1、BR_mainWarm-upExercisesBackgroundInformationWarm-up Exercises Journey on the Paper Brainstorming CloneCloneNewsDiscussion Ads DesigningBackground Information Stephen Hawking Albert Einstein Frankenstein Stephen Hawking Brief Introduction to Stephen HawkingChronology of Stephen Hawking Main Achieveme
2、nts of Stephen Hawking Albert Einstein(18791955)Monologue of EinsteinAlbert Einsteins Special Theory of RelativityAlbert Einsteins General Theory of Relativity Frankenstein A General IntroductionA Clip in the Novel Frankenstein Now lets go on a journey through the most spectacular 100 years in the h
3、istory of science and technology to have an overview of how our understanding of the world has grown from 1900 to today.Journey on the Paper MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH Medicine and Health1900:Patients battle illness,while doctors can do little more than counsel(劝告劝告)and comfort them and keep them cle
4、an.Today:Doctors treat and often cure patients with a vast array(一大批一大批)of medicines and medical technologies,but some diseases are still incurable.MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE Physics and Astronomy 1900:The Milky Way galaxy(星系星系)(including some unexplained nebular clouds(星云星云)is the known universe.New
5、tons laws explain the physical world.Matter is composed of atoms.Today:The Milky Way is just one galaxy among countless millions we have observed in the universe.There is no set of laws that explains all phenomena in the physical world,although there are many theories.Atoms are composed of many suba
6、tomic particles,all of which derive from(来自于来自于)energy.MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE Physics and Astronomy Today:Mental illness can be treated with a range of therapies(治疗治疗)and medications.We know a great deal about the chemistry and the parts of the brain that control our behavior and thoughts.RESEARC
7、H INTO OURSELVES Human Behavior1900:There is no cure for the mentally ill,who are confined to insane asylums(精神病院精神病院).“Mind”and“body”arethought of as two separate things.FASTER,CLOSER,BETTER Technology1900:The only way to view the Olympic Games in Paris is in person.News about the Games travels to
8、America via(通过通过)telegraph and is printed in newspapers.Today:Millions worldwide watch the 2008 Beijing Olympics on television,transmitted instantaneously(瞬间瞬间地地)by satellite.The news spreads as well by radio,newspaper,and the World Wide Web.ORIGINS Earth and Life Science1900:There is no good explan
9、ation for catastrophic events such as earthquakes.The Earth is thought to be a mere 50 million years old,and the evolution of species is hotly debated.Today:The plates(板块板块)that make up the Earths crust(地壳地壳)move over time,causing earthquakes and volcanoes.The Earth is known to be 4,500 million year
10、s old.The genetic code of DNA,which drives evolution,is better understood every day.ORIGINS Earth and Life ScienceBrainstorm some of the scientific and technological inventions.geneticengineering cell phonee-mailclone nuclear weapons laptop(笔记本电脑笔记本电脑)nanotechnology(纳米技术纳米技术)Discussion Do all these
11、inventions always change our lives for thebetter?Give examples to explain your opinion.NewsNews 1In Feb.1997 News 2 In Apr.1998News 3 In Feb.2003 In February 1997 a group of geneticists(遗传学家遗传学家)led by Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh,Scotland,announced that they had cloned a sheep fr
12、om the mammary gland tissue(乳腺组织乳腺组织)of a six-year-old ewe(母羊母羊),the first time scientists have been able to clone an adult mammal(哺乳动物哺乳动物).Dolly,the first-ever mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell,with her first lamb,named Bonnie,is seen at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh,Scotland
13、 in this image on April 23,1998.Dolly,who was naturally mated at the end of last year with a Welsh Mountain ram(公羊公羊),gave birth to Bonnie on April 13,proving that despite her unusual origins,she is able to breed normally and produce healthy offspring.Dolly,the sheep,the first mammal to be successfu
14、lly cloned from an adult cell,has been put down after she was found to have a lung disease,the Roslin Institute in Scotlands capitalEdinburgh said on Feb 17,2003.“She was suffering from an incurable disease,”said Dr.Harry Griffin,after Roslin released a statement saying the decision had been taken t
15、o put Dolly down after she contracted(感染感染)progressive lung disease.DiscussionWhat is your attitude towards clone?Clone is a member of a group of organisms or plants produced non-sexually from one ancestor.The suggested ethical and practical arguments both for and against cloning：For:Against:1.Techn
16、ology is not well developed.It has a low fertility rate(出生率出生率).In cloning Dolly,277 eggs were used,30 started to divide,nine induced pregnancy,and only one survived to term(临产临产).2.Clones may be treated as second-class citizens and the unknown psychosocial harm with impacts on the family and societ
17、y.3.Loss of genetic variation.1.Animals from endangered species could be cloned to prevent extinction.2.Cloning would be a good source for organ and bone marrow(骨髓骨髓)transplants.3.Sterile(不育的不育的)couples will be able to have offspring who will have either the mothers or fathers genetic pattern.Ads De
18、signingUse attention-grabbing images and snappy(简洁简洁)yet informative language in your ads.You might find models of such images and language in other public service advertisements,such as (A few good examples can be found at and.)Decide for yourself which side of the issue to support and then plan a
19、public service advertisement campaign for or against cloning.1.2.the ones that discourage people from smoking.smokingBrief Introduction to Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking(1942):British theoretical physicist and mathematician Chronology of Stephen Hawking 1942 1958 1962 Born in Oxford,England.Entered
20、and became especially interested in thermodynamics(热力学热力学),relativity theory,and quantum mechanics(量子力学量子力学).Received a bachelors degree in physics and then enrolled as a research student in general relativity at the .Oxford University University of Cambridge1966 Earned his Ph.D.degree at the Univer
21、sity of Cambridge.Stayed at the University of Cambridge to do post-doctoral research.Diagnosed as having Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)(肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化).“I am quite often asked:How do you feel about having ALS?The answer is,not a lot.I try to lead as normal a life as possible,and not think
22、about my condition,or regret the things it prevents me from doing,which are not that many.”1977 1979 Became a professor of physics.Appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge,a post once held by Isaac Newton.This is a picture of Stephen Hawking,“Isaac Newton”and“Albert Einstein”.1988 19
23、931996 Published his famous book A Brief History of Time:From the Big Bang to Black Holes.Wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays.Co-authored a book with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time.Oxford University Chronology of Stephen Hawking University of CambridgeChronol
24、ogy of Stephen Hawking Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking singularityA point in space-time at which the space-time curvature(曲率曲率)becomes infinite.misuse v.误用，错用误用，错用turn out 结果是结果是manner n.方式，风格方式，风格entropy n.熵，热力学概念。熵，热力学概念。fatal a.重大的，致命的重大的，致命的motivate v.激发激发irritation n.愤怒愤怒black hole A regio
25、n of space-time from which nothing,not even light,can escape.Nothing can escape because gravity is so strong.With the help of the following words and expressions,listen to a recording of more information on black hole.object n.物体物体emit v.放射，吐露放射，吐露the event horizon 事件视界，即黑洞的边界事件视界，即黑洞的边界A Brief Hist
26、ory of TimeOne of his books to make his work accessible to the public.Medal of Freedom By their very definition,black holes are objects which are not supposed to emit anything.It therefore seemed that the area of the event horizon of a black hole could not be regarded as its entropy.In fact in 1972,
27、I wrote a paper on this subject with Brandon Carter and an American colleague Jim Bardeen.We pointed out that,although there were many similarities between entropy and the area of the event horizon,there was this apparently fatal difficulty.I must admit that in writing this paper I was motivated par
28、tly by irritation with Beckenstein,because I felt he had misused my discovery of the increase of the area of the event horizon.However,it turned out in the end that he was basically correct,though in a manner he had certainly not expected.Persistent in his pursuit of knowledge,Stephen Hawking has un
29、locked new pathways of discovery and inspired people around the world.He has dedicated his life to exploring the fundamental laws that govern the universe,and he has contributed to some of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time.His work has stirred the imagination of experts and lay persons
30、 alike.Living with a disability and possessing an uncommon ease of spirit,Stephen Hawkings attitude and achievements inspire hope,intellectual curiosity,and respect for the tremendous power of science.Monologue of EinsteinAlbert Einstein(18791955)I was born in Ulm,Germany in 1879.As you may know,190
31、5 was a big year for me.Thats when I turned the world upside down,at least for scientists,with several new ideas.I proposed that space and time had to be looked at in a whole new way that Newtons view of space and time was inaccurate.These ideas became known as the special theory of relativity and i
32、ntroduced the equation E=mc2.Ten years later I presented the general theory of relativity.The general theory showed that gravity is not a force,as Newton had thought.It is instead a curvature(曲率曲率)of the space-time continuum.Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does
33、not change according to Einstein?_A.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Listen to the recording and choose the best answer.Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_AA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Albert Einsteins Special Theory
34、 of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_BA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_CA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length 1)Which of the following does not cha
35、nge according to Einstein?_DA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motion2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionA2)The two
36、 spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionB2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionC2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionD3)What does the scientist in the spa
37、ceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The t
38、ime needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.A3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the space
39、ship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.B3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time
40、needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.C3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spa
41、ceship.D4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_A.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.4)What did the scientist in
42、 the red ship see or conclude?_AA.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_BA.
43、His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_CA.His beam of light does not appear
44、to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_DA.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of li
45、ght in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.The most important of Albert Einsteins theories published that year became known as his“Special Theory of Relativity.”He said the speed of light is always the same
46、 almost three-hundred-thousand kilometers a second.Where the light is coming from or who is measuring it does not change the speed.However,he said,time can change.And mass can change.And length can change.They depend on where a person is in relation to an object or an event.Imagine two space vehicle
47、s with a scientist travelling in each one.One spaceship is red.One is blue.Except for color,both spaceships are exactly alike.They pass one another far out in space.Neither scientist feels that his ship is moving.To each,it seems that the other ship is moving,not his.As they pass at high speed,the s
48、cientist in each ship measures how long it takes a beam of light to travel from the floor to the top of his spaceship,hit a mirror and return to the floor.Each spaceship has a window that lets each scientist see the experiment of the other.They begin their experiments at exactly the same moment.The
49、scientist in the blue ship sees his beam of light go straight up and come straight down.But he sees that the light beam in the red ship does not do this.The red ship is moving so fast that the beam does not appear to go straight up.It forms a path up and down that looks like an upside down“V”.The sc
50、ientist in the red ship would see exactly the same thing as he watched the experiment by the other scientist.He could say that time passed more slowly in the other ship.Each scientist would be correct,because the passing of time is linked to the position of the observer.Each scientist also would see
