wide range of backgroundsC山脉山脉Name one large mountain range in the United States.说出美国其中一个大山脉。说出美国其中一个大山脉。vi.to vary between two particular amounts,sizes,etc（在一定范围（在一定范围内）变化内）变化range from A to B range betw
20、een A and B range in age/size/price etc.The shoes range in price from$25 to$100.There were 120 students whose ages ranged from 10 to 18.The population of these cities ranges between 3 and 5 million.The show had a massive audience,ranging from children to graduates.include a variety of different thin
21、gs or people in addition to those mentioned 包括（各种不同的人或物）包括（各种不同的人或物）8.average adj./nadj.1)ordinary;not special 普通的，资历平平的普通的，资历平平的 Im just an average teacher.2)calculated by adding several amounts together,finding a total,and dividing the total by the number of amounts.平均的平均的 Whats the average temper
22、ature of Yangzhou in autumn?n.平均；平均数平均；平均数 Parents spend an average of$200 a year on toys.父母平均每年为孩子花父母平均每年为孩子花200美金买玩具。美金买玩具。on average 平均平均而言而言 above/below average 高于高于/低于平均低于平均水平水平vt.The rainfall averages 36 inches a year.一年的降雨量一年的降雨量平均平均为为36英寸。英寸。9.make up1)to form sth.组成，构成组成，构成 Twelve doctors m
23、ade up the medical team.=The medical team was made up of twelve doctors.consist of 2)to invent a story,excuse(etc)编造编造He made up some excuses for his absence from the meeting.3)to take a percentage of 占据占据(比例比例)account forFemale workers make up 62%of the staff.4)be on good terms again 和好和好 (with)bre
24、ak upTwo weeks after their quarrel,they made up with each other.5)to add sth.that lost or unfinished 补上补上Can I leave early this afternoon and make up the time tomorrow?6)to put powder ect.on your face to make it more attractive 化妆化妆She takes over 30 minutes to make up daily.She is always heavily mad
25、e up.10.lackvt.To have none or not enough 缺乏缺乏,缺少缺少,短缺短缺,不足不足 We never lack food and clothing if were willing to work.They met with many difficulties,for they lacked equipment.vi.(for)缺少，缺乏（常用于否定句）缺少，缺乏（常用于否定句）She doesnt lack for friends.They are so rich that they lack for nothing.n.(of)缺乏缺乏 The pro
26、ject failed due to(a/the)lack of money.adj.lacking be lacking in 缺缺 The only thing that is lacking is money.This area is lacking in fresh water.这个这个地方缺少淡水。地方缺少淡水。11.maintain(1)v.维持；维持；保持保持 to make sth.continue at the same level,standard,etc.preserveto maintain law and order/standards/a balance 维持治安维
27、持治安；保持水平；保持水平/平衡平衡to maintain prices(=prevent them falling or rising)维持价格的稳定维持价格的稳定The two countries have always maintained close relations.这两个国家一直保持着密切关系这两个国家一直保持着密切关系。(2)v.维修；维修；保养保养to keep a building,a machine,etc.in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly The house is large and diff
28、icult to maintain.(3)v.坚持（意见）；坚持（意见）；固执己见固执己见to keep stating that sth is true,even though other people do not agree or do not believe itinsist The men maintained(that)they were out of the country when the crime was committed.这这几个男人坚持说案发时他们在国外。几个男人坚持说案发时他们在国外。She has always maintained her innocence.她
29、她一直坚持说她是无辜的一直坚持说她是无辜的。11.maintain(4)供养供养to support sb./sth.over a long period of time by giving money,paying for food,etc.Her income was barely enough to maintain one child,let alone three.她的收入养活一个孩子几乎都不够，更不用说三个了。她的收入养活一个孩子几乎都不够，更不用说三个了。maintenance /meintnns/n.维护、保养；维持；维护、保养；维持；(依法应负担的依法应负担的)生活费、抚养费
30、生活费、抚养费The window had been replaced last week during routine maintenance.上周例行维修的时候换了窗户。上周例行维修的时候换了窗户。12.update /pdet/vt.1）使现代化，更新）使现代化，更新Its about time we updated our software.2）向）向提供最新消息，给提供最新消息，给.增加最新消息增加最新消息I called the office to update them on the days developments.我我给办公室打电话告诉他们当天最新的发展。给办公室打电话告诉
31、他们当天最新的发展。Our records are regularly updated.我们我们的记录的记录定期定期更新更新。n./pdet/a news update 最新新闻报道最新新闻报道13.in response to 对对作出反应作出反应The quick recovery was truly in response to medication.这这次迅速康复确实是对药物治疗的反应。次迅速康复确实是对药物治疗的反应。response n.回答，答复，反应，回答，答复，反应，响应响应She has received a response from that college to he
32、r application.她已经收到那所大学对她申请的答复。她已经收到那所大学对她申请的答复。She made no response to my letter.她没有回复我的信她没有回复我的信。14.champion冠军；第一名；优胜者冠军；第一名；优胜者cn.a person,team,etc.that has won a competition,especially in a sportthe world basketball championsa champion boxer 获得冠军的拳击手获得冠军的拳击手championship tmpinp n.锦标赛；冠军地位锦标赛；冠军地位
33、win/hold the championship 获得获得/保持冠军地位保持冠军地位14.championv.We have a responsibility to safeguard sustainable development,and to champion the restoration of human values.我们有我们有责任责任维护维护可持续发展可持续发展，捍卫捍卫人文价值的重建。人文价值的重建。n.He was once known as a champion of social reform.他曾经是社会改革的他曾经是社会改革的拥护者拥护者。15.plusprep;c
34、onjTwo plus three makes/equals/is five.2+3=5They will pay about$673 million plus interest.他们将支付约他们将支付约6.73亿美元再加上利息。亿美元再加上利息。B plus is a better grade than B,but it is not as good as A.Experience of any career in sales is a big plus.任何任何销售领域的工作经验都是一大销售领域的工作经验都是一大优势优势。minustwo minus one;give him a B mi
35、nus;a minus figure/number16.hesitateIf you have any questions,dont hesitate to ask.有什么问题只管问。有什么问题只管问。The boy followed without hesitation.男孩毫不犹豫地跟了上去。男孩毫不犹豫地跟了上去。After a long hesitation,he told the truth at last.踌躇了半天，他终于直说了。踌躇了半天，他终于直说了。She is hesitant about signing the contract.她对是否签这个合同还犹豫不决。她对是否签
36、这个合同还犹豫不决。He finally accepted hesitantly.他最终犹犹豫豫地接受了。他最终犹犹豫豫地接受了。承认；允许进入，接纳承认；允许进入，接纳admit(doing/having done)sth.admit(to sb.)that-clauseadmit sb.to/intoShe admits being strict with her children.I have to admit having learnt too much from him.=I have to admit that I have learnt too much from him.The
37、 prisoner admitted to the judge that he was guilty.He admitted his guilt.She devotes herself to study and was admitted to Harvard.Two victims were admitted to the local hospital.admission 1)the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization 进入进入权权 He gained admission into/to this u
38、niversity.2)a statement in which ab admits that sth.is true,especially sth.wrong or bad 承认，招认承认，招认 an admission of guilt/failure He is a thief by his own admission.他他自己供认是小偷。自己供认是小偷。3)the amount of money that you pay to go into a building or to an event 入场费，门票费入场费，门票费 admission charges/prices 入场费、票价
39、入场费、票价 Whats the admission?18.inspire vt.1.(motivate)鼓舞鼓舞 inspire sb.to do sth.inspire sb.to greater efforts 激励某人更加努力激励某人更加努力2.(give rise to thought,feeling)使使产生想法、感觉或产生想法、感觉或情感情感 什么使你想到那个建议的？什么使你想到那个建议的？What inspired you to suggest that?3.(arouse)激起激起 inspire hope/loyalty/enthusiasm in sb.inspirati
40、on n.1U(stimulus)灵感灵感 draw inspiration from sth.从从汲取灵感汲取灵感 a flash of inspiration 灵机一动，灵感的闪现灵机一动，灵感的闪现2.c(inspiring person or thing)启发灵感的人或事物启发灵感的人或事物 她是我们所有人的灵魂。她是我们所有人的灵魂。She is an inspiration to us.3.c(sudden idea)（突然想到的）好主意，妙计（突然想到的）好主意，妙计 have a sudden inspiration inspired adj.1.filled with cre
41、ative power富有灵感的富有灵感的 an inspired guess 一个得自灵感的猜测一个得自灵感的猜测2.of extraordinary quality品质卓越的品质卓越的 an inspired performance3.(-inspired)(与名词、形容词以及副词构成形容词）受与名词、形容词以及副词构成形容词）受影响的影响的 politically-inspired killing 政治性的谋杀事件政治性的谋杀事件 inspiring adj.making you feel strongly interested and enthusiastic(of a person,
42、leadership,speech,vision)鼓舞人心的，激励的，启发灵感的鼓舞人心的，激励的，启发灵感的 inspirational她是我曾见过的最能鼓舞人心的人之一。她是我曾见过的最能鼓舞人心的人之一。She was one of the most inspiring people Ive ever met.It was not exactly our most inspiring performance of the season.那并非我们本赛季最激动人心的表现。那并非我们本赛季最激动人心的表现。19.no wonderAs you were absent-minded,its no wonder that you know nothing about the speech.你心不在焉的，难怪你对讲演一无所知。你心不在焉的，难怪你对讲演一无所知。20.satisfactionsatisfysatisfiedsatisfactory
