1、English for neurobiology,Sufang Liu Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University,Manuscript writing,Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussions Reference,Article Title,看到论文标题的人要比看全文的人多得多 标题的作用：把大批潜在的读者吸引住 写标题的原则：用最少的词把最核心的内容表述出来,Author Affiliation,论文
2、的署名表明作者享有著作权且文责自负 便于他人索引和查阅 标明工作单位和通讯地址，便于与读者的研讨和联系 作者顺序反映出了对文章贡献的大小 同等贡献的问题,Abstract,论文的缩影，是对论文的简单描述 为读者提供关于文章内容的足够信息 帮助读者判断此论文是否有助于自己的研究工作，是否有必要获得全文 摘要所具备的要素：简洁性、完整性、可读性、科学性、逻辑性,Introduction,提供足够的研究工作背景和内容 为什么写这篇论文，要解决什么问题 与课题相关的历史问题；在科学领域中所占的地位及课题的意义和价值； 研究所涉及的界限、规模和范围； 理论依据和实验基础； 预期目标； 概念和术语的定义,
3、Materials and methods,重点突出、详略得当，对公知公用的方法写明名称即可 引用他人的方法、标准，已有应用但尚未为人们熟悉的方法应注明文献出处 改进的方法或创新的部分应详细介绍。 可以让别人重复实验。,Results,对结果的介绍、描述、评论等信息 对结果进行说明、解释并与模型或其他人结果进行比较。,Results & Discussions,对研究中所发现重要现象的归纳，论文的讨论由此引发，对问题的判断推理由此导出，全文的一切结论由此得到，是论文的核心。 讨论的关注度仅次于摘要和结论，对读者有启迪作用，比较难写。 讨论内容的可靠性、外延性、创新性、可用性。充分体现论文的价值
4、。,Conclusion,与引言部分相呼应，是摘要和引言之后第三次重申问题的重要性和研究的价值 是论文实质内容的浓缩,论文的分类,按写作目的：期刊论文、学位论文、会议论文 按论文内容：实验型论文、理论型论文、综述型论文,英语科技论文常用句型结构,定义句式 The term reprogramming,means signifies is considered to be is taken to be refers to,sth.,In this article In this paper In this essay In this context For this purpose,will b
5、e taken to mean will be used in the will be considered to be will refer to will be used in,The models,fall into can be divided into may be classified into are of,two,major general broad,groups classes categories,There are two,major general broad,groups classes categories,of,行为与结果,causes gives rise t
6、o leads to results in brings about,this,The result obtained,agrees with is in agreement with is in line with is consistent with fits into,as result of,目的,The,chief aim main purpose primary object major objective principal goal,of the experiment is,The experiment been conducted,in the hope (of/ that)
7、 with a view to (do) in order to (do) to the end that,问题的相关性,This is a problem,concerned with concerning related to relating to bearing on dealing with,举例 can be illustrated by A specific case can be provided An example of this can be demonstrated through Another typical example is One example is,比较
8、 as a comparison by comparison by contrast in contrast by way of contrast,1、表示区分 The object of this experiment is to separate from -. We distinguish from -. We know sth. from sth. not confuse sth. from sth.,2、表示不同,differ from be distinguished from sth. unlike sth, is -.,A be,different distinct disti
9、nguished,from B,3、相当于 A is equivalent to B. A corresponds to B. 4、优越于,A,has possesses offers,advantage over B,A is superior to B in preference to A is preferred to B A has advantages over B,5、表示相似 A is analogous to B. A have features similar to B. A is similar to B.,表示故障 be out of order sth. malfunc
10、tion sth. fails,达到标准或程度 be (comes) up to the standard made the grade meet (reach/attain) certain standard - can be achieved - can be made to an accuracy of - be capable of reaching -,得到应用 - finds an important application (use) in -. - find the place in . be put into come into use,论文主要结构中常用句型,论文引言中常用
11、句型,Although much research has been devoted to A While much work has been done on A Although many studies have been published concerning While many researchers have investigate A Although much literature is available on A,little research has been done on B little attention has been paid to B little i
12、nformation is available on B little work has been published on B few researchers have studied B few studies have investigated B,提出问题,研究目的,This paper This study This project The present study This research Our project This survey This thesis,concerns tests investigates reports discusses describes exp
13、lains calculates examines analysis proposes demonstrates evaluates measures,As shown in Table 1,- As can be seen from the data in Table 1,- As shown by the data in Table 1,-,介绍研究成果的常用句型 根据本人结果做出推论 These results suggest that 解释研究结果或说明原因 These findings are understandable because 本次结果与前人结果作比较 These res
14、ults agree with - is significantly higher than that 理论模型与实验数据符合 -are highly consistent with-,对研究结果可能的证明 The results can be explained by- One reason of this advantage may be that- A possible explanation for this is that- These results agree well with These data are consistent with,理论模型得到的预测与实验数据之间的吻合
15、程度 The data confirm closely- The data indicate that- -agree well with - are very close to There is a high level of agreement between-,讨论部分的常用句型 概述结果,The results,indicate prove show that suggest reveal,These results provides evidence for These experimental results support The results are consistent w
16、ith The values are lower/higher than The results contradict the assumption The results appear to refute the assumption,表示研究的局限性 It should be noted that this study has examined only This analysis has concentrated on The finding of this study are restricted to- This study has addressed only the questi
17、on of- The limitations of this study are We should point out that we have not The findings do not imply The results cannot be taken as evidence for- We are unable to determine from this data-,结论部分常用句型：严肃、连贯、精练、确切、高度概括，用一般现在时和现在完成时 -have been studied It has demonstrated that Our study has revealed-,T
18、his study This investigation The result,clearly demonstrates that discovers that reveals that has described has shown has proposed discusses represents,对结论的不太肯定或慎重 might provide information,致谢部分常用句型： 感谢单位或个人 Support for this program/project/study is provided by Funding for this program is provided b
19、y I thank for giving financial support for this study Additional support is provided by Research for this paper was partially supported by,感谢提供材料/资料的人 Data were supplied/provided by Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by I thank for the permission to quote from
20、material protected by copyright.,感谢提出建议或帮助的个人 I thank for comments on the manuscript. I am grateful to for their valuable suggestions. For help in the technical assistance, I thank -. We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper.,感谢其他人 I also own an obligation to
21、Also I wish to thank for their many courtesies. Thanks is also extended to who We wish to thank -for his-,英语科技论文的结构组成,标题 文摘和索引服务强烈依赖于标题的准确性，用较少的文字体现核心内容。 尽量多使用关键词 10-12个单词，不使用缩写和特殊符号 通常由名词短语构成 取消不必要的冠词和说明性词 尽可能不使用标点符号 少用study on, investigation on, some thoughts on, observations on, study of, investi
22、gation of, 等,作者署名及工作单位 必须参加过项目的设计、数据的获得、数据的解析、论文的撰写、阅读过全文并同意发表 Co-author Correspondence 作者单位,摘要,论文的梗概，对论文的简单描述，与论文相对独立 （1）信息性摘要：研究论文的高度浓缩，包括研究目的、方法、结果、结论 （2）指示性摘要：介绍论文的论题、目的、对内容进行概括性介绍。,摘要的要素 （1）研究的目的，一句话概括 （2）研究的过程与方法 （3）主要结果或发现 （4）主要结论或推论,摘要的特点 完整 通俗易懂 精炼准确 清晰、紧凑、客观 结构逻辑合理 客观如实反映研究工作,摘要撰写步骤 1、以写摘要
23、为目的，阅读全文、拟定草稿 （1）寻找引言部分中的目的和讨论部分中的结论 （2）方法中的关键信息 （3）讨论或结果中的重要结果 （4）脱离原文，写一个大致草稿,2、以准确简练为目的，修改草稿 （1）检查四要素是否完备 （2）修改段落 （3）尝试全新的组织方式 （4）不要重复论文中的关键句子 （5）改进论点之间的转折或过度 （6）删除多余信息 （7）校订准确性 （8）修正语法、单词拼写、标点,3、反复通读与修改至少3遍 4、打印文稿，再次阅读与修改。,摘要的语态：常用被动语态，偶尔可用主动语态以增强语感 摘要的时态：过去时描述作者的工作、现在时描述结论。不用完成时和进行时,关键词,与论文主旨一致
24、 选词精炼，避免同义词、近义词 选择通用性较强的专指词 关键词的排序：研究目的研究类别研究方法研究结果,引言,为什么要写这篇论文，要解决什么问题 与课题相关的历史回顾、前人工作、学科领域中的地位及课题意义和价值 本研究所涉及的界限、规模和范围 理论依据和实验设备基础 预期目标 概念和术语的定义,针对某一问题提供背景资料。 引用与本研究相关的文献，突出研究工作的意义、动机及价值。 指出某一问题或现象进一步研究的意义 介绍作者的研究目的或研究活动,避免内容空泛，力求反映作者创意 不要过多强调作者过去的成就 不要重述和解释摘要 不应对理论、方法和结果做详细描述 明确术语定义 不要过分评价前人和自己的
25、工作,材料方法,清晰、准确、简洁 技术规格、数量、来源、制备方法、纯度、主要物化特征 详述主要关键技术，略述一般通用技术 适时引用他人方法、标准 对改进创新部分进行详述,实验结果,科学准确地表达重要的实验结果 图表公式与文字相结合的方式 对结果进行说明解释 图标的文字说明不要与正文的文字说明重复 无法解释的异常结果也应说明,讨论,叙述论文内容的可靠性、外延性、创新性和可用性 撰写步骤 再次概述研究目的或假设，预期结果是否实现简述最重要的结果 对结果进行分析、说明、比较和评价，与他人结果相比较，并指出方法或结果的局限性 阐明研究结果的理论意义和实际应用价值,撰写技巧 以结果为中心和依据，展开分析
26、推理，着重讨论新发现及由此得到的结果或观点 用已知的理论充分印证一个学术观点 所引用的文献准确无误、标明出处,论文发表,前期准备工作 与同行交流 与专家当面讨教 选择对口期刊 听取专家意见 查询与本学科密切相关的期刊 了解期刊收稿形式,期刊的声誉 期刊的发行 期刊的出版周期,附投稿信函 提供作者姓名、地址、电话、传真、电邮 对文章版权的限制 用一两句话陈述主要结论和发表意义 明确声明该文章未经发表 推荐评审人 提出回避人 其他相关信息 保持后续联系、索要收稿函、稿件编号,Dear Dr. - Enclosed are a manuscript by titled-which is being
27、submitted for possible publication in . This manuscript is new. It has not been submitted elsewhere. It reports new findings that-. Correspondence regarding this manuscript should be sent to me at address shown in the above letterhead. Sincerely, Cheng-Guang Liang,评审过程,Author,Managing editor,Journal
28、 editor,Editorial board,Associate/assistant editor,Reviewers,Peer knowledgeable about research,Consultant,Journal editor,Accepted,Accepted with revision,Rejected with advisement,Rejected,Author,Author,Author,Author,Journal editor,Revision suggested,Revision required,Revised MS returned,Journal editor,Accepted,Revised ms with required changes returned,Reviewers,Accepted,Rejected,Accepted with revision,Advise submission to different journals,Advise of deficiencies,Author,Presentation,演讲前的准备 进行演讲 与观众的交流 语速、音调 着装,THANKS,
