1、Dept of Electronic Engineering1Lecture 1Prof.Xinbing WangProf.Xiaohua TianWireless Communications and Mobile InternetElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang2Overview of the CourseWireless communication systems(Chapter 1)Flexibility to support roaming Limitations:Geographical coverage,transmission rate
2、,and transmission errorsWireless communication technology Radio propagation(Chapter 5)Spread spectrum(Chapter 7)Current wireless systems Cellular network architecture(Chapter 10)Mobile IP(Chapter 12)Wireless LAN(Chapter 11)Other wireless networks Satellite systems(Chapter 9)Ad hoc networks(Reading m
3、aterials)Sensor networks(Reading materials)Wireless PAN(Chapter 15)Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang3OutlineBasicsArchitectures of wireless networks Cellular network architecture Satellite systems Wireless LAN/PAN Ad hoc networks Sensor networkBackground FDMA/TDMA/CDMA Connection setupElectronic
4、 EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang4TerminologyBase station(BS)or Access Point(AP):information distribution center for all mobile devices(MDs)within its signaling coverage area.Uplink(Reverse link):Radio channels from an MD to its serving BS/AP.Downlink(Forward link):Radio channels from the BS/AP to the MDs
5、.Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang5Current SituationWireless coverage in most highly populated areasInsufficient coverage,low system capacity,and low bandwidthNumerous overlapping,but incompatible wireless system as the obstacles for inter-system roaming.Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang6Mbi
6、t/s1101000,1OutdoorFixedWalkVehicleIndoorFixed/DesktopWalkMobilityUMTSW-LANIEEE 802.11aHyperLAN2BluetoothGSM,IS-95,D-AMPSW BB-LANWide Area Network(WAN)-CoverageLocal Area Network(LAN)-Hot Spots-high speedPersonal Area Network(PAN)-Connectivity,cable replacementNew frequency allocations neededWireles
7、s Access:Range of Operation of Different TechniquesReference to S.R.Treves(Alcatel)presentation in Mobicom01.Rome Italy Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang7Layer ArchitecturePhysical layer Transmission over the propagation channels Modulations,coding/decoding,interferences,multiplexing etc.Link la
8、yer Radio resource management such as power control,rate control,and error control.Network resource management such as call admission control and service scheduling Networking layer Handoff management Location management Traffic management Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang8Influence of Mobile Co
9、mmunication to the Layer Modelservice locationnew applications,multimediaadaptive applicationscongestion and flow controlquality of serviceaddressing,routing,device locationhand-overauthenticationmedia accessmultiplexingmedia access controlencryptionmodulationinterferenceattenuationFrequencyApplicat
10、ion layerTransport layerNetwork layerData link layerPhysical layerElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang9Effects of Portability Power consumption Limited computing power,low quality displays,small disks due to limited battery capacityCPU:power consumption Transceiver power consumption Loss of data Hi
11、gher probability,has to be included in advance into the design(e.g.,defects,theft)Limited user interfaces compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition,abstract symbolsLimited memory limited value of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory as alte
12、rnativeElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang10Difference from Wired NetworksHigher loss-rates due to interference emissions of,e.g.,engines,lightningRestrictive regulations of frequencies frequencies have to be coordinated,useful frequencies are almost all occupiedLower transmission rateHigher delay
13、s,higher jitter connection setup time with GSM in the second range,several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systemsLower security,simpler active attacking radio interface accessible for everyone,base station can be simulated,thus attracting calls from mobile phonesAlways shared medium:secure
14、access mechanismsElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang11 Cellular Networks Wireless LAN/MAN/PAN/Bluetooth Satellite Based GPS Home Networking Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks LTE,UWB,UMB,WiMAX,etc The Internet of Things.Wireless Technology and Associated CharacteristicsElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbin
15、g Wang12First Generation Wireless Systems1970sDevelopments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900 MHz mobile communications1976WARC(World Administrative Radio Conference)allocates spectrum for cellular radio1979NTT(Nippon Telephone&Telegraph)introduces the first cellular system in Japan1981N
16、MT(Nordic Mobile Telephone)900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia1984AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone Service)introduced by AT&T in North AmericaElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang13Second Generation Wireless Systems1982CEPT(Conference Europeenne des Post et Teleco
17、mmunications)established GSM to define future Pan-European Cellular Radio Standards1990Interim Standard IS-54(USDC)adopted by TIA(Telecommunications Industry Association)1990Interim Standard IS-19B(NAMPS)adopted by TIA1991Japanese PDC(Personal Digital Cellular)system standardized by the MPT(Ministry
18、 of Posts and Telecommunications)1992Phase I GSM system is operational1993Interim Standard IS-95(CDMA)adopted by TIA1994Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA1995PCS Licenses issued in North America1996Phase II GSM operational1997North American PCS deploys GSM,IS-54,IS-951999IS-54:North America,IS-9
19、5:North America,Hong Kong,Israel,Japan,China,etc,GSM:110 countriesElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang14Third Generation of Mobile Telecommunications1985Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System(FPLMTS)come up by ITU(International Telecommunication Union)1996Changed name to International M
20、obile Telecom System-2000(IMT-2000)Enhanced Voice-Data Optimized(Ev-DO)was come up1998The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan,branded as FOMA2001FOMA is available as a teat of W-CDMAUMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)based W-CDMA is opened in Europe2002Th
21、e CDMA2000 system is standardized by 3GPP2(3rd Generation Partnership Project 2)The CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in South Korea2006Fast low-latency access with seamless handoff orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(Flash-OFDM)was developed2008Evolved HSPA(HSPA+)was releasedElectronic Engineeri
22、ngDr.Xinbing Wang15Fourth Generation of Mobile Telecommunications2006The pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX occurred in South-Korea2008International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced(IMT-Advanced)specification was specified by ITU-R(The International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector)20
23、09The technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union(ITU)as 4G candidates2010First-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE(Long Term Evolution)was recognized by ITU-R2011Mobile WiMAX Release 2(also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m)and LTE Advanced(LTE-
24、A)are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versionsLTE-Advanced was standardized by 3GPP20124G systems fully compliant with IMT Advanced were standardized2013China-Mobile,China-Telecom,China-Unicom got the licence of TD-LTEElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang165th Generation Wireless System2
25、008NASA(National Aeronautics and Space)partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence(M2Mi)Corp to develop 5G communications technologyThe South Korean IT R&D program of 5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation was forme
26、d2012The UK Government announced the setting up of a 5G Innovation Centre at the University of Surrey2013ITU-R Working Party 5D(WP 5D)started two study itemsSamsung Electronics stated that they have developed the worlds first 5G system2014NTT DoCoMo start testing 5G mobile networks with Alcatel Luce
27、nt,Ericsson,Fujitsu,NEC,Nokia and SamsungBy now5G does not describe any particular specification in any official document published by any telecommunication standardization bodyElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang17InternetEarly 1960sResearch into packet switching startedEarly 1970sThe ARPANET led
28、to the development of protocols for internetworking.1969The first two nodes were interconnected1974RFC 675 used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeat this use.1982the Internet Protocol Suite(TCP/IP)was standardizedLate 1980sCommercial Internet service providers(I
29、SPs)began to emergeThe Internet started a rapid expansion to Europe and AustraliaEarly 1990sThe Internet started a rapid expansion to AsiaThe Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S.Mid 1990sThe rise of near instant communication by email,instant messaging,Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP)phon
30、e calls,two-way interactive video calls,and the World Wide Web2011The estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion(30.2%of world population)Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang18Mobile Internet1971ALOHAnet connected the Hawaii islands with a UHF wireless packet network1985The first ac
31、cess to the mobile web was commercially offered in Finland1991NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11 intended for use in cashier systems1996The Australian radio-astronomer John OSullivan developed a key patent used in Wi-Fi as a by-product in a CSIRO research project1
32、999The first commercial launch of a mobile-specific browser-based web service was in Japan when i-mode was launched by NTT DoCoMoThe Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark200914 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO$250 million for infringements on CSIRO patents2
33、012Approximately 10.5%of all Web traffic occurs through mobile devicesElectronic EngineeringInternet and Mobile InternetDr.Xinbing Wang19 Impact of Mobile Internet 零售业零售业 批发业批发业 制造业制造业 广告业广告业 新闻业新闻业 通信业通信业 物流业物流业 酒店业酒店业/旅游业旅游业 餐饮业餐饮业 金融业金融业 保险业保险业 医疗业医疗业 教育业教育业 电视业电视业 电影业电影业 出版业出版业 垄断行业垄断行业 Electron
34、ic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang20Fundamentals of Cellular SystemsIllustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base stationBSMSCellHexagonal cell area used in most modelsIdeal cell area(2-10 km radius)Alternative shape of a cellMSElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang21Location areaMSCVLRMobile Sw
35、itching Center(MSC)(LA)Basic Architecture of Current Wireless SystemsPublic Switched Telephone Network44444Base StationHLRHome Location Register(HLR)CellMobile Terminal(MT)MSCVLRCellVisitor Location Register(VLR)Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang22Evolution to 3GGSMPDCcdmaOneTDMA(IS-136)GPRSEDGEc
36、dma20003GToday 2G19.2kbps2000 evolved 2G64-115kbps3G115-384kbps|0.384-2MbpsIMT-2000Capable SystemsNew SpectrumExisting SpectrumTDMA/GPRSTDMA/EDGEElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang23Time Schedule for 3G/4GJapan LaunchIMT-2000 Europe and SelectedRegions Open FirstNetworks CommerciallyGlobal Harmoni
37、zation4G2001 200220052010Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang24End User needsInstant access to information services Anytime,Any Place,Any DevicePersonalized:“My Service,My Applications”Location-based:Relevant to wherever I ame-Commerce,m-CommerceAlways OnElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang253G Su
38、bscribers2G Digital only Subscribers1G Analogue only SubscribersSubscribers(100 millions)199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010YearSubscriber Growth84121620(8 China,1.5US,1.7 UK,0.6 Japan)Electronic Engineering2626Technology evolutionElectronic Engineeri
39、ngDr.Xinbing Wang27After ClassReading materials Introduction,chapter 1 Transmission fundamentals,chapter 2 Appendix 2AExercises What is the main difference between wireless communications and wireline communications?What are the main functions of base stations/access points?What is FDMA/TDMA/CDMA?Wh
40、at is the current status of wireless networking?How different/similar of wireless networking and the Internet protocol stack/Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang28Worldwide common frequency band&roamingAudio,video and data services including packet Data&multimedia Services High service quality and
41、improved securityFlexible radio bearers for Bandwidth-On-Demand capabilities Distributed&coherent network managementCompatibility of services within IMT 2000Virtual home environment for servicesKey Features and Objectives of 3G SystemsElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang29IMT-2000(3G)SystemsIMT DS(
42、Direct Sequence)(UTRAN FDD and W-CDMA)IMT MC(Multi-carrier)3G version of IS-95(called cdmaOne)cdma2000IMT TC(Time Code)(UTRAN TDD)IMT SC(Single Carrier)Essentially a manifestation of GSM Phase2+(EDGE)IMT-2000(International Mobile Telecommunications-2000):Anywhere,anytime,anythingSixteen proposals ar
43、e accepted to IMT-2000 systems family.Ten for terrestrial 3G networks,and six for MSSs(Mobile Satellite services)Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang30W-CDMA(IMT-DS&TC):Developed by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP)UTRA TDD and UTRA-FDD Backers Ericsson,Nokia,NTT DoCoMo.Korea TTA II is similar to W
44、-CDMAcdma2000(IMT-MC):Compatible with IS-95 Further developed by the 3G Partnership Project 2(3GPP2)Backers Qualcomm,Lucent,and Motorola.Korea TTA I is similar to cdma2000 The most important IMT-2000 Systems IMT-DS and IMT-MCProposals for 3G StandardsElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang31Network Ar
45、chitecture of All-IP Wireless Networks Public Switched Telephone Network444BGRouterVLRHLRBase Station/Node B/Access PointMobile Switching Center(MSC)/ServingGPRS Supporting Node(SGSN)Visitor Location Register(VLR)Home Location Register(HLR)CellMobile Terminal(MT)LAs/RAsInternet BackboneBGRouterVLRMS
46、C/SGSNBorder Gateway(BG)Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang32Motivation for 4G SystemsIncrease bandwidth up to 100 Mbps.Smooth transition from existing systemsMake use of existing wireless infrastructure,even privately owned WLANs.Roaming has the key role in the success of GSM.How about inter-syst
47、em roaming?Serve the subscribers with required QoS Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang33Whats new in 4GEntirely packet-switched networksAll elements are digitalHigher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost(100Mbit/s)High network security(security layer)“Mobile multimedia to all at
48、 the same cost as fixed telephony today”Electronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang34Comparison of 3G/4G 3GBack compatibility to 2GCircuit and packet switched dataA combination of existing&evolved digital equipmentData rate 2Mbps for fixed area 384 kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian 144kbps for vehicu
49、lar 4GExtend the capacity of 3G by one order of magnitudeEntirely packet switched networksAll elements are digitalHigher bandwidth(100Mbps)Electronic Engineering宏基站宏基站微基站微基站光纤光纤覆盖面积：覆盖面积：2公里公里*1.5公里公里 校园校园（规模大：覆盖（规模大：覆盖4万人校区）万人校区）40个基站：个基站：14个宏基站，个宏基站，26个微基站个微基站（技术先进：（技术先进：CRAN，8*8 MIMO （比美国（比美国LTE系
50、统，系统，Verison，AT&T），多层次结构，融合蜂窝与），多层次结构，融合蜂窝与CMMB广播网络）广播网络）LTE云蜂窝无线校园示范网络云蜂窝无线校园示范网络(R10)云蜂窝云蜂窝CRAN 中心中心Electronic Engineering云蜂窝云蜂窝CRAN 中心中心3 CMMB 站址将于站址将于2012十月建设完成：十月建设完成：Cellular-CMMB 混合网络系统混合网络系统LTE+CMMB云网络云网络CMMB TransmitterElectronic EngineeringDr.Xinbing Wang37OutlineBasicsArchitectures of wir
