1、Unit4 Exploring poetryGrammar and usage Overview of to-infinitives,verb-ing and verb-ed forms 04Contents05不定式、动名词现在分词、过去分词作定语的区别06010203不定式、现在分词、过去分词作补语的区别不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别不定式和动名词作不定式和动名词作主语主语的区别的区别不定式和动名词不定式和动名词作作宾语宾语的区别的区别不定式、动名词、现在不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词作分词、过去分词作表语表语的区别的区别 非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式非谓语
2、动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能不能单独单独做谓语做谓语 非非谓语动词通常谓语动词通常指指to do、doing 和和done非谓语动词 1.什么是非谓语动词?意义相同点to dodoingdone目的、将来、结果主动、进行、修饰物被动、完成、修饰人1）有固定搭配2）可以作表语、定语、状语、补语一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus,(leave)her handbag on her seat.2.非谓语动词在什么条件下使用？She got off the bus,but (leave)her h
3、andbag on her seat.leftleaving非谓语动词 谓语动词的功能?形式形式功能功能主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补语补语To do动词动词-ing动词动词-ed非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。The car to be bought is for his sister.She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.Tips非谓语作主语非谓语作主语To do 和和doing形式都形式都可以用作可以用作_，有时有时可用可用_ 代替，此时主语置于代替，此时主
4、语置于_。It will be dangerous to play with fire.非谓语作主语非谓语作主语To do&doing Pretending to know what you do not know is no good.It is no good pretending to know what you do not know.To play with fire will be dangerous.主语主语形式主语形式主语it句末句末 It is a shame to litter.It is necessary for us to protect the earth for
5、the future generations.It is very kind of you to help with my English.It took the Chinese a long time to explore the space.It makes me relaxed to know that I have passed the exam.it 作为形式主语时，常见句型。It+be+n.+to do sth It+be+adj.+(for sb)to do sth (adj 修饰物）It+be+adj.+(of sb)to do sth (adj 修饰人）It takes(sb
6、)time/money to do sth It makes sb+adj.+to do sth To do 你为我们做了这么多美味的菜真的是太好了。It is nice _ you _ so many tasty dishes for us.对于我们来说，学会如何做饭还是很有用的。It is useful _ us .今天花了我两个小时来清理房间。It takes me 2 hours to clean the room.站在这里发表演讲是我极大的荣幸。It is my great honour to stand here and give you a speech.to learn how
7、 to cookforto makeofPractice It is worthwhile doing.做.是值得的It is _/_ doing.做.无用的It is _ doing.做.是没有好处的It is _.做.是浪费时间的no use uselessno gooda waste of timedoing1.You cant imagine what situation I am faced with,so it is no use _(tell)me not to worry.2.(改错)I think it is no use cry about your exam result
8、 now.3.试图改变他的主意是浪费时间。cry改为cryingPractice tellingIt is a waste of time trying to change his mind.Observe the following sentences and guess the differences.Smoking is forbidden here.Collecting stamps is his hobby.Teaching children music is her work.Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.To visit
9、 Australia is my next goal.It is harmful for you to smoke so much.I like swimming,but I dont like to swim on such a cold day.抽象泛指习惯爱好工作职业经验未来动作具体动作前者指，后者指不定式通常表示具体的，一次性行为或者将来的动作，表示带有事情。；动名词通常表示一般的，抽象的泛指概念，表示等；不定式强调：动作本身；动名词强调：事件本身To do&doing作主语的区别作主语的区别非谓语作宾语非谓语作宾语非谓语非谓语作宾语作宾语在在afford,agree,arrange,
10、choose,desire,expect,fail,hope,intend,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等等动动词词后，常后，常接接to do宾语宾语。eg Mike offered to help me.Tom promised to go with me.To doeg I considered going to see him in person.Everyone burst out laughing.动词：动词：like,enjoy,avoid,consider,advise,suggest,mind,keep等等介词：介词：by,after 等等
11、短语：短语：be capable of doing(有能力做有能力做)，get down to doing，have trouble in doing，be used to doing（习惯做某事习惯做某事）,be busy doing等等doing 跟在跟在_，_和和_之后做宾语，如之后做宾语，如continue，before，get tired of等等动词动词介词介词短语短语doing在在remember,forget,regret,try,mean等动词后，既可等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语形式作宾语，doing形式
12、表示动作形式表示动作已经发生已经发生;to do表示表示动作动作还没还没发生发生to do sth.记得去做某事记得去做某事doing sth.记得做过某事记得做过某事rememberforgetto do sth.忘记去做某事忘记去做某事doing sth.忘记做过某事忘记做过某事regretto do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾对即将做的事表示遗憾doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔对做过的事表示后悔To do&doing作宾语的区别作宾语的区别tryto do sth.设法做某事设法做某事doing sth.试着做某事试着做某事meanto do sth.打算打算(想要想要)做某事做
13、某事doing sth.意味着意味着(要要)做某事做某事stopto do sth.停下正在做的事去做另一事停下正在做的事去做另一事doing sth.停止做某事停止做某事eg I remember seeing him before.我记得曾经见过他。我记得曾经见过他。Remember to tell him about it.记得把这件事告诉他。记得把这件事告诉他。I now regret telling the lie.我现在后悔说谎了。我现在后悔说谎了。I regret to tell you the bad news.我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。我很遗憾告诉你这个坏消息。1.Would
14、 you mind _(turn)down your radio a little,please?2.Yesterday,I had difficulty/trouble in _(hunt)for some important information on the Internet.3.He stopped_(smoke),have a rest,and eat dessert.4.Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A.having held B.to hold
15、 C.holding D.hold turninghuntingto smokeCPractice 非谓语非谓语作表语作表语 一是：be 两似乎：seem,appear 三保持：keep,stay,remain 四变得：become,get,turn,go 五感觉：look,smell,taste,sound,feel 六证明：provelinking verbs?非谓语作表语非谓语作表语非谓语作表语非谓语作表语To do表语表语，说明主语所指的，说明主语所指的内容内容，还可以，还可以表示表示将来，将来，可以可以带带逻辑主语逻辑主语。动词动词不定式作表语，有的情况下不定式作表语，有的情况下to
16、可以可以省略，即省略，即前有前有do后后无无to。eg My purpose is to help them.My hope is for all members to come together.All I did was(to)give him a little push.To dodoing=adj，修饰物，修饰物，“令人令人的的”=n.表示主语的表示主语的内容内容done =adj.修饰人，修饰人，“感到感到的的”表示表示主语所处的主语所处的状态状态1.The book was so _(interest)that he almost forgot the time.2.He is v
17、ery _(concern)with the matter.3.My final aim is learning English well.=doing&doneinteresting concernedLearning English well is my final aim.Practice 1.To do&doing均均可作表语，解释或说明主语的可作表语，解释或说明主语的具体内容具体内容，两，两者常可者常可换用换用，但需要注意主语与表语的，但需要注意主语与表语的一致性一致性。2.如果表示某种结果、不幸的命运或预言，或表示如果表示某种结果、不幸的命运或预言，或表示同意；命同意；命令；决定；
18、劝告令；决定；劝告等意，则往往等意，则往往用用to do作作表语。表语。To do&doing1.My work is looking after/to look after the children.2.To live is to do something worthwhile.=Living is doing something worthwhile.3.The important thing is to save lives.4.You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.However,cooking seems (be)challenging
19、for me.His ambition is _(become)a successful scientist when he graduates.What we can do is _(ensure)that all people have access to a complete diet,not just those in the wealthy parts of the world but everywhere in the world.to beto become(to)ensurePractice 1.Chinese researchers hope to use the instr
20、uments onboard Change-4 _(find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.(2020年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷I)2.The next morning he hired a boat and set out _(find)the well-known painter.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds _(surround)the mountain tops,he was reduced to tears.(20
21、20年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷III)to findto findsurrounding4.As well as looking at exhibits,visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟模拟)and imagine themselves living at a different time in history or _(walk)through a rainforest.(2020年全国新高考年全国新高考I卷卷)5.Agriculture gave people their first experience of the powe
22、r of technology _(change)lives.Later,they learned to work with the seasons,planting at the right time and in dry areas,_(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉灌溉)their fields.(2020浙江卷浙江卷)walkingto changemaking非谓语非谓语作定语作定语?To do To do 作作定语定语 Is this the best way to help him?Your wish to be a teache
23、r is quite understandable.不定式不定式作作 通常通常放在其修饰放在其修饰的名词或的名词或代词代词 。之后之后定语定语?不定式作不定式作定语时，定语时，to to 后所后所接的接的动词动词与与被修饰的名词被修饰的名词或代词之间是或代词之间是主谓关系主谓关系、动宾关系动宾关系、同位关系同位关系。To do To do 作作定语定语?1主谓关系主谓关系(subject-verb)She is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.她总是第一个来最后一个走。She was the best woma
24、n to do the job.她是做这份工作的最佳人选。这种情况，被修饰这种情况，被修饰的名词或代词前常的名词或代词前常有有序数词序数词、the only、最高级或最高级或no,all,any等修饰限定。等修饰限定。To do To do 作作定语定语2动宾关系动宾关系(verb-object)若不定式若不定式动词动词为为不及物动词不及物动词，则该动词必须与，则该动词必须与介词介词连用，连用，组成及物的动词短语。组成及物的动词短语。The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了很多要解答的题。Please give me some
25、thing to drink.请给我点喝的。He needs a new house to live in.他需要一个新房子住。注：To do 常表示常表示将来将来02!不定式作定语不定式作定语当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用用主动语态主动语态，也可用，也可用被动语态被动语态，但其含义有，但其含义有所不同。所不同。Do you have anything to send?Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么东西要寄吗?表达的意思是你自己亲自去寄，se
26、nd 用主动形式(send something)动宾关系你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?表达的意思是我/别人可以帮你去寄，send 用被动(something be sent)主谓关系 3同位关系同位关系(apposition)He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守定期给父母写信的承诺。We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。修饰修饰抽象名词抽象名词，如如ability,chance,idea,fact
27、,promise,reasonto 后接的动词短语后接的动词短语是是对该抽象名词的对该抽象名词的解释解释/说明说明ing形式作定语常表示形式作定语常表示所修饰词的用途，所修饰词的用途，也可以也可以表示进行表示进行。eg A sleeping pill will help you to fall asleep quickly.The houses being built are for the students.非谓语动词作非谓语动词作定语定语doingDone 形式形式作定语，一般作定语，一般表示被动，表示被动，完成完成eg He was reading a novel written by
28、Dickens.Jack cleared the fallen leaves on the ground.There are a little time left.非谓语动词作非谓语动词作定语定语donePractice1.There are many people _(invite)to the party.2.The meeting_(hold)now is of great importance.3.The meeting_(hold)yesterday was of great importance.4.The meeting _(hold)tomorrow is of great i
29、mportance.5.He is always the first_(come)and the last _(leave).invitedbeing heldheld to be held to cometo leave 非谓语作状语非谓语作状语To do作作状语可以状语可以表示目的表示目的，相当于，相当于so as to、in order toso as to 只能放于句中只能放于句中。动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语To catch the early bus，he gets up early.In order to catch the early bus,he gets up earl
30、y.=He gets up early to catch the early bus.Bob took down my telephone number so as to/in order to/to remember it.To do作作结果状语结果状语,常用在下列句式中：常用在下列句式中：1.Im not so stupid as to write it down.=Im not such a fool as to write it down.2.He is clever enough to be fit for the job.so+adj+as to do sthsuch+n+as t
31、o do sthenough to do sthtoo.to;only to do sthadj作作表语时，后面可表语时，后面可接接to do作作原因状语原因状语，用以说明这种，用以说明这种情绪的情绪的原因原因。用于用于这类结构的形容词常用的有：这类结构的形容词常用的有：happy,glad,sorry,anxious,angry,proud,surprised,pleased.They were very glad to hear the news.Im happy to meet you.Revision To do 状语状语原因原因目的目的in order to do=so as to
32、do表示表示“目的是；为了目的是；为了”结果结果 so/such.as to .enough to too.to only to (常表示意料之外，不好常表示意料之外，不好的结果的结果)dodoinging和和donedone作作状语状语doing和和done形式作状语可以表示时间形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随、原因、伴随、条件、结果、条件、结果、目的目的等意义等意义。doing：主动、进行：主动、进行done:被动、完成被动、完成eg Seen from the top of the tower,the factory looks beautiful.Seeing from the to
33、p of the tower,we can see a beautiful factory.1.When _(offer)help,one often says“Thank you”or“Its kind of you.”2._(Separate)from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not _(find)in any other country in the world.3.Generally speaking,if _(take)according to the d
34、irections,the drug has no side effect.4.He glanced at her,_(note)that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.5.The teacher came into the lab,_(follow)by some students.6._(tell)many times,he still repeated the same mistake.7.Not _(receive)her letter,he wrote again.PracticeofferedSeparated takennoti
35、ngfollowedHaving been told having receivedfound非谓语作补语非谓语作补语在在expect,forbid,force,order,permit,request,warn等动词后，常接等动词后，常接“sb/sth+to do”结构，动词不定式作结构，动词不定式作补语。补语。eg We can always expect him to help us.He warned us to be careful.To do、doing、done五五看：看：see,watch,look at,notice,observe,smell,三使：三使：let,have,
36、make sb.do sth两听：两听：hear,listen to,一一感觉：感觉：feel等后作宾补，等后作宾补，省略省略 to.注意注意：在：在被动语态中被动语态中 to 不能省略掉不能省略掉。如。如：+(to)do 表示表示动作的整个动作的整个过程过程+doing 表示进行表示进行。I saw him cross the street and enter the shop.I saw him crossing the street.I saw him dance.He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.T
37、o do 做宾补做宾补eg How would you like your hair cut?We must get the work finished by 10 oclock.动词动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。形式作补语常表示被动意义。非非谓语的时态谓语的时态&语态语态一、动词不定式的时态与语态一、动词不定式的时态与语态形式形式主动主动被动被动意义意义一般式to do to be done动词不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing动词不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done动词不
38、定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前The work is to be done soon.He seemed to be reading something at that time.He seemed to have cleaned the room.The boy is said to have been sent to hospital soon.二、动词二、动词-ing形式的时态与语态形式的时态与语态形式形式主动主动被动被动意义意义一般式doingbeing done表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作完成式h
39、aving donehaving been done表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前No one likes being laughed at.After having played basketball,he felt tired.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it.Go through the introduction and find the sentences that used to-infinitives,verb-ing or verb-ed forms and fill in the table.On
40、e has been done for you.A Exploring the rulesSubjectsPredicativeThe aim of the Romantics was to break with ObjectsComplementsAttributivesAdverbials,celebrating the beauty of nature and country life became a common theme in Romantic poetry.Romantic poets were often not pleased with they were not alwa
41、ys interested in they refused to follow rigid rules;Instead,they advocated going back to nature.people were made to work long hours.a process called industrialization.Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature,Working out the rules The to-infinitive often refers to an action tha
42、t will happen in the future;the verb-ing form,a continuing action;and the verb-ed form,a past action.Generally speaking,the verb-ing form expresses a(n)(1)_(active/passive)meaning,while the verb-ed form expresses a(n)(2)_(active/passive)meaning.activepassive The to-infinitive can be used as the(3)_
43、of a sentence.The verb-ing form can be used as the(4)_ of a sentence.The verb-ed form can be used as the(5)_ of a sentence.*You can choose more than one answer for each blank.a.subject b.predicative c.object plement e.attributive f.adverbiala,b,c,d,e,fa,b,c,d,e,fb,d,e,f一一.单句语法填空单句语法填空1.5*10=151._(ca
44、tch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.2.Much time _(spend)sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.3._(absorb)in painting，John didnt notice evening approaching.4._(ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one
45、of the worst mistakes you make.5.Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother _(take)good care of at home.To catchtakenspentAbsorbedIgnoring6.The manager was satisfied to see many new products _(develop)after great effort.7._(understand)your own needs and
46、styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.8.Annie Salmon，disabled，is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _(appoint任命任命)to guard her.9.Group activities will be organized after class _(help)children develop team spirit.10.When I was little，my
47、mother used to sit by my bed，_(tell)me stories till I was asleep.developedtellingUnderstandingappointedto helpTang Dynasty poets sang for about three centuries in different tones.There were many famous poets living in the Tang period such as Li Bai,Du Fu,Bai Juyi and Li Shangyin.Poems of the Tang Dy
48、nasty edited编辑编辑 in the Qing Dynasty is a collection收藏集收藏集 of more than 48,900 poems that were written by over 2,200 poets.But it didnt cover all the poems of the Tang Dynasty.During the Tang Dynasty,poems were recited when lovers walked under the moonlight.Poems were also recited when soldiers foug
49、ht on the battlefield.People recited them in the open air or at temple fairs.唐朝诗人用不同的声调歌唱了大约三个世纪。唐代有许多著名的诗人，如李白、杜甫、白居易和李商隐。清代编辑的唐诗收录了2200多名诗人的48,900多首诗。但它并没有涵盖唐朝所有的诗歌。在唐代，人们在月光下散步时吟诗。当士兵们在战场上作战时也会朗诵诗歌。人们在露天或庙会上背诵。Tang Dynasty poets sang for about three centuries in different tones.There were many fa
50、mous poets living in the Tang period such as Li Bai,Du Fu,Bai Juyi and Li Shangyin.Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited编辑编辑 in the Qing Dynasty is a collection收藏集收藏集 of more than 48,900 poems that were written by over 2,200 poets.But it didnt cover all the poems of the Tang Dynasty.唐朝诗人用不同的声调歌唱了大约三个世纪。唐
