1、定 语 从 句Unit4 Using LanguageLook at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.la We canstay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.lb The digital age also enables us to find people who share our interestsl 1.What does“that”refer to in sentence(a)?l 2.What d
2、oes“who”refer to in sentence(b)?lc We canstay in touch with the people.We want to remain friends with them.ld The digital age also enables us to find people.These people share our interestsl 3.What is the difference between the two groups of sentences?l 4.Why does the author choose to use sentences（
3、a）and(b)in the reading passage?l 5.What other words are used to introduce attributive clauses?What do they refer to?Have a look and look for more sentences with attributive clauses in the reading passage.l1.What if was writing letters _ took ages to be delivered?l2.We can stay in touch with the peop
4、le _ we want to remain friends with.l3.All_you need is a wi-fi connection.l4.The digital age also enables us to find people_ share our intereststhat/whichthatthatwhol5.Whatever our hobbies,the Internet can connect us with others _ also enjoy doing theml6.People tend to post only positive updates_mak
5、e them appear happy and friendly.l7.Although technology has changed the way_ we acquire friends,the meaning ofwhothatthat定义：l在句子中作定语，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句。l这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。关系代词在从句中通常做主语、宾语、表语或定语，作宾语且引导的是限制性定语从句时通常可以省略。That is the teacher who teaches us English.Those who want to go to the park are
6、girls.l先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。l 关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)关系副词(when,where,why)引导词 who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。宾语时，可省略。The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略略。The man(whom)I nodded to is Mr.Li.1.关系代词 w
7、hich 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using ismade in Japan.He is the man(that)I told you about.that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。语。作宾语时，可省略。A plane is a machine that can fly.He is the man that
8、likes playing football.whose指人或物指人或物,在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。不可省略。We live in a house whose windows face south.This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.2.关系代词的用法注意点(1)that和和which都可以指物，但以下都可以指物，但以下7种情况种情况只能用只能用that，不能用，不能用which。当先行词中有人又有物时。当先行词中有人又有物时。Do you know the t
9、hings and persons that they are talking about?当当先行词为不定代词先行词为不定代词all,one,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,none等或被它们所修饰时。等或被它们所修饰时。This is all that I want from the school.当先行词被当先行词被only,just,very,right,last等修等修饰时。饰时。This is the very book that I am looking for these days.当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时
10、。当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时。The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.l当主语是以当主语是以who或者或者which开头的特殊疑开头的特殊疑问句时（避免重复）问句时（避免重复）Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there.l关系代词在定语从句中作关系代词在定语从句中作to be的表语时的表语时Tom isnt the
11、 boy that he used to be.l先行词前有先行词前有such或或the same修饰，先行词修饰，先行词和关系代词指同一物时和关系代词指同一物时This is the same bike that I lost two weeks ago.(2)以下以下3种情况只能用种情况只能用which，不能用，不能用that。引导非限制性定语从句时引导非限制性定语从句时The cat,which is red,is eating.The cat which(that)is red is eating.当关系代词前有介词时当关系代词前有介词时This is the house in whi
12、ch he once lived.当先行词本身是当先行词本身是that时时That which you told him about is what we want to know.非限制性定语从句定义定义非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。用逗号隔开。My watch,which is very old,stopped again.限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一限制性定语从句的先行词
13、总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词时，一般用关系代词as或或which引导。引导。在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。限制性定语从句可以用关系代词限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。而非限制性定语从句则不能。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和主
14、句的关系十分密切，若限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：试比较：This is the best book that I have read.This is a good book,which is easy to understand.(3)whose引导的定语从句注意引导的定语从句注意点点whose的先行词指物时，可用的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，代替，但语序不同，即但语序不同，即whose+名词名词=of which
15、+the+名词。如：名词。如：The novel whose title（of which the title）is Red and Black is very interesting.whose的先行词指人时，可用的先行词指人时，可用of whom代代替，但语序不同，即替，但语序不同，即whose+名词名词=of whom+the+名词。如：名词。如：The boy whose mother（of whom the mother）is a doctor is my friend.(4)关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。语
16、动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：如：Those who _against the plan put up your hands.Tom is one of the students who _praised by the teacher yesterday.Tom is the only one of the students who _praised by the teacher yesterday.werewerewasThe scientist who we met yesterday is very famous whom in the world.that /(2)The d
17、ress is new.She is wearing it.The dress which she is wearing is new.that /(1)The scientist is very famous in the world.We met her yesterday.巩固练习：1.用定语从句合并句子(3)He is the kind person.I have ever worked with him.(4)This is the best film.I have ever seen this film.He who I have ever worked with is the k
18、ind person.This is the best film that I have ever seen./1.The girl _is standing who/that(who/whom/that)whosewhich that巩固练习：2.用适当的关系词填空注意：介词+which/whom引导的定语从句介词的选用原则：介词的选用原则：a根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars.This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars.
19、b根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。I remember the day on which I joined the Party.I remember the days during which I lived there.Is this the play _ you were talking about just now?当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用用whom(指人指人)或或which(指物指物)，且关系代词不，且关系代词不能省略，也不可以用能省略，也不可以用that。The man with whom you talke
20、d just now is my neighbor.I cant find the pen with which I was writing.当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用 which/that(指物指物),who/whom/that(指人指人)作从句中介词的宾作从句中介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。Dad is a person_ I can easily talk to.(whom/who/that)(which/that)在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不
21、可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the watch(that/which)I am looking for.The babies(who/whom/that)the nurse is looking after are very healthy.先行词是先行词是the way，意为，意为“方式，方法方式，方法”时，引时，引导定语从句的关系词用导定语从句的关系词用that/in which或省略。或省略。I didnt like the way _ she talked to me.The way _he teaches Engl
22、ish is interesting.（that/in which）（that/in which）定语从句中只能用定语从句中只能用as而不能用而不能用which(或或that)的场合的场合下列结构中下列结构中（理解为插入语）（理解为插入语）As we(all)know,As is well known,As is known to all/everybody,As was expected/announced/imagined,As has been said before,As we can see,As sb pointed out,As has been pointed out,As i
23、s often the case(情况常是这样情况常是这样),As is mentioned above.先行词受先行词受such,as,the same修饰时修饰时 (注意：注意：the same在此处的含义是指先行词与定在此处的含义是指先行词与定语从句里所指代的内容在大小、外形、款式等方语从句里所指代的内容在大小、外形、款式等方面是一样的，不是指同一事物。面是一样的，不是指同一事物。)I received as nice a gift as my mother promised.但若先行词与关系词在定语从句中所指代的内容但若先行词与关系词在定语从句中所指代的内容是指同一件东西时，关系词则需
24、用是指同一件东西时，关系词则需用that.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.非限制性定语从句放在句首时非限制性定语从句放在句首时 As is known to all,China is a developing country.has been announced,we shall have our final exams next month.A、That B、As C、It D、What3.关系副词关系副词关系副词指代的先行词指代的先行词充当从句的成分充当从句的成分when表时间的名词表时间的名词/名名词词组词词组时间状语时间状语wher
25、e表地点的名词表地点的名词/名名词词组词词组地点状语地点状语why表原因的名词表原因的名词原因状语原因状语用关系副词用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成可换成“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”。I still remember the day when(=on which)I first came to Nanjing.My father was born in the year when(=in which)World War broke out.when用关系副词用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，时，先
26、行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成可换成“介介词词+关系代词关系代词”。This is the farm where(=on which)we worked when we were young.The school where(=in which)his mother teaches is in the west of the city.where用关系副词用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，时，先行词指原因，why在在定语从句中作原因状语，定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成可换成“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”。There are sever
27、al reasons why(=for which)the boys should be punished.Tom couldnt give the teacher the reason why(=for which)he was late for school.why关系副词的用法注意点关系副词的用法注意点（1）当）当point，situation，case，occasion，stage等词作先行词表示等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。在句中作状语。Can you think
28、of a situation where this phrase can be used?（2）关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用）关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介介词词+关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。引导的定语从句来表示。From the years when/in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which
29、 they live.The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.lMark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003,_he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.A.during which timeB.for which time C.during whose timeD.by that timelThat is the hotel _ we stayed
30、last year.A.in that B.in which C.why D.at which作主作主语语We visited the factory which that makes toys for children.Most managers who that are present at the meeting agreed to the plan.作宾作宾语语The student whomthatwho you want to see has come.The letter which that I received yesterday was from my father.作定作
31、定语语The girl whose mother is a teacher works very hard.The room whose windows were broken was mine.作状作状语语In 1998,he returned to the small town where he grew up.I still remember the day when I met him for the first time.The reason why he missed the speech was that he didnt catch the bus.关系代词和关系副词的作用关系
32、代词和关系副词的作用Link to GaokaolComplete the sentences with that,which,who,whom or whose.l1.(2019课标全国I，阅读理解B）With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid_ would enjoy public speaking.l2.(2019课标全国I，阅读理解C）It also doesnt require a new type of technology _ people arent already familiar with.l3.(2019课标全
33、国II，语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,_she opened with her late husband Les.whothatwhichl 4.(2019课标全国II，阅读理解C）He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with _ hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little
34、interaction.l 5.（2018课标全国III，阅读理解D）.our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl _ mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.l 6.(2018课标全国I，语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a d
35、ay of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.whomwhosethat/whichlComplete the online forum post with that,which,who,whom or whose.Link to the exercise on the textbookWalking group welcomes new members!l Walk and Talk is a group _ meets every Sunday.It is free to j
36、oin.Walk and Talk is perfect for anyone 2 _ weekends need some excitement.We are all teenagers 3 _ love walking and making new friends.l We want you to join us!The next walk 4_ is open to new members is on 22 July.You can also bring your friends.However,anyone 5 _you bring must be over 12 years old.
37、l Come along and join the fun!whichwhosewhothatwhomQuiznRemember:Remember:引导词用关系代词还是用关引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。关系代词和关系副词如何区别？关系代词和关系副词如何区别？1.The reason _he missed the speech is that he forgot the time.2.The reason
38、_he gave us sounded reasonable.3.Ill never forget the day _we spent together in Paris.4.Ill remember the day_we stayed together at that time.5.This is the factory_we visited last year.6.This is the building _ once was a museum.whythatwhichthatwhichwhenthatwhichwhere7.(1)He still lives in the room _w
39、indow faces to the south.(2)He still lives in the room _is in the north of the city.whosewhich8.(1)I will never forget the day _we spent together.(2)I will never forget the day _is a Friday.whenthat 9.(1)The reason _he didnt come was that he was ill.(2)The reason _he explained is not true.whythat10.
40、(1)We will meet at the same building_we met last month.(2)We will meet at the same building _is rebuilt last month.wherethat 这是教我们英语的老师，旁边是她的女儿，这是教我们英语的老师，旁边是她的女儿，她女儿的名字叫张安宁。这张照片是在济南拍她女儿的名字叫张安宁。这张照片是在济南拍摄的；众所周知摄的；众所周知,济南是山东省会，是个美丽的济南是山东省会，是个美丽的泉城。新年就要到了，到时我会再去拜访它。泉城。新年就要到了，到时我会再去拜访它。Translate the sh
41、ort passage,using the Attributive Clause as many as possible.This is the teacher who teaches us English;The girl who is sitting beside her is her daughter,whose name is Zhang Anning.This picture was taken in Nanjing,which is a beautiful city that used to be the capital of six dynasties,as is known to us all.The new year is coming,when/by which time she will visit it again.
